地球自转及其和地球物理现象的联系：：Ⅱ.地极运动

地球自转运动包括岁差和章动，极移和日长的变化，极移指自转轴相对地壳的运动。其主要激发原因是地球上物质分布的变化。因而，对极移的观测和研究必然为全球性的地球物理现象提供着信息。     

内核超速旋转及其对重力场的影响

本文研究由内核超速旋转引起的地球重力场的变化.论述了内核具有三个主要特征：椭球形状,各向异性对称轴与内核自转轴重合,内核自转轴与地球自转轴之间存在夹角并绕地球自转轴进动.内核超速旋转引起地球体系物质的重新分布,导致重力场变化.通过研究内核超速旋转的运动规律,建立了内核超速旋转导致重力场变化的模型,给出了由于内核超速旋转而引起的整个地球表面的重力变化,其中,在假定了内核超速旋转速率为1°/a的前提下,历经一年的最大重力变化量级约为037 μGal.     

曲线坐标系下的块体运动与应变模型研究

本文建立了顾及地球扁率和局部切标架随点变化特性的椭球坐标系下的刚体运动模型和块体运动与应变模型,以及球坐标系下顾及局部切标架随点变化特性的严密的块体运动与应变模型,分析了球坐标系下块体运动与应变模型及椭球坐标系下的块体运动与应变模型间的差异;通过计算具体讨论了地球扁率和曲线坐标系的局部切标架随点变化特性对欧拉矢量与应变张量的影响.结果表明：地球扁率对刚体欧拉矢量和应变参数的影响甚小,具体计算时可以不予考虑,但曲线坐标系的局部切标架随点变化特性对两者的影响较大,在建模过程中需要顾及,常用的Savage模型需要修正.     

地球扁率在其历史上的变化

地球的形状变化是地球演化研究的基本问题之一.为了确定地球形状的变化需要了解各个地质历史时期其扁率的变化.根据地球的扁率公式,得到扁率与地球的半径、质量和角速度关系.通过推测地球的半径、质量和角速度的变化量,计算出地球各个时期的扁率.地球的扁率自形成以来总体趋势在减小.地球是个固液混合的椭球体,在各个地质历史时期中地球扁率的真实值应该小于计算的扁率值.     

地球扁率在地质历史上的变化下限

为研究地球形状的长期变化,将地球假设为弹性椭球体,根据弹性动力学理论导出地球的扁率下限公式,扁率与地球的平均密度ρ、引力加速度g、自转角速度ω、平均半径R、弹性模量E、泊松比v相关.将新星云假说下地质历史时期半径、质量和角速度变化值代入公式计算出各地质历史时期地球扁率值,作为地球扁率变化值的下限值.地球的扁率自地球形成以来总体变化趋势是在减小.     

关于钱德勒章动的探讨

本文从地球在太阳系内的自转和公转运行规律及太阳与地球之间的动量交换机制,来探讨地极的移动。为此,作者引出了光压矩和光压冲量矩的概念。在地球的自转和公转运动中,由于赤黄交角的存在和地球北南半球陆地表面积分布的不平衡性,在太阳光压的作用下,北南半球相对赤道产生不相等的光压矩,从而使原来平衡的以地心为支点的自转轴两端分别施加了周期性的外力,导致自转轴的晃动,产生极移。本文计算了(1)二分点(日)及二至点(日)地球北南半球相对赤道产生的较差光压冲量矩的大小,即极移的激发量级;(2)夏至点(日)和冬至点(日)地球北南半球相对赤道产生的光压矩及光压冲量矩呈反向变化,即极移振幅衰减和产生阻尼的原因;(3)从光压等效面积对称轴及光压冲量矩对称轴计算,钱德勒章动周期为435天左右。作者通过对地球东半球和西半球的北南部分相对赤道产生的光压矩对比分析,认为理论上地极的长期漂移是存在的。按现代全球陆地表面积沿经线的分布格局,长期极移的运动方向大致是沿西经90°向北美移动。作者引用统计资料,为太阳活动在地球上产生相对赤道的光压矩导致极移的理论提供了证据。     

物理大地测量与地球物理正常重力场的同源性研究

论述了物理大地测量与地球物理中分别对应的正常重力场源的构成、物理与几何上的意义以及对两者之间的差别进行了论述 ,分析了同源性研究在物理大地测量与地球物理相互结合以及定量描述地球内部密度分布的过程中的重要意义 .给出了同源性分析可遵循的途径及其所应满足的条件与约束 .最后 ,以正常椭球的扁率变化率具有最小模为约束 ,应用PREM模型 （PreliminaryReferenceEarthModel）密度为大地测量中正常椭球赋值 ,其结果以正常椭球的内部扁率的多项式表达式给出 .     

