基于地形的海底热液区沉积物分布趋势预测方法研究

热液区沉积物接受了大量热液物质的输入,其矿物组成及地球化学空间分布特征是多金属硫化物勘探的有效指标。由于重力作用,洋中脊区域沉积物主要分布于低洼和平坦地形区。为了探索地形因素对热液区沉积物分布的影响规律,本文通过ArcGIS提出了一种基于地形数据的海底热液区沉积物分布趋势预测方法,并对西南印度洋中脊龙角区地形数据进行了分析,包括沉积物重力搬运方向提取、沉积物汇集量估算、海底沟谷提取和沉积物源区划分。通过与研究区底质解译结果进行对比验证发现,预测结果与研究区内沉积物的实际分布范围较为吻合,表明本方法在一定程度上可以有效地指示地形影响下海底热液区沉积物的分布情况。本方法对海底硫化物矿产勘探工作具有一定指导意义,可为海底沉积物取样站位设置与海底硫化物成矿远景区圈定提供参考依据。     

卡尔斯伯格脊 60°~61°E洋脊段多波束后向散射特征及其对构造与岩浆作用强度的指示

多波束声纳数据可以有效记录海底地形地貌和底质特征信息。本文利用船载多波束数据对慢速扩张的卡尔斯伯格脊60°~61°E洋脊段的典型构造地貌单元的后向散射强度特征进行了研究,在此基础上,分析了该洋脊段的构造和岩浆作用强度特征。结果表明,洋脊段I以构造拉张作用占主导,脊轴及附近后向散射强度为-29 dB左右,裂谷壁高差可达1 200 m以上,裂谷内断裂发育,裂谷侧翼高度与裂谷宽度的比值为78.7~126.2,裂谷两侧翼部线性构造较少,但轴向正断层面更宽,倾角更小;与洋脊段裂谷中段相比,末端火山活动频率较低但喷发规模较大,火山机构数量和体积也更大,且可发育深大断裂获取深部热源。洋脊段II以岩浆作用占主导,脊轴及附近后向散射强度达-35 dB,裂谷内轴向火山脊发育,裂谷壁高差小于500 m,裂谷侧翼高度与裂谷宽度的比值为77.6~116.8,裂谷两侧翼部线性构造数量众多、长宽比较大且呈近似对称,相邻线性构造之间沉积物广泛分布。通过提取挖掘与底质属性密切相关的多波束后向散射强度数据,结合海底地形地貌的分析,可以为洋中脊的构造和岩浆作用强度的定量研究提供有效的证据。     

海底地形对洋中脊热液对流活动的影响研究

洋中脊热液活动多产生于不同扩张速率洋中脊的局部高地形区域，基于达西流体充填的孔隙?弹性热力学模型可以直观、有效地模拟出洋壳内部热液对流的形态、温度结构和喷发位置等信息。数值模拟结果和所得解析模型表明:不同规模的洋底地形起伏会对洋壳内部的热液对流形态产生不同程度的影响，高地形规模越大，起伏程度越大，下伏热液羽向地形高点的偏移就越明显。通过结合东太平洋海隆9°17′N热液区和大西洋洋中脊Lucky Strike热液区实际的跨轴水深分布，也可获得与二者实际喷发位置相吻合的模拟结果。地形起伏相关的洋中脊热液喷发模型揭示洋底低地形及其下伏渗透性洋壳表现为主要的海水充注区域，而高地形由于上覆压力的减小，使其成为汇集热液释放和喷发的主要区域。     

基于航渡式水深数据的海底地形DEM建模方法

针对航渡式水深测量资料海量、条带式分布的数据特点,提出了分块抽稀、区域建模、拼接整合的海底地形DEM建模思路,可有效提高不规则形状水深资料的建模效率,丰富海底地形DEM获取手段。实验证明,该方法具有结构简单、操作便利、内存占用少、计算效率高等特点,能够实现基于航渡式水深数据的海底地形DEM建模。     

