纳米计量学的基础技术组件

为了满足ASTROD激光宇航动力学任意概念计划的高精度要求，以及实现新质量标准，我们开始进行次纳米激光测长与纳米定位控制的研究。本文将回顾我们在清华大学与工研院测量中心的研究成果，介绍如何利用外差式激光干涉仪，挠性微动台与压电陶瓷，进行次纳米激光测长与纳米定位控制。此研究成果将做为ASTROD计划中，无拖曳航天技术的研发基础。之后讨论如何将纳米定位控制系统与扫描穿道显微镜进行整合，完成计量型扫描穿隧显微镜，进一步将微结构的测量尺寸直接追溯至长度标准。     

ASTROD 1中的望远镜前指量研究

单航天器激光天文动力学空间计划ASTROD1是激光天文动力学ASTROD的第一步,通过发射绕太阳的无拖曳航天器,并且当航天器处于太阳背面附近时,与地面站进行深空激光测距,以执行科学任务。该文计算了ASTROD12015年的轨道、提出了判断轨道精度是否满足任务需要的方法、分析了地球和航天器的位置同望远镜前指量之间的关系并且给出了望远镜前指量的结果。     

利用地面深空激光测距检验相对论的引力时延

讨论了广义相对论的引力时延。根据Mini－ASTROD空间计划方案，利用地面深空激光测距来检验引力时延，给出了测量值与理论值直接比对的方案，并拟合出空间曲率参数γ的值。文中采用非同步的激光应答器、皮秒事件记数器等设备，可以提高测量的精度和稳定性。在地面站和行星探测器之间直接进行激光测距，不仅可以验证广义相对论的引力时延，而且还可以使γ的精度提高至少1－2个量级。这对于宇宙学和引力理论具有十分重要的意义。     

小型激光天文动力学空间计划概念

小型激光天文动力学空间计划是：使用在太阳轨道上天拖曳航天器和地面站以激光干涉和脉冲测距的方法，精确地探讨天文动力学，检测相对论与时空基本定律，改进探测引力波的灵敏度以及更准确地测定太阳，行星和小行星的参数。1969年开始的月球激光（反射）测距，对地球物理，参考坐标的选定，相对论的检验均有重要的贡献。30年来，激光技术的长足进步，使现在正是适合于开始进行研究空间有源（主动）测距和光波空间通讯的时候。激光正是适合于开始进行研究空间有源（主动）测跑和光波空间通讯的时候。激光天文动力学的兴起是必然的趋势，其精确度将比现在提高3到6个数量级，将是天文动力学革命性的发展。小型激光天文动力学空间计划可以起到带头作用。它的关键技术有三，即：弱光锁相，极精确无拖曳航天和高衰减日冕仪。弱光锁相已有长足的进步。对高衰减日冕仪的研究，也有初步的方案。LISA空间计划将于2006年8月发射SMART－2，研究测试极精确地拖曳航天。小型激光天文动力学空间计划的关键技术已日趋成熟。在第一届国际激光天文动力学研讨会（2001，9．13－23）中介绍了各相关学科背景及前沿研究，讨论了激光天文动力学空间计划科学目标及相关技术，并召开了两次小型激光天文动力学空间计划预研究筹备会，建立了和欧洲的合作关系。会后着手进行此项对基础物理，太阳系探索及引力波天文学有重要科学价值的空间计划预研究。     

ASTROD-GW轨道设计

激光天文动力学引力波探测任务ASTROD-GW(ASTROD[AstrodynamicalSpace Test of Relativity Using Optical Devices Optimized for Gravitation WaveDetection)是ASTROD专注于探测引力波的优化方案,其航天器轨道在日地拉格朗日点L_3、L_4、L_5附近,构成一个接近等边的三角形阵列,干涉臂长约为2.6×10~8 km,其可探测的引力波波长可达LISA(Laser Interferometer Space Antenna)的52倍.文中综述ASTROD-GW轨道的设计和优化方法.轨道经优化后,其臂长差(在激光干涉测量中可称为干涉差)10 yr内的变化为10~(-4) AU量级、3个臂长方向的多普勒速度小于4 m/s,均小于LISA的要求,因此LISA发展的激光测距技术可用于ASTROD-GW.     