扁率应力与地震

地球扁率的实测值要比理论值大,这证明地球内部还存在着微小的应力差。经计算,扁率变化所产生的地球形变与冰期中由地壳均衡所产生的地球形变在数值上大体相等。这表明冰期是地球扁率变化的一个原因。地壳均衡不仅能产生地壳的垂直运动,而且能产生地壳的水平运动,因而也是海底扩张、大陆漂移的力源之一。     

地球自转的天文地球动力学效应研究(Ⅱ) --地极移动与地球的较差转动

详细讨论了地球自转变化的天文地球动力学效应。地球表面的任何方向的水平运动，在惯性空间中看来都是转动，由此产生的离心力矩是地壳极移运动的原因，极移使地球发生相应的形变，也是大规模地壳运动和地震活动的原因之一。此外，地球自转产生的Coriolis力是重力分异中的地球各圈层产生差异旋转运动的原因，地球的差异旋转是地球自转速率近十年变化、黄赤交角的非摄动长期变化以及近周日自由摆的原因。     

地球的密度扁率与纬向正常密度假说

给出了水准椭球的“纬向密度”和“密度扁率”的定义,推导出极点重力与赤道重力的纬向密度积分公式．按照水准椭球的极点重力条件和赤道重力条件,求解出水准椭球的“纬向密度分布函数”,从数学上证明了地球的赤道纬向密度大于极点纬向密度,并初步计算出地球的密度扁率为１／３２２,进而提出了“地球纬向正常密度假说”,为研究和探讨大陆漂移、地幔对流、海底扩张等问题的地球重力学成因做好了理论准备．     

El Niño Impact on Polar Motion Prediction Errors

The polar motion prediction is computed as a least-squares extrapolation of the polar motion data. The least-squares model consists of a Chandler circle with constant or variable amplitude, annual and semiannual ellipses, and a bias. The model with constant amplitude of the Chandler oscillation is fit to the last three years of polar motion data and the model with variable amplitude of the Chandler oscillation is fit to the whole time series ranging from 1973.0 to 2001.1. The variable amplitude of the Chandler oscillation is modeled from the envelope of the Chandler oscillation filtered by the Fourier transform band pass filter from the long-term IERS EOPC01 polar motion series. The accuracy of the polar motion prediction depends mostly on the phase variation of the annual oscillation, which is treated as a constant in the least-squares adjustment. There were two significant changes of the annual oscillation phase of the order of 30° before the two El Niño events in 1982/83 and 1997/98.     

基于快速傅里叶变换的地震波加速度构成及其幅频特性研究

根据2008年汶川M_S8.0地震广元曾家台(GYZJ)的强震记录,运用Matlab软件对东西向55—75 s的加速度时程进行快速傅里叶变换,得到有限复傅里叶系数,从而将离散的加速度记录转化为加速度随时间变化的函数表达式. 该表达式中包含了50组不同频率的正弦波和余弦波,由此确定了地震波加速度的主要构成. 经回归分析可知, 函数计算值与原始记录的相关系数R为0.9,拟合程度良好; 利用SeismoSignal软件对地震波加速度时程进行谱分析,结果表明在原来的波中频率约为2.8 Hz的谐振分量振幅最大且0—10 Hz这一频段的波最为丰富. 这一结果与函数表达式中频率与振幅的分布基本吻合, 为深入研究汶川地震的动力特性及其对山体动力效应的分析提供了重要的理论依据,具有广阔的应用前景.      

