A synthetic pollen record of the eastern Mediterranean sapropels of the last 1 Ma: implications for the time-scale and formation of sapropels

The Quaternary climate of southern Europe (south Italy and Greece) is investigated by pollen analysis of the sapropels which were deposited in the deep eastern Mediterranean Sea during the last 1 million year (Ma). The time-scale of core KC01b in the Ionian Sea has been established by tuning its oxygen isotopic record to the ice volume model of Imbrie and Imbrie (1980). For the last 250,000 year (250 ka), the previous pollen studies and astronomical tuning have been confirmed. Sapropels were deposited under a large range of Mediterranean climates: fully interglacial, fully glacial, and intermediary, as revealed mainly by the balance between the respective pollen abundances of oak (Quercus) and sage-brush (Artemisia). The high value of the oak reveals the warm and wet climate of an Interglacial, and the high value of the sage-brush, the dry and cold climate of a Glacial. Whereas the Mediterranean climate is directly related to the variation of the high-latitude ice sheets, the deposition of sapropels is not so. In contrast with the wide climatic range, sapropels were deposited only when summer insolation in the low latitudes reached its highest peaks. However, between 250 ka and 1 Ma, that stable pattern is not yet established. Only six sapropels are observed, many expected ones do not appear, even as ghosts signalled by peaks of barium abundance, that remain after the post-deposition oxidation of organic matter. The pattern of sapropel formation in stable and direct relationship to highest insolation does not seem to apply. For five of those sapropels, neither climate extremes are observed; they mainly formed during intermediary types of Mediterranean climate. In contrast, one sapropel (and one ghost) relates to a relatively low peak of insolation, and its climate is of a unique, composite type not seen later. This might suggest an unsuspected, more complex pattern linking the formation of Mediterranean sapropels to the astronomical configuration.     

艾比湖地区冰消期以来气候演化的植物学证据

本文根据植物生态学分析方法，通过对艾比湖ＺＫｏｏＢ孔中孢粉组合及植被生态的定量分析，阐述了北疆内陆干旱区冰消期以来的气候演化状况。孢粉组合特征及其植被生态的定量分析研究表明，受大气降水以及大气和土壤中相对湿度波动变化的影响，艾比湖地区的生态环境特征在最近１５０００ａ中至少经历了１０次比较明显的波动变化，并且与全球气候变化过程基本符合，表明中国西部干旱半干旱地区晚更新世以的气候环境演化过程是在全球变     

黄土高原中部最近130ka来气候变化的碳、氧同位素记录

本文根据歧山剖面的碳、氧同位素记录分析表明，距今１３０ｋａ来，黄土高原中部地区的气候至少经历了８次较大的波动。在万年尺度上，这些波动与全球的趋势基本一致，但在较小的时间尺度上，在大趋势相似的背景下，又有明显差别，反映了气候变化的区域特点。     

渤海地区全新世孢粉序列及古环境演化

通过对取自黄河口外泥质区的BH-264孔的沉积孢粉进行分析,对渤海地区全新世古植被和古环境演化历史进行了恢复。在早全新世(距今9.5~7.6 ka)渤海地区气候温暖湿润,在陆缘海滨地带出现大量沼泽湿地,上面生长着莎草和香蒲等植被,在周围的山地、丘陵和平原地区植被以松属和落叶栎属为主,并伴生着桦木属、榆科、桑科等树种;在中全新世(距今7.6~5.8 ka)温度的升高和海平面上升,使BH-264孔沉积孢粉中松属占主导地位,不利于远距离传播的草本植物花粉含量降为全新世最低值;在距今5.8 ka以后东亚夏季风减弱和降雨量减少导致渤海西部陆源海滨地带植被以旱生草本藜科、蒿属和菊属为主,黄河三角洲的形成缩短了研究区的离岸距离,使这些草本植物花粉易于传播到BH-264孔中沉积。     