激光天文动力学弱光锁相的研究

近年来激光物理与应用的进展促成了激光天文动力学空间任务概念的提出。在激光天文动力学任务概念研究方面 ,必须对由远程航天器上传回的激光进行讯号的测量与处理。激光经过长距离的传输后 ,功率大幅下降 ,因此在空间任务概念的考虑上 ,弱光锁相是计划中关键性的技术。由航天器射来的激光 ,经过望远镜聚光后与本地激光进行锁相 ,由本地激光承载及传达太空激光的相位信息。实验中 ,我们使用 2支半导体激光泵浦非平面环形共振腔钇镏石激光 (Diodelaserpumpednon -planarringcavityNd :YAGlaser) ,分别代表远程的弱光及代表本地的强光 ,建立弱光锁相环路系统 (weak -lightphase -lockedloopsystem)。以中性光强度滤光器 (ND -filter;neutraldensityfilter)减弱光讯号来仿真远程激光传来的弱光。在相位探测部分使用均衡探测法 ,消除激光强度噪声 ,以提高讯噪比。同时配合适当的环路滤波器 ,控制激光频率 ,提高锁相的能力。对 2nW的弱光与 2mW的强光可长时间锁相 ,其均方根相位误差为 57mrad。 2 0 0pW的弱光与 2 0 0 μW的强光锁相时间可达 2h以上 ,其相位误差为 2 0 0mrad。 2 0pW的弱光与 2 0 0 μW的强光锁相时间亦可达 2h以上 ,其相位误差为 1 60mrad。最后 ,我们对 2pW的弱光与 2 0 0 μW的强光锁相 ,     

小型激光天文动力学空间计划概念

小型激光天文动力学空间计划是 :使用在太阳轨道上无拖曳航天器和地面站以激光干涉和脉冲测距的方法 ,精确地探讨天文动力学 ,检测相对论与时空基本定律 ,改进探测引力波的灵敏度以及更准确地测定太阳、行星和小行星的参数。 1 969年开始的月球激光 (反射 )测距 ,对地球物理、参考坐标的选定、相对论的检验均有重要的贡献。 3 0年来 ,激光技术的长足进步 ,使现在正是适合于开始进行研究空间有源 (主动 )测距和光波空间通讯的时候。激光天文动力学的兴起是必然的趋势 ,其精确度将比现在提高 3到 6个数量级 ,将是天文动力学革命性的发展。小型激光天文动力学空间计划可以起到带头作用。它的关键技术有三 ,即 :弱光锁相、极精确无拖曳航天和高衰减日冕仪。弱光锁相已有长足的进步。对高衰减日冕仪的研究 ,也有了初步的方案。LISA空间计划将于 2 0 0 6年 8月发射SMART -2 ,研究测试极精确无拖曳航天。小型激光天文动力学空间计划的关键技术已日趋成熟。在第一届国际激光天文动力学研讨会 ( 2 0 0 1 ,9.1 3 -2 3 )中介绍了各相关学科背景及前沿研究 ,讨论了激光天文动力学空间计划科学目标及相关技术 ,并召开了两次小型激光天文动力学空间计划预研究筹备会 ,建立了和欧洲的合作关系。会后着手进行此项对基础     

高精度天体测量资料处理的相对论模型和引力理论的检验

随着科学技术的迅猛发展,现今的天体力学和天体测量已经发生了日新月异的变化.人类已经能够近距离探测太阳系内的一些天体,精度也达到了前所未有的程度.例如,激光测月(LLR)的精度已经达到了3 mm,正在向1 mm迈进;激光测卫(SLR),如激光地球动力学卫星(LAGEOS)的测轨精度已经达到了0.5 mas;甚长基线干涉测量(VLBI)的精度已经好于0.1 mas;对于未来的两个空间探测计划,全天天体测量干涉仪(GAIA)和空间干涉测量任务(SIM)都有望达到μas的精度.面对当前和未来如此高的精度要求,一方面已经认识到牛顿力学体系已经无法适用于高精度的天     

天马13m射电望远镜高精度指向模型的建立

天马13 m射电望远镜是专为空间大地测量的新一代甚长基线干涉测量(Very Long Baseline Interferometry, VLBI)天线,即VGOS(VLBI Global Observing System)系统。VGOS观测将从调度、相关、观测策略到分析各方面改变甚长基线干涉测量。与传统测地观测相比,VGOS观测将数据精度提高1～2个数量级。天马13 m射电望远镜安装了3～15 GHz宽频制冷接收机,一般要求天线指向偏差小于最高频率波束宽度的1/10。为满足高精度指向要求,详细介绍了建立指向的方法和天线控制扫描策略,给出了系统误差修正模型的完全表达式,明确了指向修正模型中的参数意义。基于该天线指向扫描的实测数据,实测评估了望远镜的指向精度。采用最小二乘法对覆盖全天区的数据样本进行拟合,得到天马13 m射电望远镜指向模型,并加载到天线伺服控制系统进行验证,得到了优于10″的盲指误差。     