济州岛南部海域海底声呐图像分析与声学底质分类

东海北部外陆架靠近济州岛南部海域,是黄海槽向冲绳海槽延伸的部分,属于黑潮分支黄海暖流的通道入口,分布着脊槽相间的海底底形,对其海底声呐图像的处理分析及声学底质分类的分析研究,有助于了解该通道海底底形表层纹理特征及沉积物分布规律。基于在济州岛南部海域获取的多波束声呐数据,应用图像处理技术和方法,对数据进行了处理,获得了海底声呐影像图,并对其表层纹理特征进行了描述和分析;同时,基于多波束反向散射强度数据,结合19组海底地质取样数据,建立研究区海底反向散射强度与沉积物粒度特征之间的统计关系模型,并以改进的学习向量量化神经网络方法,实现对海底粉砂质砂、黏土质砂以及砂-粉砂-黏土3种底质类型的快速自动分类识别。     

一种改进的基于TIN的多波束测深数据抽稀算法

多波束测深数据具有海量性与冗余性特征,海量的多波束数据不利于海底DEM构建与海图生产。因此,对于离散的多波束测深数据,行之有效的抽稀算法在多波束测深数据处理与应用中尤为重要。文中分析了常用的数据抽稀算法在数据处理速度以及特征地形保留方面的缺陷,提出一种通过改进基于TIN的数据处理流程的抽稀算法,并对比分析了抽稀前后海底地形特征。实验结果表明,改进的抽稀算法在数据量增大时依然可以保持较高的抽稀速度,能有效地提高数据抽稀的效率,准确保留海底地形特征。     

全球三大洋底高原重力异常与地壳厚度特征及对比研究*

翁通爪哇高原、凯尔盖朗高原与沙茨基海隆是全球三大洋底高原, 是大量岩浆喷发到地表的结果, 火山面积分别达1.90×10⁶、1.25×10⁶、0.53×10⁶km²。本文详细分析了该三大洋底高原的地形、剩余地幔布格重力异常(residual mantle Bouguer anomaly, RMBA)与重力反演的相对地壳厚度, 并结合地质与地球化学特征约束进行对比研究。结果显示, 翁通爪哇高原、凯尔盖朗高原与沙茨基海隆分别高出周围海底约4.3、5、4km, 相应的地幔布格重力异常最大变化值分别为250、330、200mGal, 以及相应的相对地壳厚度变化分别为11、13、9km, 表明形成三大洋底高原的岩浆量远远大于正常洋中脊的岩浆量。此外, 三大洋底高原皆形成于洋中脊附近。Nd、Pb、Hf同位素比值分析表明, 翁通爪哇高原的玄武岩组分为洋岛玄武岩; 凯尔盖朗高原大部分类似于洋岛玄武岩, 并含有洋中脊玄武岩组分; 沙茨基海隆的玄武岩组分主要为东太平洋海隆正常洋中脊玄武岩, 却又存在少量位于全球洋岛玄武岩范围内。这些特征揭示了三大洋底高原可能形成于“地幔柱-洋中脊相互作用”。对此本文提出了两种模式: 一为洋中脊被地幔柱拖拽至其上方; 二为洋中脊之下的软流圈受到地幔柱影响, 从而产生超常熔融与超厚地壳。     

基于水文分析法的海底峡谷特征要素自动提取方法研究及应用

海底峡谷是陆源沉积物向深海运移的主要通道,也是陆架/陆坡区重要的地貌单元。随着多波束测深技术的发展,如何快速而准确地从海量数据中识别并提取海底峡谷的特征要素,是一个亟待解决的重要热点问题。文中根据海底峡谷谷底下切、谷壁高而陡等地形特征,基于水文分析法和坡度分析等原理,通过ArcGIS中的数据建模工具建立了一种从数字高程模型(DEM)数据快速识别和提取海底峡谷特征要素的方法。以南海北部陆坡神狐峡谷区为例进行算例分析,结果表明,该方法在快速了解海底峡谷的发育位置和特征要素等方面是可行的,并可以获得峡谷头尾部水深、轴线长度、峡谷范围等特征信息。为获得该方法适用于研究区的最优参数组,文中讨论分析了峡谷形态、重分类阈值及数据分辨率等影响峡谷识别的因素。结果分析表明,峡谷形态会在一定程度上影响识别结果的准确性,但不影响对峡谷的总体了解;零值汇流累积量重分类阈值和DEM数据的空间分辨率是影响峡谷识别结果准确度的两个重要因素,在神狐峡谷群区,空间分辨率200 m且重分类阈值0.4时,海底峡谷识别和特征要素提取效果最佳。     

