Natural fluid phases at high temperatures and low pressures

Gas phases at low pressures and high (magmatic) temperatures have certain peculiar properties. The fluid is mainly water vapour, which is usually observed during discharging of crystal magmatic melts. At >700°C and <100 bar these peculiar properties include: formation of near ‘dry' salt melts as second fluid phase, very strong fractionation of hydrolysis products between vapour and melts, subvalence state of metals during transport processes, and high sensitivity of the gas to conditions of sublimate precipitation. Phase diagram analysis as well as results of field and laboratory experiments are presented in this article. The processes could be a model for industrial technologies to clean wastes from toxic, rare and heavy metals. Transport forms of some elements in volcanic gases are very similar to the species which were formed first in the protosolar nebula.     

Influence of inhomogeneities in the upper boundary of magmatic bodies beneath volcanoes on the generation of ore-forming fluid systems during retrograde boiling

A two-dimensional mathematical model is proposed to describe the crystallization of magmatic bodies with roof complicated by apophyses, around which fluidogenic ore deposits could be formed during retrograde boiling of cotectic melts. The most favorable environments for the formation of productive ore-forming systems were numerically simulated Among them are magmatic gas flows and fluid systems of mixed type. Magmatic fluid systems related to the retrograde boiling of cotectic melts in presence of localized sink of volatiles into permeable zones from apophyses in the chamber roof would evolve by two ways: (1) at L ₂/h < 1 for intrusion thickness (L ₂) and height of apophysis (h), the systems exist as high-temperature quasistationary fluid systems discharging on the surface of volcanic edifices; (2) at L ₂/h > 1, the central part of the stock is overcooled and magmatic fluid system ceases to be active after all gas dissolved in the upper half of the stock has been exhausted. Such cases are favorable for the formation of fluid systems of mixed type.     

地震相分析在探测煤层中火成岩侵入范围的应用

煤田地震岩性解释普遍采用波阻抗反演技术和地震属性技术,二者的共同缺陷是无法把握地震信号的总体变化及其分布规律。基于波形的地震相分析技术综合利用了地震波的频率、相位、速度、能量等各种信息,即基于地震信号的整体差异进行分类。把地震相分析技术引入煤田三维地震资料岩性解释中,在确定煤层中火成岩侵入范围中取得了初步地质成果。      

Mean concentrations of volatile components,major and trace elements in magmatic melts in major geodynamic environments on Earth. I. Mafic melts

Mean concentrations of major components, trace elements, and volatile components in magmatic melts from Earth’s major geodynamic environments are estimated using our database (which comprises more than 1200000 analyses for 75 chemical elements—state for the beginning of 2016) on melt inclusions and quench glasses of rocks). The geodynamic environments are classified into (I) environments of oceanic plate spreading (mid-oceanic ridges), (II) areas affected by mantle plumes in oceanic plates (oceanic islands and lava plateaus), (III and IV) subduction-related environments (III are magmatic zones in island arcs, and IV are magmatic zones in active continental margins, in which magma-generating processes involve the continental crust), (V) continental rifts in areas with continental hotspots, and (VI) backarc spreading zones. The distribution of SiO₂ concentrations (>71000 analyses) in natural magmatic melts in all geodynamic environments is obviously bimodal, with maxima at 50–52 and 72–76 wt % SiO₂. Herein we discuss only mafic melts (40–54 wt % SiO₂). Mean concentrations and confidence levels are calculated for each geodynamic environment for the first time in three variants: from melt inclusions in minerals, from quench glasses in rocks, and from all data. Systematic variations in the mean compositions of melt inclusions and glasses in rocks are detected for all geodynamic environments. Primitive mantle-normalized multielemental patterns for mean concentrations of elements are constructed for magmatic melts from all geodynamic environments, and the mean ratios and their variations are calculated for trace incompatible and volatile components (H₂O/Ce, K₂O/Cl, La/Y, Nb/U, Ba/Rb, Ce/Pb, etc.) in melts from all environments.     