激光天文动力学弱光锁相的研究

近年来激光物理与应用的进展促成了激光天文动力学空间任务概念的提出。在激光天文动力学任务概念研究方面，必须对由远程航天器上传回的激光进行讯号的测量与处理。激光经过长距离的传输后，功率大幅下降，因此在空间任务概念的考虑上，弱光锁相是计划中关键性的技术。由航天器射来的激光，经过望远镜聚光后与本地激光进行锁相，由本地激光承载及传达太空激光的相位信息。实验中，我们使用2支半导体激光泵浦非平均环形共振腔钇馏石激光（Diode laser pumped non-planar ring cavity Nd:YAG laser），分别代表远程的弱及光代表本地的强光，建立弱光锁相环路系统（weak-light phase-locked loop system)。以中性光强度滤光器（ND－filter;neutrel density filter)减弱光讯叫来仿真远程激光传来的弱光。在相位探测部分使用均衡探测法，消除激光强度噪声，以提高讯噪比。同时配合适当的环路滤波器，控制激光频率，提高锁相的能力。对2nW的弱光与2mW的强光可长时间锁相，其均方根相位误差为５７mrad。 200Pw的弱光与200μW的强光锁相时间可达2h以上，其相位误差为200mrad。20pW弱光与200μW的强光锁相时间亦可达2h以上，其相位误差为160mrad。最后，我们对2pW的弱光与200μW的强光锁相，锁相后的相位误差为290mrad，锁相时间可维持一分半钟。     

天文高分辨像复原技术检测地基天文光学望远镜成像质量

在天文高分辨像复原技术的基础上，根据谱比法较准确地测量视宁度参数r0后，计算得到大气系统的平均短曝光传递函数，从而把大气湍流对检测结果的影响从综合成像系统中分离了出来。利用望远镜摄取大量目标源的短曝光像(斑点图)作为原始数据，通过分析这些含有望远镜衍射极限分辨率信息的斑点图，实现天文光学望远镜系统点扩展函数(PSF)中低频信息的重建，得到半峰全宽(FWHM)和80％的能量集中度(EE)。     

Astrodynamical Space Test of Relativity using Optical Devices I (ASTROD I)—a class-M fundamental physics mission proposal for cosmic vision 2015–2025: 2010 Update

ASTROD I is a planned interplanetary space mission with multiple goals. The primary aims are: to test General Relativity with an improvement in sensitivity of over 3 orders of magnitude, improving our understanding of gravity and aiding the development of a new quantum gravity theory; to measure key solar system parameters with increased accuracy, advancing solar physics and our knowledge of the solar system; and to measure the time rate of change of the gravitational constant with an order of magnitude improvement and the anomalous Pioneer acceleration, thereby probing dark matter and dark energy gravitationally. It is envisaged as the first in a series of ASTROD missions. ASTROD I will consist of one spacecraft carrying a telescope, four lasers, two event timers and a clock. Two-way, two-wavelength laser pulse ranging will be used between the spacecraft in a solar orbit and deep space laser stations on Earth, to achieve the ASTROD I goals.For this mission, accurate pulse timing with an ultra-stable clock, and a drag-free spacecraft with reliable inertial sensor are required. T2L2 has demonstrated the required accurate pulse timing; rubidium clock on board Galileo has mostly demonstrated the required clock stability; the accelerometer on board GOCE has paved the way for achieving the reliable inertial sensor; the demonstration of LISA Pathfinder will provide an excellent platform for the implementation of the ASTROD I drag-free spacecraft. These European activities comprise the pillars for building up the mission and make the technologies needed ready. A second mission, ASTROD or ASTROD-GW (depending on the results of ASTROD I), is envisaged as a three-spacecraft mission which, in the case of ASTROD, would test General Relativity to one part per billion, enable detection of solar g-modes, measure the solar Lense-Thirring effect to 10 parts per million, and probe gravitational waves at frequencies below the LISA bandwidth, or in the case of ASTROD-GW, would be dedicated to probe gravitational waves at frequencies below the LISA bandwidth to 100?nHz and to detect solar g-mode oscillations. In the third phase (Super-ASTROD), larger orbits could be implemented to map the outer solar system and to probe primordial gravitational-waves at frequencies below the ASTROD bandwidth. This paper on ASTROD I is based on our 2010 proposal submitted for the ESA call for class-M mission proposals, and is a sequel and an update to our previous paper (Appouchaux et al., Exp Astron 23:491?C527, 2009; designated as Paper I) which was based on our last proposal submitted for the 2007 ESA call. In this paper, we present our orbit selection with one Venus swing-by together with orbit simulation. In Paper I, our orbit choice is with two Venus swing-bys. The present choice takes shorter time (about 250?days) to reach the opposite side of the Sun. We also present a preliminary design of the optical bench, and elaborate on the solar physics goals with the radiation monitor payload. We discuss telescope size, trade-offs of drag-free sensitivities, thermal issues and present an outlook.     