基于ROV的近海底地形测量及其在马努斯盆地热液区的应用

针对重点的特殊深海研究区（如热液冷泉、洋中脊区域）,在船载多波束数据获得研究区大面积地形资料的基础上,有必要选取典型深海小靶区进行高分辨率地形测量为进一步深入研究提供保障。根据船载多波束实测数据选取PACMANUS热液区作为靶区,基于长基线定位,利用“发现”ROV搭载多波束系统进行近海底全覆盖地形测量。结果表明,依托于船动力定位系统及差分GPS,长基线为ROV提供了可靠的高精度定位,使得近海底测量的地形数据分辨率数倍优于船载多波束测得的地形数据的分辨率。高分辨率地形清晰的显示了PACMANUS热液区锥形丘体等特殊微地形,与已发现的热液点和火山区有很好的对应。进一步分析发现,该区域活动的热液区主要发育于坡度大于30°斜坡上的地形突变区,其成因仍需深入研究。利用ROV搭载多波束近底测量是获取深海小靶区高分辨率地形的可靠途径和方法,有利于提高深海海底研究的针对性,将促进我国深海科学研究的发展。     

西南印度洋脊50.5°E火山喷发高地是热点与洋中脊相互作用的产物吗?

观察西南印度洋脊(SWIR)27洋段(据Cannat等(1999)洋脊分段及命名)高分辨率多波束资料,发现其50.5°E轴部为一火山喷发高地,总体地形特征似乎类似受热点影响的洋脊。对该段洋脊地形作了详细分析,并结合受热点影响洋脊具有的一般特征,从地形地貌、地球物理场、岩石地球化学等方面分析了该段洋脊受热点影响的可能性。地形上缺少轴外地形表达,两翼也没有不对称现象;岩石地球化学上最普遍分布的仍是正常MORB。再者,在Crozet热点的相对运动历史轨迹上没有留下明显的痕迹,因此,其对相关洋脊产生有效影响的可能性并不大。综合SWIR 27洋段各方面特征,可说明其确实受某种因素影响,导致岩浆通量相比邻近洋段有大幅增加,但这种因素可能不是受热点影响,而是与大西洋中脊(MAR)上三段轴部地形异常的洋脊一样,是产生于由不均一地幔导致的洋脊局部岩浆增加。     

Lava morphology mapping by expert system classification of high-resolution side-scan sonar imagery from the East Pacific Rise, 9°–10°N

Fine-scale lava morphology has been classified on the ridge crest of the East Pacific Rise between 9°15′N and 10°02′N using an expert system classification method. This method establishes the means to classify complicated seafloor environments by integrating textural and geometric feature attributes from a high-resolution side-scan sonar dataset where ground-reference data are available from near-bottom visual observations. The classification in this study focuses upon mapping the lava morphology distribution of sheet, lobate, and pillow flows along the East Pacific Rise. The reliability of the classification has been evaluated using an accuracy assessment. The study region yields a coverage area of 37,814 m² (44%) for lobate flows; 10,421 m² (12%) for pillow flows; 15,096 m² (18%) for sheet flows; 19,679 m² (23%) for fissured areas; and 2,967 m² (3%) for shadows or no data. The systematic distribution of lava morphology along the ridge found in this study supports the idea of using the regional distribution of surface morphology as an indicator of emplacement dynamics and supports an organization of the volcanic plumbing system at a third order segmentation scale beneath mid-ocean ridges.     

洋中脊-地幔柱、地幔柱-海沟与海沟-洋中脊相互作用

由热点假说的提出发展到静态地幔柱学说和动态地幔柱模式,到现在研究较多的大型火成岩省、脊-柱相互作用和脊-沟相互作用,海底构造研究取得了巨大进步。柱-脊相互作用可导致洋中脊的分段、跃迁与石化过程,反之,洋中脊的变化也可导致地幔柱的形态与直径等发生变化。洋中脊与地幔柱相遇可以出现不同的柱-脊相互作用。地幔柱除可以出现在离散型板块边缘外,还可以随板块迁移进入俯冲带,并出现柱-沟相互作用。地幔柱在俯冲带出现的位置不同,因而其对俯冲过程的影响和作用效果也相应不同,目前提出了6种地幔柱与海沟或俯冲带相互作用的可能模式。脊-柱相互作用和脊-沟相互作用对传统的板块俯冲作用过程是个重要突破。     