High-resolution shallow seismic identification of gas escape features in the sediments of Loch Tay, Scotland: tectonic and microbiological associations

High-resolution seismic reflection profiles (3·5 kHz) have revealed the presence of extensive interstitial gas accumulation within the sedimentary sequences of Loch Tay, Scotland, as identified by acoustic turbidity masking the seismic stratigraphy. Within the central section of the loch, in the deepest water area directly above the zone of the seismically active Loch Tay Fault, focused flows of gas through the sediment pile to the loch bed via chimneys and pockmarks, together with gas seeps within the water column, have been identified. Microbiological observations indicate that the gas is biogenic CH₄, produced by both chemoautotrophic (which use CO₂ as a source of carbon and H₂ as a source of energy) and aceticlastic species (which use acetate as a source of carbon and energy) of methanogens in the fine-grained, organic rich deposits that have been focused into the zone of accumulation in the deep central part of the loch. The spatial distribution of the gas escape features suggests that earthquake movements along the Loch Tay Fault are responsible for facilitating focused gas escape in this part of the loch, by the creation of new pathways and conduits through the sediment pile, along which gas can migrate upwards and exit into the water column. Relict pockmarks and associated chimneys identified in the seismic records indicate that gas escape has been taking place since Pleistocene times though the precise timings cannot be ascertained. This is the first time that such features have been reported from a lake in the UK.     

安徽月山矿田硅、氦、氖同位素地球化学研究

对安徽月山矿田硅、氦、氖同位素组成研究表明 ,月山岩体是玄武质岩浆结晶分异和同化混染的产物 ,矿床的硅来自岩浆熔 流分离作用形成的岩浆热液 ,成矿流体中的氦来自地壳和地幔两个端员。成矿过程中发生了富含放射性成因氦的演化大气降水与岩浆热液的混合。     

Gallium concentration in natural melts and fluids

We generalize, for the first time, published and original data on the gallium concentrations in natural magmatic melts and fluids obtained by studying quenched glasses in volcanic rocks and inclusions in minerals. Based on 2688 determinations, gallium concentrations in magmatic melts vary between 0.47 and 495 ppm at average content of 18.0 ppm (+4.2/–3.4). Gallium concentrations in magmatic melts generated in different geodynamic settings show different distribution. Minimum concentrations (on average, 16.0 ppm, +3.6/–2.9) are typical of the island-arc melts, while maximum contents were determined in melts of oceanic islands (on average, 29.1 ppm, +13.4/–9.2) and intracontinental rifts and hot spots (26.5 ppm, +25.4/–13.0). Published and new 339 determinations of gallium concentrations in natural fluids indicate the wider range of their variations as compared to those of melts: from 0.02 to 11260 ppm, at average 1.6 ppm (+10.8–1.4). The possible gallium fractionation in fluid—magmatic systems is discussed.     

Evolution of melts of the Changbaishan Tianchi volcano (China–North Korea) as a model of ore–magmatic system formation: Data from melt inclusions studies

The composition and evolution of the melts of trachytes from the volcano were studied based on examining the inclusions of mineral-forming media by means of X-ray and ion microanalysis. A correlation was shown between the degree of enrichment of these melts in rare elements and the processes of magmatic differentiation. It was found that trachytes of the volcano were generated in highly differentiated alkaline melts enriched in Hf, Nb, Zr, Ta, U, Th, Rb, Y, and REEs under 1020–1060°C. The evolution of melts was determined by the processes of crystal fractionation. The main volatile components in the melts are water, fluorine, and chlorine with the concentrations of 0.1–0.5, 0.2–0.5, and 0.2–0.3 wt %, respectively. The melt crystallization was accompanied by degassing caused by the decrease in the outer pressure. The low concentrations of water and fluorine represent the melt composition by these components exclusively at the time of the melt movement towards the Earth’s surface just before the eruption.     

沉积盆地动力学与盆地流体成矿

沉积盆地实际上是地球动力学系统中一个巨大的动态化学反应器,其所处的地球动力学背景制约着它的边界条件、外部环境及其与外部环境的物质和能量交换。盆地内则是一个由固体无机,有机沉积物颗粒和盆地流体组成的多相反应体系,包括各种流-岩-烃及流-流反应、与有机质成熟演化有关的各种有机反应、在浅部还有细菌参与的生物化学反应。体系的上部边界不断有新沉积物颗粒和流体的加入,下部则有来自基底的流体或来自盆地边缘大气降水的加入循环,同时还有盆地的构造沉降和基底热能的交换,以及可能岩浆物质,能量的加入。沉积物的固结成岩和后生变化,以及其中储存的油气和金属矿床都是这个巨型化学反应器的一部分(并非全部)产物。因此,只有站在盆地动力学的高度,才可能从整体上去认识这些共存的复杂因素和作用过程的耦合关系,才可能从本质上理解有关矿床的形成机理和产出规律。     