Recent Experimental Results and Modelling of High-Mach-Number Jets and the Transition to Turbulence

In recent years, we have carried out experiments at the University of Rochester’s Omega laser in which supersonic, dense-plasma jets are formed by the interaction of strong shocks in a complex target assembly (Foster et al., Phys. Plasmas 9 (2002) 2251). We describe recent, significant extensions to this work, in which we consider scaling of the experiment, the transition to turbulence, and astrophysical analogues. In new work at the Omega laser, we are developing an experiment in which a jet is formed by laser ablation of a titanium foil mounted over a titanium washer with a central, cylindrical hole. Some of the resulting shocked titanium expands, cools, and accelerates through the vacuum region (the hole in the washer) and then enters a cylinder of low-density foam as a jet. We discuss the design of this new experiment and present preliminary experimental data and results of simulations using AWE hydrocodes. In each case, the high Reynolds number of the jet suggests that turbulence should develop, although this behaviour cannot be reliably modelled by present, resolution-limited simulations (because of their low-numerical Reynolds number).     

Dynamics of planets in retrograde mean motion resonance

In a previous paper (Gayon and Bois 2008a), we have shown the general efficiency of retrograde resonances for stabilizing compact planetary systems. Such retrograde resonances can be found when two-planets of a three-body planetary system are both in mean motion resonance and revolve in opposite directions. For a particular two-planet system, we have also obtained a new orbital fit involving such a counter-revolving configuration and consistent with the observational data. In the present paper, we analytically investigate the three-body problem in this particular case of retrograde resonances. We therefore define a new set of canonical variables allowing to express correctly the resonance angles and obtain the Hamiltonian of a system harboring planets revolving in opposite directions. The acquiring of an analytical “rail” may notably contribute to a deeper understanding of our numerical investigation and provides the major structures related to the stability properties. A comparison between our analytical and numerical results is also carried out.     

Short timescale variability of the mesospheric sodium layer

In this article we investigate the short-term characteristics of the sodium layer and their implications for laser guide star systems. We report measurements of sodium density andcentroid-height variations on timescales of 100 ms upwards. Significant centroid-height variations on short timescales may necessitate frequent refocussing of the beam and wavefront sensor system.We present results from observations of the mesospheric sodium layer taken at the Max Planck observatory in Calar Alto, Spain in September 1997 and August 1998. We describe our experiment which uses the resonant optical backscatter of 589.2 nm laser light from the upper atmosphere as a measure of sodium abundance.Short-term variations are dominated by the formation of dense sporadic layers in the normal sodium layer. Measurements were made on 3 nights in 1997 and on 2 nights in 1998. Somewhat unexpectedly for a mid-latitude site, sporadic sodium layers were seen on 4 of these 5 nights. One of the sporadic layers was observed for its duration. The 2 km wide layer reached a maximum intensity of approximately two and a half times that of the background layer and could be distinguished from the background for over five hours. Centroid height variations of up to 400 m were observed on timescales of 1–2 min. In 1998 we were sensitive to variations of 5% or more in total sodium abundance on timescales of 100 ms upwards. We found no evidencefor variations of this level on these short timescales.     

Numerical study of a 20W class QCW pulsed sodium guide star laser's performances at five sites in China

In the past few years,Chinese astronomical community is actively testing astronomical sites for several new optical/infrared ground-based telescopes.These site testing campaigns conducted were mainly focused on fundamental performances of the sites,such as cloud coverage,seeing,temperature,etc.With increasing interests in sodium laser guide star adaptive optics for these new telescopes in the Chinese astronomical community,it is interesting to investigate the performance of the laser guide star at these sites,especially considering that the sodium laser guide star's on-sky performance is significantly influenced by sites' local performances,such as geomagnetic field,sodium layer dynamics,density of air molecule,etc.In this paper,we studied sodium laser guide star's performance of a 20 W class Quasi Continuous Wave(QCW) pulsed laser developed by TIPC with numerical simulation for five selected sites in China.     

