东台坳陷现今地温场特征与油藏分布关系

东台坳陷为中国东部苏北盆地油气资源最丰富的地区。为了加深对东台坳陷地温场和油藏关系的理解,根据符合地温场研究要求的54口井连续测温资料和243口井试油温度数据,获得了深度1000～3500m地温、E2s-K2t各层位界面地温和各层地温梯度。地温场分布以凹陷或次凹成独立单元,地温随深度加深而线性增高,地温异常不明显。地温梯度总体呈现"浅层低、深层高"的特点,E2s-E2d地温梯度总体在22～30℃/km之间,E1f-K2t在28～38℃/km之间,平均约为30℃/km。不同深度的地温和地温梯度分布模式相似,正向构造单元高,负向构造单元低;而不同层位的地温分布规律则相反,即凹陷内温度高,凸起和隆起上的温度低。基底构造形态、沉积盖层厚度、深大断裂、地下水、地层放射性生热等因素决定了该坳陷总体为温盆特征。大部分地区目前还处在油气液态窗内,绝大多数油藏分布高于60℃的油气勘探开发黄金区域。     

东濮凹陷现今地温场分布特征

在9口井连续测温资料的基础上,对东濮凹陷现今地温场进行了研究。东濮凹陷的地温梯度代表值为34℃/km,平均大地热流值为58.4 mW/m²。现今地温场的展布主要受地质构造格局的控制,为北东—北北东向,与盆地构造走向一致,总体分布是相同层位东部次凹和西部次凹的地温高,中央隆起和西部斜坡带地温相对低。现今地温对烃源岩的油气生成有重要的控制作用,东部次凹和西部次凹的石炭-二叠系现今仍处于二次生烃阶段,是上古生界有利的二次生烃区。     

渤海湾盆地中南部干热岩选区方向

渤海湾盆地是我国华北油气开发的主战场,多年的油气勘探开发积累了大量钻井、测录井及测温数据。通过对区内深钻井测温数据的分析研究,发现中南部的冀中坳陷、黄骅坳陷、临清坳陷和济阳坳陷是干热岩地热资源的主要富集区,温度≥180 ℃的热储主要发育在基岩潜山或斜坡区,埋深适宜,温度较高,有一定的天然孔渗条件。4个主要坳陷区4 000 m以深钻井平均地温梯度范围为3.07~3.32 ℃/100 m,5 000 m以深钻井平均地温梯度范围为2.96~3.27 ℃/100 m,埋深越大,地温梯度越低。坳陷区埋深在4 309~6 261 m时相继达到180 ℃温度,为干热岩目标埋深范围。不同坳陷、区块和井区达到180 ℃干热岩温度界限的深度相差较大。下古生界、中元古界和太古宇三套热储是渤海湾盆地中南部最具开发利用潜力的干热岩热储类型。冀中坳陷主要发育奥陶系灰岩、寒武系白云岩和中元古界白云岩热储,黄骅坳陷以奥陶系灰岩热储为主,济阳坳陷发育寒武系-奥陶系灰岩和太古宇变质岩热储,临清坳陷主要为奥陶系灰岩热储。坳陷区的凹中和凹边凸起区,顶面埋深3 000~5 000 m的前中生界潜山是主要的勘探方向,冀中坳陷河西务、长洋淀等潜山,黄骅坳陷南大港、千米桥等潜山,济阳坳陷桩西孤北等潜山,临清坳陷马场、文留等潜山是干热岩勘探开发有利区。干热岩勘探可与深层油气勘探开发相结合,进行不同类型资源的兼探和综合开发利用。     

吐鲁番-哈密盆地现今地温与油气关系研究

通过大量的地层测温资料综合分析确定了吐鲁番-哈密盆地不同构造单元的现今地温梯度及大地热流值,该盆地(以下简称吐哈盆地)现今地温梯度为2.50℃/100m,大地热流值为47.8mW/m²,现今地温梯度及大地热流值分布具有东高西低的特点.吐哈盆地现今地温梯度及大地热流值高于塔里木盆地及准噶尔盆地,现今地温场受地壳厚度、基底结构及盆地构造的控制.吐哈盆地现今地温对烃源岩的油气生成有重要控制作用,台北凹陷属持续埋藏增温型凹陷,烃源岩现今仍处于成油高峰期.哈密坳陷、托克逊凹陷部分地区烃源岩古地温高于今地温,对烃源岩生油过程起控制作用的是古地温而不是现今地温.     

银额盆地苏红图坳陷西部中生界烃源岩热演化史恢复

苏红图坳陷是位于银额盆地东北部的中生代断陷盆地,含油气资源勘探潜力较大.利用研究区7口井的75个镜质体反射率资料,分析了研究区中生界烃源岩热演化程度及分布特点,银根组烃源岩处于未成熟-低成熟阶段,苏红图组底部Ro分布在0.6%~1.2%,凹陷中心巴音戈壁组底部Ro普遍大于1.1%.苏红图坳陷西部中生代以来的热历史恢复表明,研究区现今地温梯度为34 ℃/km,晚白垩世地温梯度约为40.6~46.7 ℃/km,地温梯度从40~42 ℃/km（135~110 Ma）增加到46~50 ℃/km（110~103 Ma）,银根组沉积期（100~95 Ma）地温梯度达到最大,为48~53 ℃/km;从乌兰苏海组沉积开始到现今,地温梯度先增大到40~46 ℃/km（92~80 Ma）,后逐渐降低为34 ℃/km（80~0 Ma）.研究区早白垩世以来较高的地温场对油气生成、成藏起着重要的控制作用,烃源岩均在乌兰苏海组沉积末期达到最大热演化阶段.      