长江中下游成矿带玢岩铁矿研究新进展及对矿床成因的启示

长江中下游成矿带的宁芜和庐枞火山岩盆地中发育了大量与早白垩世(约130 Ma)陆相火山-侵入岩有关的玢岩铁矿。这类矿床的特征为具有磁铁矿-磷灰石-阳起石(透辉石)矿物组合,在国际上一般被称为铁氧化物-磷灰石型(Iron Oxide-Apatite, IOA)或基鲁纳型(Kiruna-type)矿床。玢岩铁矿的概念自20世纪70年代提出以来,其成因就一直存在争议,主要有矿浆、岩浆热液及矿浆-热液过渡的观点。近年来的高精度年代学揭示出宁芜和庐枞盆地内玢岩铁矿在约130 Ma集中爆发成矿。矿物学、岩石学及地球化学的综合研究表明成矿物质主要来源于次火山岩体,且成矿早期流体具有高温(550~780 ℃)和超高盐度(可达90% NaCl_eq)的特点。这些特点与成矿岩体及周围火山岩在成矿早阶段发育大规模钠质蚀变相吻合;但同时S-Sr等同位素和流体包裹体成分分析表明在铁成矿过程中还有外来壳源(如膏盐层物质)流体的加入。一些研究工作还表明玢岩铁矿与夕卡岩型铁矿具有相似的热液蚀变演化过程,暗示两者或许存在某些成因联系,很可能是相似流体与不同性质围岩及在不同温度下水岩交代产物。这些新的证据为探讨玢岩铁矿的成矿作用过程和成因机制提供了新的制约,也带来了新问题。本文从成岩成矿年代学、成矿物质来源、成矿早期流体性质、玢岩铁矿与夕卡岩铁矿及其外围新发现的金铜矿化的成因联系等角度,对近年来长江中下游成矿带玢岩铁矿研究的主要新进展进行初步总结。当前IOA型矿床的成因研究成为国际上矿床学研究的一个热点,除了长期争论的矿浆成因和岩浆热液成因,最近提出多个了岩浆-热液复合成矿模型,如岩浆磁铁矿-气泡悬浮模型及富水铁熔体的上升、脱气和侵位成因模型。将IOA型矿床成因争论的焦点逐渐聚焦在岩浆到岩浆后(岩浆热液)阶段,铁质究竟是以含铁岩浆热液、铁矿浆 (Fe-O或P-Ca-Fe-O),还是岩浆磁铁矿微晶或其他未知的形式来富集成矿的,还有待进一步研究,文章对以上的新模型进行简要介绍和评述,并与长江中下游的矿床进行对比。     

An insight into the unrest phenomena at the Campi Flegrei caldera from Vp and Vp/Vs tomography

High resolution Vp and Vp/Vs tomography of the Campi Flegrei caldera is obtained using active and passive seismic data. We find a continuous ring of high Vp anomaly that defines the caldera rim associated to the last collapse. A sharp Vp/Vs decrease is observed between 2 and 4 km depth, suggesting the absence of magmatic fluids and the presence of rock volumes with over‐pressured gas within the source region of uplift. Atmospheric water penetrating within the caldera and deep CO₂ fluids are presumably heated by a magmatic body located at depth greater than 4 km nested within the limestone layer. Along the fractures bordering the shallow high Vp rim, deep gas and CO₂ fluids up‐raise and are released in the Pozzuoli solfatara. We hypothesize that the past unrest episode is more likely due to pressure changes within the shallow geothermal reservoir located at the top of the magma intrusion.     

Mapping and attenuation of surface waves side scattered by near-surface diffractors

Near-surface diffractors are one of the problems in land seismic exploration. They can scatter the surface wave energy emanating from the seismic source and contaminate the signal received by seismic receivers. The scattered energy from the near-surface diffractors manifests itself on seismic shot gathers as strong hyperbolic events, called diffractions, masking the weakly reflected body waves. Diffractions present complications to most of surface-wave suppression schemes, especially when they have been scattered by scatterers outside the receiver line. Different methods have been used to eliminate diffractions from seismic data, including geophone arrays, filtering, and inverse scattering. Each of those methods has its own limitations. In this study, we present processing algorithms to map and attenuate near-surface diffractors of surface waves in seismic shot gathers. The mapping algorithm is based on semblance measurements and time–offset relations, while the attenuation algorithm is based on the least-square fitting of a source wavelet. The algorithms are applied on synthetic data from two different models. The first model has three near-surface diffractors, while the second model has three clusters of near-surface diffractors. Each cluster consists of three near-surface diffractors with a different geometry for each cluster. The results show that the proposed algorithms are successful in locating and attenuating most near-surface diffractors, except when the separation between individual diffractors is below the wavelength of the diffracted surface wave.     