南疆博斯腾湖近12.OkaB.P.以来古气候与古水文状况的变化

对南疆博斯腾湖湖相沉积物多手段的综合研究，揭示了近12.0kaB.P.以来古气候与古水文状况的变化过程与特征。结果表明，其气候的演化特征具有明显的西风型环境演变特征。研究还发现气候于12.0ka、10.0ka、4.0ka和1.5kaB.P.存在显著的阶梯式增暖变干特征，其中暖峰主要出现于11.5—11.0ka、9.4ka、7.5—7.0ka、6.5—6.0ka、3.0ka和2.0kaB.P.，气候特征以干暖为主，湖泊水文特征总体表现为盐度增加、水位下降、湖面缩小；而冷峰主要出现于11.0—10.0ka、8.8ka、5.0—4.5ka、3.3ka和1.5kaB.P.，此时湖泊膨胀淡化，湖面上升。在7.0—5.0kaB.P.期间出现的相对暖湿环境特征可能是全新世大暖期最盛期暖湿气候特征的反映，可能与此时西南夏季风势力增强有关，湖泊水文状况明显变好。     

南黄海陆架区15ka以来的古气候事件与环境演变

于１９８６－１９９４年间,陆续对南黄海７个柱状样品进行了孢粉分析研究,结合＾１４Ｃ测年数据,参考古地磁、热释光测年等分析资料,以其中３个主要岩芯剖面资料为代表,论述了南黄海陆架区１５ｋａ以来的古气候环境演变。结果表明,在第四纪末次冰期冰消期中,气候曾剧烈波动,并逐渐由晚冰期向冰后期过渡。这一演变特点与全球气候背景下的中国东部地理环境相关。同时识别出３个短期降温和两个升温事件：其中Ａ１亚带冷期出现在     

Age,regional variation,and shallowest occurrence of S1 sapropel in the northern Aegean Sea

Thirteen gravity cores taken off northern Greece contain the S1 sapropel, as a single layer in cores from water depths <250 m and usually as a double layer in cores from deeper water. Total thickness of the sapropel layer is proportional to thickness of sediment between the sapropel and an 18 ka seismic marker. These observations suggest that the sapropel is not diachronous. Five AMS radiocarbon dates of molluscs and echinoderms indicate an age of 6.4–9.2 ka for the S1 sapropel, considerably younger than previous age estimates in the northern Aegean Sea of 9–13 ka, which were based on bulk sample dating techniques.     

Late Glacial–Holocene ecostratigraphy of the south-eastern Aegean Sea, based on plankton and pollen assemblages

Quantitative analyses of coccolithophores, planktonic foraminifers, dinoflagellate cysts and pollen assemblages were carried out on shallow (NS-14) and deeper (NS-40) sediment cores from the south-eastern Aegean Sea. Nine coccolithophore (ACE 1–9) and nine planktonic foraminifer (APFE 1–9) ecozones, correlated with dinoflagellate cyst evidence, have been defined for the last ~14.5 cal. ka. Additionally, eight pollen assemblage zones (PAZ 1–8) have been recognised and correlated with the plankton ecozones. Although generally consistent with existing schemes for the central and eastern Mediterranean, the established high-resolution ecostratigraphy has led to an expanded palaeoecological reconstruction of the Late Glacial–Holocene archive in the south-eastern Aegean Sea, defining two warm and humid phases at 9.3–8.6 and 7.6–6.4 cal. ka b.p., associated with the deposition of the early Holocene sapropel S1, and a third one between 5.2 and 4.2 cal. ka b.p. The high sedimentation rates which characterise the study area enabled the detection of even minor and brief climatic events in the Aegean Sea during S1 deposition times. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

3.0～2.0 MaBP南海南部深海沉积物孢粉记录及其对全球气候变化的响应

为了探索和揭示2.5MaBP前后东亚季风演变历史及植被演替对气候演化的响应,对南海南部大洋钻探ODP1143站(9°22'N、113°17'E)深海柱状样的上部135～95m(3.0～2.0MaBP)共146个孢粉样品进行了分析研究,时间分辨率为7ka/样,孢粉谱显示沉积率变化显著,以2.6MaBP为界可明显分为两个阶段,与前一阶段3.0～2.6MaBP相比,2.6～2.0MaBP时段各类型花粉及孢子沉积率均有显著提高。该结果表明2.6MaBP南海海平面有显著下降,可与北半球冰盖形成、东亚季风增强相对应。2.6MaBP以后,各类型孢粉沉积率高低变化揭示南海海平面有多次上升和下降,代表了多次冰期-间冰期旋回。该结果与深海氧同位素分期相对应。频谱分析表明3.0～2.0MaBP存在0.1Ma(偏心率)和46.9ka(斜率)的周期。     