Refractive index measurements of ammonia and hydrocarbon ices at 632.8 nm

Optical constants in a broad temperature and wavelength range are important input parameters in radiative transfer models used in studies of planetary atmospheres. In the laboratory, the refractive index values of ices at the HeNe laser wavelength (632.8 nm) are often used to monitor the growth rate and thickness of ice films. In this report we present laboratory measurements determining the refractive index at 632.8 nm of ammonia and hydrocarbon ices in the temperature range 80-100 K. Thin ice films are vapor-deposited on a cryogenically cooled mirror located inside a high-vacuum apparatus. The real component of the refractive index of these ice films is determined by a two-angle interferometric technique. Optical modeling calculations of the transmittance and reflectance through the thin ice films assist in the interpretation of the experimental results. We discuss our results and compare them with other measurements available in the literature. The results reported here are relevant to the spectroscopy of icy objects in the solar system; they are needed to perform laboratory characterization of ices, derive optical constants, and model spectra.     

10赫兹漫反射激光测距控制系统的设计与实现

设计和实现了云南天文台1．2m望远镜10Hz共光路漫反射激光测距控制系统,包括激光器、信号探测器和测时设备等的控制。并将系统应用于实际观测中,使用结果表明系统运行正常,且已成功实现了部分空间碎片的漫反射激光测距。将测时设备换为事件计时器后,该系统可直接用于激光测月试验。     

First light for the sodium laser guide star adaptive optics system on the Lijiang 1.8m telescope

A first generation sodium Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics System(LGS-AOS) was developed and integrated into the Lijiang 1.8 m telescope in 2013. The LGS-AOS has three sub-systems:(1) a 20 W long pulsed sodium laser,(2) a 300-millimeter-diameter laser launch telescope, and(3) a 37-element compact adaptive optics system. On 2014 January 25, we obtained high resolution images of an mV8.18 star,HIP 43963, during the first light of the LGS-AOS. In this paper, the sodium laser, the laser launch telescope,the compact adaptive optics system and the first light results will be presented.     

Laser argon dating of melt breccias from the Siljan impact structure,Sweden: Implications for a possible relationship to Late Devonian extinction events

Abstract— In earlier studies, the 65‐75 km diameter Siljan impact structure in Sweden has been linked to the Late Devonian mass extinction event. The Siljan impact event has previously been dated by K‐Ar and Ar‐Ar chronology at 342‐368 Ma, with the commonly quoted age being 362.7 ± 2.2 Ma (2 s?, recalculated using currently accepted decay constants). Until recently, the accepted age for the Frasnian/Famennian boundary and associated extinction event was 364 Ma, which is within error limits of this earlier Siljan age. Here we report new Ar‐Ar ages extracted by laser spot and laser step heating techniques for several melt breccia samples from Siljan (interpreted to be impact melt breccia). The analytical results show some scatter, which is greater in samples with more extensive alteration; these samples generally yield younger ages. The two samples with the least alteration yield the most reproducible weighted mean ages: one yielded a laser spot age of 377.2 ± 2.5 Ma (95% confidence limits) and the other yielded both a laser spot age of 376.1 ± 2.8 Ma (95% confidence limits) and a laser stepped heating plateau age over 70.6% ³⁹Ar release of 377.5 ± 2.4 Ma (2 s?). Our conservative estimate for the age of Siljan is 377 ± 2 Ma (95% confidence limits), which is significantly different from both the previously accepted age for the Frasnian/Famennian (F/F) boundary and the previously quoted age of Siljan. However, the age of the F/F boundary has recently been revised to 374.5 ± 2.6 Ma by the International Commission for Stratigraphy, which is, within error, the same as our new age. However, the currently available age data are not proof that there was a connection between the Siljan impact event and the F/F boundary extinction. This new result highlights the dual problems of dating meteorite impacts where fine‐grained melt rocks are often all that can be isotopically dated, and constraining the absolute age of biostratigraphic boundaries, which can only be constrained by age extrapolation. Further work is required to develop and improve the terrestrial impact age record and test whether or not the terrestrial impact flux increased significantly at certain times, perhaps resulting in major extinction events in Earth's biostratigraphic record.