超慢速扩张洋中脊岩浆形成和迁移汇聚动力学研究

超慢速扩张洋中脊具有不同于其他扩张速率洋中脊的特征，表现为剧烈变化的洋壳厚度和典型的非岩浆段。本文对前人研究的洋中脊岩浆形成关键因素和迁移聚集模式进行综合分析，结合实际地球物理和地球化学的观测数据，探讨了超慢速扩张洋中脊岩浆从地幔源区形成、迁移汇聚、形成洋壳的整个地质过程，进一步指出了影响洋壳结构的关键控制因素。研究结果表明，超慢速扩张洋中脊沿轴洋壳厚度的变化受岩浆补给量和迁移汇聚的共同制约。其中，岩浆补给量受控于洋中脊的地幔潜热、地幔成分和扩张速率的变化；岩浆迁移和汇聚过程则与超慢速扩张洋中脊密集的分段特征和阻渗层的空间结构密切相关。     

Tectonic and magmatic ridges in the eltanin fault system,South Pacific

A Seabeam reconnaissance of the 400 km-long fast-slipping (88 mm yr^-1) Heezen transform fault zone and the 55 km-long spreading center that links it to Tharp transform defined and bathymetrically described several types of ridges built by tectonic uplift and volcanic construction. Most prominent is an asymmetric transverse ridge, at which abyssal hills adjacent to the fault zone have been raised 2–3 km above normal rise-flank depths. Topographic and petrologic evidence suggests that this uplift, which has produced a 5400 m scarp from the crest of the ridge to the floor of a 10 km-wide transform valley, is caused by rapid serpentinization of upper mantle which has been exposed to hydrothermal circulation by fault-zone fracturing of an unusually thin crust. Transverse ridges have been thought atypical of fast-slipping transforms. One class of volcanic ridge more common at these sites is the overshot ridge, formed by prolongation of spreading-center rift zones obliquely across the transform. Overshot ridges are well developed at Heezen transform, especially at the eastern end where an eruptive rift zone extending 60 km from the southern tip of the East Pacific Rise has built a transform-parallel ridge that fills the eastern transform valley. Obliteration of fault-zone structure by ridges overshooting from the spreading center intersections means that the topography of the aseismic fracture zones is not just inherited from that of the active transform fault zone. The latter has several en echelon and overlapping fault traces, linked by short oblique spreading axes that generally form pull-apart basins rather than volcanic ridges. Interpretation of the origin and pattern of the fault zone's tectonic and volcanic relief requires refinement of the plate geography and history of this part of the Pacific-Antarctic boundary, using new Seabeam and magnetic traverses to supplement and adjust the existing geophysical data base.     

白垩纪以来太平洋上地幔组成和温度变化

The geological evolution of the Earth during the mid-Cretaceous were shown to be anomalous, e.g., the pause of the geomagnetic field, the global sea level rise, and increased intra-plate volcanic activities, which could be attributed to deep mantle processes. As the anomalous volcanic activities occurred mainly in the Cretaceous Pacific, here we use basalt chemical compositions from the oceanic drilling(DSDP/ODP/IODP) sites to investigate their mantle sources and melting conditions. Based on locations relative to the Pacific plateaus, we classified these sites as oceanic plateau basalts, normal mid-ocean ridge basalts, and near-plateau seafloor basalts. This study shows that those normal mid-ocean ridge basalts formed during mid-Cretaceous are broadly similar in average Na8, La/Sm and Sm/Yb ratios and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions to modern Pacific spreading ridge(the East Pacific Rise). The Ontong Java plateau(125–90 Ma) basalts have distinctly lower Na8 and143Nd/144 Nd, and higher La/Sm and 87Sr/86 Sr than normal seafloor basalts, whereas those for the near-plateau seafloor basalts are similar to the plateau basalts, indicating influences from the Ontong Java mantle source. The super mantle plume activity that might have formed the Ontong Java plateau influenced the mantle source of the simultaneously formed large areas of seafloor basalts. Based on the chemical data from normal seafloor basalts, I propose that the mantle compositions and melting conditions of the normal mid-ocean ridges during the Cretaceous are similar to the fast spreading East Pacific Rise. Slight variations of mid-Cretaceous normal seafloor basalts in melting conditions could be related to the local mantle source and spreading rate.     