Coseismic geochemical variations in some gas emissions of Umbria region (Central Italy)

Coseismic geochemical variations have been detected in some gaseous vents and natural springs during the last seismic crisis occurred in Umbria region (Central Apennines), that started on September 26^th, 1997 with several moderate earthquakes (up to M1 5.8). The results of chemical analyses performed on both gas and water samples taken at a weekly rate, combined with analyses on continuous gas flow rate nearby San Faustino site, suggest that the variations can be interpreted as possible consequence of the crustal permeability changes induced by earthquake shaking.     

Petrology and geochemistry of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption,central Iceland: compositional and mineralogical characteristics,temporal variability and magma storage

The 2014–2015 Holuhraun fissure eruption provided a rare opportunity to study in detail the magmatic processes and magma plumbing system dynamics during a 6-month-long, moderate- to large-volume basaltic fissure eruption. In this contribution, we present a comprehensive dataset, including major and trace elements of whole-rock and glassy tephra samples, mineral chemistry, and radiogenic and oxygen isotope analyses from an extensive set of samples (n?=?62) that were collected systematically in several field campaigns throughout the entire eruptive period. We also present the first detailed chemical and isotopic characterization of magmatic sulfides from Iceland. In conjunction with a unique set of geophysical data, our approach provides a detailed temporal and spatial resolution of magmatic processes before and during this eruption. The 2014–2015 Holuhraun magma is compositionally indistinguishable from recent basalts erupted from the Bárðarbunga volcanic system, consistent with seismic observations for magma ascent close to the Bárðarbunga central volcano, followed by dyke propagation to the Holuhraun eruption site. Whole-rock elemental and isotopic compositions are remarkably constant throughout the eruption. Moreover, the inferred depth of the magma reservoir tapped during the eruption is consistently 8?±?5 km, in agreement with geodetic observations and melt inclusion entrapment pressures, but inconsistent with vertically extensive multi-tiered magma storage prior to eruption. The near constancy in the chemical and isotopic composition of the lava is consistent with the efficient homogenization of mantle-derived compositional variability. In contrast, occurrence of different mineral populations, including sulfide globules, which display significant compositional variability, requires a more complex earlier magmatic history. This may include sampling of heterogeneous mantle melts that mixed, crystallized and finally homogenized at mid- to lower-crustal conditions.     

岩浆熔融体性质及演化在成矿过程中的作用——以西藏玉龙斑岩铜(钼)矿床为例

玉龙斑岩铜(钼)矿床是亚洲最大的斑岩型铜矿床，包含多种矿化类型，成矿作用复杂。作为典型的斑岩型矿床，岩浆熔融体的性质在玉龙铜矿床的形成过程中起到了至关重要的作用。本文将分别从岩浆熔融体的物理和化学性质出发，解释玉龙矿床为何能成为玉龙成矿带中唯一一个超大型矿床的原因。在熔体演化方面，笔者主要通过对熔体密度、粘度的计算获得有关数据，以了解熔体运移、含矿流体分离的过程，以解释玉龙铜矿床为何能形成如此规模的矿床。     

Earthquake-induced chemical changes in the thermal waters of the Umbria region during the 1997–1998 seismic swarm

The compositional data collected at three thermal springs in the Umbria region over a sampling period lasting two and a half hydrological years included the entire seismic sequence striking the Central Apennines (Italy) in 1997–1998. Wide temporal variations in the chemical composition and temperature of thermal waters were observed at all the sampling sites. The widest were recorded at the Triponzo sampling site, where a temperature drop of 2 °C and 20 °C preceded, by 4 days and 2 days, respectively, the occurrence of the event characterized by the deepest hypocentre of the entire seismic sequence. Despite such a macroscopic preseismic anomaly, the recorded variations were not related to single seismic events or to the release rate of the seismic energy. They actually seem to have been induced by permeability variations related to crustal deformation in the absence of elastic energy release and were thus linked to the whole seismogenic process.     