Local time dependence of amplitude and phase of annual and semiannual components inH

Summary Using the monthly mean diurnal inequalities of Colaba horizontal force for each of the 24 local hours given by Moos, the amplitudes of the sine and cosine terms of the annual and semiannual components and their mean errors were obtained by the application of the least-squares method and solution of simultaneous equations. The annual-component amplitude is largest for 13 hours and the epoch of maximum for most of the sunlit hours is in May. The semiannual component attains large amplitude during the forenoon hours, while its epoch of maximum shows considerable variation. A discontinuity is observed around 18 hours in the trend of change in amplitude and phase of both components, suggesting the effect of partial ring currents.     

A theoretical investigation of tropospheric ozone and stratospheric-tropospheric exchange processes

Summary Based on the global distribution of various surface types the mean tropospheric residence time of ozone is estimated as a function of latitude. Due to the land-sea distribution varies from 50 days in the northern hemisphere to 190 days in the southern hemisphere. For the stratospheric-tropospheric exchange a sinusoidal variation with season is assumed. The annual variation of tropospheric ozone thus gets a sine function from mean, amplitude and phase of whch the injection function for the particular latitude can be determined.     

Variations in the index of refraction of the atmosphere

Summary This paper discusses the atmospheric refractive index (a) throughout the year at the surface of the earth and (b) for each season in various air masses. Mean monthly or seasonal values, respectively, are employed.The annual variation in the refractive index at the earth's surface is examined by noting the contributions of the optical and the water vapor terms. The former exhibits a sinusoidal variation with a period of a year, having a maximum in winter and a minimum during summer. The amplitude of the cycle is latitude dependent, appearing greater in polar than in tropical regions. The magnitude of the water vapor term is more strongly dependent upon both season and latitude. Excepting areas where the dew point changes little from month to month, the water vapor term attains a single yearly maximum at about mid July.Graphs of the variation of refiactive index with altitude for the major air masses are included. Highest values of the index up to a height of 6 km are found in tropical maritime and monsoon air masses; lowest values, in arctic air masses. The rate of decrease of refractive index with height is usually quite different for diverse air masses. From the surface to an altitude of 6 km, the most constant rate of decrease with altitude, considering all air mass types, was found in the superior air mass.     

Variable Chandler and Annual Wobbles in Earth’s Polar Motion During 1900–2015

The Chandler wobble (CW) and annual wobble (AW) are the two main components of polar motion, which are difficult to separate because of their very close periods. In the light of Fourier dictionary and basis pursuit method, a Fourier basis pursuit (FBP) spectrum is developed, which can reduce spectral smearing and leakage caused by the finite length of the time series. Further, a band-pass filtering method based on FBP spectrum (FBPBPF), which can effectively suppress the edge effect, is proposed in this paper. The simulation test results show that the FBPBPF method can effectively suppress the edge effect caused by spectral smearing and leakage and that its reconstruction accuracy at the boundary is approximately three times higher than the Fourier transform band-pass filtering method, which is based on Hamming windowed FFT spectrum, in extracting quasi-harmonic signals. The FBPBPF method is then applied to Earth’s polar motion data during 1900–2015. Through analyzing the amplitude and period variations of CW and AW, and calculating the eccentricity variation of the AW, we found that: (1) the amplitude of the CW is currently at a historic minimum level, and it is even possible to diminish further until a complete stop; and (2) the eccentricity of the AW has a gradually decreased fluctuation during the last 116 years.     

中国区域IGS基准站坐标时间序列非线性变化的成因分析

GPS坐标时间序列呈现显著的季节性变化,通常认为大气压、非潮汐海洋负载及水文负载(统称为地表质量负载)是引起测站谐波变化的主要因素.本文计算了不同地表质量负载造成的测站位移,以此修正中国区域11个IGS基准站的坐标时间序列.建立了地球物理现象与测站季节性变化及噪声特性之间的初步数值联系,认为其会造成测站的噪声特性变化,主要表现为带通及随机漫步噪声特征,且仅能减小测站U分量的周年运动,但并不是造成测站U分量半周年运动及水平方向周年运动的主要原因.深入分析了造成中国区域IGS基准站非线性变化的其他可能因素,重点探讨了周日(S1)、半周日(S2)大气潮汐对基准站周年振幅的贡献,由此提出S1、S2大气潮汐是造成中国区域IGS基准站周年运动,尤其是中南部测站垂向周年运动的主要因素之一.     