渤海湾盆地临清坳陷东部热演化历史和成烃史

利用磷灰石裂变径迹和镜质体反射率古温标模拟计算的临清坳陷热演化历史,古地温梯度在总体上是逐渐降低的:孔店组沉积时期为4.2~5.0℃/100m,沙河街组沉积末期地温梯度降低至3.4℃/100m±,但在东营组沉积末期地温梯度有一增高的现象(3.5℃/100m),这可能与东营组沉积末期的抬升剥蚀有关;馆陶组沉积末期降至3.2℃/100m,现今为3.0℃/100m。临清坳陷的现今地温分布和古地温梯度均低于邻区的济阳坳陷、昌潍坳陷、冀中坳陷及黄骅坳陷。这种坳陷之间热演化的差异可能与郯庐断裂的活动有关。构造沉降史的恢复表明:其次级单元莘县凹陷和德州凹陷的构造演化存在差异。正是由于这种构造演化的差异性导致了南部的莘县凹陷古地温梯度整体高于北部的德州凹陷。热演化历史的差异又决定了主要烃源岩生烃史的差别:德州凹陷烃源岩基本未进入成熟生烃状态,而莘县凹陷的主要烃源岩(孔店组和沙河街组四段)大都达到了较成熟或处在生油高峰状态。     

华北克拉通南部地区现今地温场特征及其地质意义

在系统分析华北克拉通南部地区现今地温场数据的基础上,对该区现今地温场特征进行了系统的研究,对其控制因素及其油气地质意义进行了探讨。该区现今地温梯度平均为2.69℃/100 m,大地热流平均为5654 mW/m2,地温场特征表现为北高南低,东高西低,与中国东部热盆、西部冷盆相比,华北克拉通南部地区属于一种过渡类型。现今地温场主要受岩石圈厚度、构造特征和地下水活动的影响。华北克拉通南部不同地区热演化过程及其结果不同,开封坳陷、周口坳陷中部局部凹陷带现今地温场代表了该区最高的热演化状态并影响着古生界烃源岩成烃。其他地区现今地温则小于古地温,古地温决定了这些区域古生界烃源岩成烃。     

内蒙古海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷现今地温场特征

乌尔逊凹陷作为内蒙古海拉尔盆地油气资源最丰富的凹陷之一,其地温场特征尚未进行系统研究。根据5口井系统测温数据和42口井油层测温数据以及实测热导率资料,分析了海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷现今地温场特征。乌尔逊凹陷的现今地温梯度在2.8~3.7℃/hm之间,平均地温梯度为3.35℃/hm。现今大地热流密度值在42.2~59.4 mW/m2之间,平均大地热流密度值为56.0 mW/m2,表明乌尔逊凹陷是一个中温型地温场。现今地温梯度和大地热流密度值分布具有北高南低的特点,造成南北差异的原因主要为地下水活动、断裂及火山岩体。现今地温场对油气生成具有明显的控制作用;乌尔逊凹陷为持续埋藏性凹陷,现今地温为烃源岩经历的最高温度;西部地区现今温度最高,铜钵庙组、南屯组、大磨拐河组烃源岩仍处于较高的温度环境中,烃源岩现今仍处于生烃过程中,西部地区是乌尔逊凹陷主要的找油气区。     

准噶尔盆地地温分布特征

据盆地大量的钻孔测温资料和实测岩石热导率、放射性生热率等岩石热物理性质参数,分析了准噶尔盆地的地温分布状况,表明盆地现今是一个相对较冷的盆地,平均地温梯度为22.6℃/km.由热传导理论计算了盆地深部和无钻井区的地温,并编制了盆地3 000～6 000 m深温度分布图和盆地东西、南北向的温度分布剖面图,分析了盆地深浅地温的关系.     

基于多种估算方法的湖南省现今地温梯度综合确定

湖南省目前地热井多为深度较小(多在500m以浅)的热对流型,用地热井测温数据求取的地温梯度一般偏大很多。为解决对流型地热测得的地温梯度偏大问题,本文采用地热温标、管道模型及基于生热率的深部地温反推法等地温梯度估算方法,综合确定了湖南省现今的地温梯度。结果显示,湖南省高地温场大致沿中部的白马山岩体、沩山岩体、幕阜山—黄龙山岩体一线和湖南省东南部分布,地温梯度大于3.0℃/100m;5000m深度、6000m深度沩山岩体、热水圩一带的最高温度分别达到了218.69℃、216.70℃和258.99℃、256.60℃。深大断裂与多块体接合部位的构造形态相配合,使湖南省中部构造交汇带处于张开性的构造环境,有利于大气降水的深循环与深部热物质的上侵,是形成湖南省中部高地温场的主要原因。湖南省东南部是西太平洋板块俯冲与回撤的前缘,处于江南造山带与华夏板块的接合带,有利于大气降水的深循环与深部热物质的上侵;同时高放射性生热率的铀矿床、矿点也提供了较高的地壳热量,是形成湖南省东南部高地温场的主要原因。地温梯度及地温场的科学界定,为湖南省下一步寻找高温地热资源指明了方向。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with