煤炭地震激发介质与井深的关系

通过地震波在近地表附近双源传递机理的研究,论述了近地表介质与激发井深的关系,研究了利用地震波最大激发能量与地震波最大信噪比选择爆破源地震激发井深的方法。三维地震实例研究结果表明,地震波在近地表附近的双源传递与品质因数是选择地震波的激发井深的重要因素。从实例结果来看,该方法不仅取得了高质量的勘探成果,而且节约了采集费用。     

Water diffusion in basalt and andesite melts under high pressures

Water diffusion is one of the most important characteristics of many processes dealt with in magmatic geochemistry, petrology, and volcanology. We have experimentally examined water diffusion in Fe-free andesite and basalt melts (stoichiometric mixtures of the minerals albite + diopside + wollastonite) at 3 and 100 MPa, 1300×C, up to approximately 4 wt % water in the melts, and a total (lithostatic) pressure of 100 MPa on a high gas pressure apparatus equipped with a unique internal device. The experiments were conducted simultaneously with the use of two different methods: diffusion hydration and couples. Water solubility in the melts and water concentrations along the diffusion profiles (C _{H 2 O}) were determined by quantitative IR microspectroscopy, using the Beer-Lambert law. A structural chemical model is proposed for calculating and predicting the concentration dependence of the molar absorption coefficient of the hydroxyl group and water molecules in andesite and basalt glasses. The diffusion coefficients of water (D _{H 2 O}) are derived by the mathematical analysis of concentration profiles and the analytical solution of the second Fick diffusion law. Preliminary results indicated D _{H 2 O} is roughly one order of magnitude higher in basaltic melts than in andesitic ones (at the same temperatures and P _{H 2 O}) and significantly (exponentially) increases with increasing water concentrations in andesitic and basaltic melts. The newly obtained experimental data are proved to be fully consistent with the results obtained on the D _{H 2 O} dependence on C _{H 2 O} in melts of acid rocks (rhyolite and obsidian). The derived quantitative dependence between D _{H 2 O} and melt viscosity is used to develope principles of a new method for predicting and calculating the temperature, concentration, and pressure dependences of D _{H 2 O} in magmatic melts of the of acid-basic series (up to 3 wt % C _{H 2 O}) at crustal T, P parameters.     

A geophysical multi-parametric analysis of hydrothermal activity at Dallol,Ethiopia

During December 2003, three seismic stations were installed close to the hornitos of the hydrothermal system at Dallol, complemented by radiometer and infrasonic measurements. A combined geophysical data set was collected for about three days. During this period thermal, seismic and acoustic records indicate the presence of two regimes characterized by a different energy distribution in frequency. Few volcano-tectonic events appear superimposed to the continuous hydrothermal tremor. The continuous data indicate variable shallow processes most likely related with variations in temperature and degassing processes within the shallow geothermal system. This alternation of low and high regimes shows significant similarities with other volcanic systems of different nature, although at Dallol the transition is more evident in the thermal than in the seismic and acoustic data.     

中亚造山带东段浅表构造速度结构——深地震反射剖面初至波层析成像的揭露

为揭示中亚造山带浅表结构,对地壳演化与深部过程提供浅部精准约束,利用横过中亚造山带东段（奈曼旗—东乌珠穆沁旗）长达400 km的深地震反射剖面共2 186炮的初至波走时数据,运用初至波层析成像方法获得了自地表向下约3 km厚度的浅表速度结构精细模型。通过模型计算了沉积厚度变化与基岩起伏特征,并在贺根山和西拉木伦缝合带附近获得了呈低速特征的弧前沉积盆地规模与沉积厚度变化特征;在此基础上,综合速度模型与深地震反射剖面的强振幅反射信息,建立了符合剖面南北两侧的古亚洲洋双向俯冲并与中部的残存微陆块发生拼合的构造模型。结果表明：研究区的沉积厚度在0.3~3.0 km范围内变化,区内存在多期岩浆活动及活动构造,林西地区隐伏连续分布的高速结构多为造山花岗岩所导致;古亚洲洋消亡过程在经数亿年演变后仍能在大陆边缘的浅表构造中有迹可循。