Polar motion influences in the gravity data recorded by superconducting gravimeters

Gravity data stored in the GGP database (GGP-ISDC) are used to study the small gravity variations caused by polar motion. In a first step the dominant tidal signal and the instrumental drift have to be eliminated from the gravity data. In most cases it is sufficient to model the instrumental drift by polynomials of low degree. The resulting non-tidal gravity variations are split up into their main constituents by fitting two sinusoidal waves with periods of 365.25 days (annual wobble) and 432 days (Chandler wobble). In a similar way the gravity effect of the observed polar motion (IERS-Data) is processed. The ratio between the correspondent amplitudes gives the amplitude factors δ of both wobbles.In a more sophisticated model an additional annual wave was included, destined to absorb disturbing influences with annual period (e.g. environmental influences of different origin). The amount of these influences and the success of their elimination are very different at the individual stations.Besides the comparison of the amplitude factors it also was tried to compare the gravity residuals itself. For that purpose the data series recorded at the different stations were transferred to a common reference point (0°E, 45°N). The graph of the stacked data series gives a first impression of the accordance of the data series recorded at the different stations. Since randomly distributed disturbing influences are reduced by the averaging the amplitude factors derived from the mean of the stacked data series are more reliable than the values derived from the data at the individual stations.In the end 12 data series were included in a common processing. Amplitude factors of 1.183 for the annual and 1.168 for the Chandler wobble result with mean errors less than ±0.010 (roughly estimated). Although corrections for environmental influences were not included directly, the additionally fitted annual wave reduced the scatter of the amplitude factors in the annual range considerably. In contrast to that the amplitude factor of the Chandler wobble remains nearly unaffected, confirming the assumption that the disturbing environmental influences do not extend into the period range of the Chandler wobble.     

极移振幅主要周期分量的时变特征

用JPL近年发布的地极坐标序列求得1893―1998年间极移的振幅序列,用最大熵谱分析方法求得了该资料序列包含的一些周期的参数,并利用小波变换方法分析讨论了其中的主要周期的变化.结果表明,极移振幅变化中存在着约6.5年和约40年的主要周期,且它们均具有一定程度的时变性.因此,在研究讨论极移与一些地球物理现象和自然灾害现象的关系时,应特别注意极移振幅中主要周期的时变特征.     

地磁场长期变化速率的30年周期

地球主磁场B和它的长期变化都起源于地球外核的磁流体发电机过程,但是,它们的空间结构和时间演化特征却有很大差异. 本文采用全球平均的“无符号年变率”X〖DD(-*3〗〖KG*2/3〗·〖DD)〗〖DD(-*2〗〖KG*2/3〗—〖DD)〗、Y〖DD(-*3〗〖KG*2/3〗·〖DD)〗〖DD(-*2〗〖KG*2/3〗—〖DD)〗、Z〖DD(-*3〗〖KG*2/3〗·〖DD)〗〖DD(-*2〗〖KG*2/3〗—〖DD)〗、H〖DD(-*3〗〖KG*2/3〗·〖DD)〗〖DD(-*2〗〖KG*2/3〗—〖DD)〗和F〖DD(-*3〗〖KG*2/3〗·〖DD)〗〖DD(-*2〗〖KG*2/3〗—〖DD)〗来表征长期变化场〖WTHX〗〖AKB·〗〖WTBZ〗的总体强度,利用第9代国际参考地磁场模型IGRF 9,研究〖WTHX〗〖AKB·〗场的变化特征. 结果表明,在1900～2000年的100年当中,〖AKB·〗场经历了3幕变化,最大年变率分别发生在1910～1920、1940～1950、1970～1980年,显示出清晰的30年周期变化,而且,每一周期的上升段比其下降段短得多. 研究结果还表明,非偶极场对〖AKB·〗的贡献约为偶极场的2倍,因此,决定〖AKB·〗场周期特征的主要因素是非偶极场（特别是四极子场）,而不是偶极子场. 这一特点与主磁场B〖WTBZ〗中偶极场占绝对优势的特点完全不同.