基于计算机视觉的3种金枪鱼属鱼类形态指标自动测量研究

金枪鱼类是我国远洋渔业重要的捕捞对象,其形态指标对研究金枪鱼类的生长、发育和生活史具有重要意义。人工测量形态指标是一种非常繁琐且低效率的测量方法,而计算机视觉是一种高效和客观的自动测量方法。因此,本文通过计算机视觉库OpenCV对3种金枪鱼类图像进行预处理,主要利用双边滤波、灰度变换、二值化处理和提取轮廓等图像处理技术得到金枪鱼类形态轮廓图像。根据预先选定的特征点,利用计算机视觉技术遍历轮廓图像上所有的像素点,并自动定位出每张轮廓图像的预选特征点共17个。利用计算机视觉技术遍历得到的特征点位置,自动测量出3种金枪鱼的形态指标像素长度,并计算出形态指标实际长度。还分析自动测量与人工测量形态指标的绝对误差和相对误差。研究结果表明,通过计算机视觉技术对3种金枪鱼的形态指标的自动测量效果较好,大眼金枪鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼和长鳍金枪鱼的12个形态指标的绝对误差范围分别为0～1.46 cm、0～1.73 cm、0～1.32 cm,其相对误差范围分别为0.01%～5.84%、0%～6.17%、0%～6.89%。本研究以期为金枪鱼类智能识别提供前期工作基础,也为其他鱼类自动测量研究提供基础参考。     

国际洋中脊研究的发展态势及热点分析

对洋中脊研究的国际研究战略与计划进行分析,具体包括综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)、国际洋中脊协会(InterRidge)和国际海洋研究委员会(SCOR)的相关研究规划和资助项目。此外,结合洋中脊研究论文的文献计量学研究,使用社会网络分析法、VOSviewer和Histcite软件综合分析了洋中脊研究的国际发展趋势及研究热点。美国的洋中脊研究实力最强。中国近3年的发文比例非常高,表明越来越关注该领域的研究。中国洋中脊研究的主要合作对象是美国。热液生态系统与洋中脊岩石地球化学研究目前是该领域的研究热点。本分析结果可以为我国的洋中脊研究和相关决策提供参考依据。     

Extensional faulting and segmentation of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge north of the Kane Fracture Zone (24° 00′ N to 24° 40′ N)

The combination of multi-beam echo-sounder swath bathymetry and high-resolution deep-towed sidescan sonar provides a powerful database from which to examine mid-ocean ridge processes. We have used such a database, gathered from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge north of the Kane Fracture Zone (the MARNOK area), to examine the relationship between tectonic, volcanic, and bathymetric segmentation. We have identified structural domains, with different fault distributions, and neovolcanic segments that are distinct from the 2nd or 3rd order bathymetric segmentation.From their mutual relationships, a model is proposed for the magmatic accretion of oceanic crust at slow spreading ridges that relates the local melt supply to the tectonic style. We suggest that these are mutually interactive, and determine whether volcanic extrusion along the ridge is continuous and slow, or episodic and rapid.     

Delineation of the 85°E ridge and its structure in the Mahanadi Offshore Basin,Eastern Continental Margin of India (ECMI), from seismic reflection imaging

The passive Eastern Continental Margin of India (ECMI) evolved during the break up of India and East Antarctica in the Early Cretaceous. The 85°E ridge is a prominent linear aseismic feature extending from the Afanasy Nikitin Seamounts northward to the Mahanadi basin along the ECMI. Earlier workers have interpreted the ridge to be a prominent hot spot trail. In the absence of conclusive data, the extension of the ridge towards its northern extremity below the thick Bengal Fan sediments was a matter of postulation. In the present study, interpretation of high resolution 2-D reflection data from the Mahanadi Offshore Basin, located in the northern part of the ridge, unequivocally indicates continuation of the ridge across the continent–ocean boundary into the slope and shelf tracts of the ECMI. Its morphology and internal architecture suggest a volcanic plume related origin that can be correlated with the activity of the Kerguelen hot spot in the nascent Indian Ocean. In the continental region, the plume related volcanic activity appears to have obliterated all seismic features typical of continental crust. The deeper oceanic crust, over which the hot spot plume erupted, shows the presence of linear NS aligned basement highs, corresponding with the ridge, underlain by a depressed Moho discontinuity. In the deep oceanic basin, the ridge influences the sediment dispersal pattern from the Early Cretaceous (?)/early part of Late Cretaceous times till the end of Oligocene, which is an important aspect for understanding the hydrocarbon potential of the basin.