全新世大暖期云南洱海环境演化的湖泊沉积记录

根据高分辨率湖泊沉积的有机碳稳定同位素记录、硅藻等环境指标分析结果,将洱海全新世大暖期（８．１－３．０ＫaＢ．Ｐ）的环境演化为７个阶段,环境变化序列以温（暖）湿 －暖（温）干为主,其中存在的明显冷干（湿）事件,冷事件出现在７．２ＫaＢ．Ｐ、５．３ＫaＢ．Ｐ和３．７ＫaＢ．Ｐ。全新世大暖期洱海湖面波动与气候变化具有明显的一致性。洱海湖泊沉积记录的环境演化主要受亚洲季风强弱转换和时空迁移的影响,冷事件与亚     

Water masses of the northern part of the Iceland Basin in the late Pleistocene

A core of bottom sediments AMK-4438 with a length of 320 cm was taken in the North-Eastern part of the Iceland Basin from the depth of 2240 m. The continuous sampling (every 2 cm) made it possible to study the core using the principle of high-resolving paleoceanology. For the stratigraphic partition of the core, we applied the paleotemperature analysis by planktonic foraminifera and carbonate analysis; the distribution of the iceberg rafted debris (IRD) was studied. As a result, nine isotopic stages were distinguished. The change in the complexes of benthic foraminifera indicates that the present-day deepwater circulation in the North-Eastern part of the Iceland Basin had no analogs in earlier glacial periods, including the MIS 5 age. During almost 300 ka, there were relatively warm, rich in nutrients, and poor in oxygen water masses. The formation of the modern Northern-Eastern deep water in the Iceland Basin began in the Bolling-Allerod 14 ka B.P.     

广东沿海及海南岛东南部海底表层孢粉分布及其环境意义

为了探讨海洋表层沉积物的孢粉分布与可能陆源地区植被、气候以及孢粉传播机制的关系,为南海古环境研究提供可靠的基础,采用野外取样、室内实验、计算孢粉百分比和孢粉浓度等方法,对广东沿海及海南岛东南部(108°34′12″—120°E,17°—23°43′12″N,水深为37—3370m)40个表层沉积物样品进行孢粉分析,揭示表层孢粉在整个广东沿海及海南岛东南部的分布和传播规律,尤其关注以往未涉及的广东沿岸海域的孢粉分布情况。研究发现草本花粉如禾本科Poaceae、蒿属Artemisia、藜科Chenopodiaceae、十字花科Brassiceae除在广东沿海近岸带含量较高外,一般都低,可能与沿岸热带亚热带草地分布以及水稻、甘蔗、蔬菜种植有关,推测是以冬季表层环流为动力由北向南传播的。松属Pinus花粉百分比高(20%)且传播较远,以珠江口和东沙群岛附近的样点最高,向西南逐渐降低,说明松属花粉是以冬季风为主要动力传播的。近海区域表层沉积的芒箕孢子含量很高(60%),可能与剧烈的人类活动干扰有关。而热带、亚热带阔叶林花粉(如栲属和栎属)的数量却远远低于其在陆地植被中的数量。广东沿岸的栲属Castanopsis、栎属Quercus、三缝孢Trilete-spore等花粉主要来源于海南岛和广东沿岸,可能是随河流及南海北部表层环流输送的。单缝孢及水生植物莎草科Cyperaceae的百分含量以靠近珠江口的样点较高,可能与河流的注入有关。     

东亚和东南亚第四系时间界面的建议

在东亚和东南亚第四系对比中,有关的几条界限,本文建议如后。采用Globorotalia truncatulinoides的初现位作为本区海相第四系的下界,其位置大致在古地磁Olduvai亚时的下界,时间约为距今1.9Ma。在南中国海、东海及沿岸地区,发现了以G.truncatulinoides的初现位为代表的一系列有意义的生物事件,如Pulleniatina finalis的初现位,Globigerinoides obliquus和Globoquadrina altispira的灭绝位,以及Globorotalia menardii和Pulleniatina obliquloculata壳体旋向的变化。此界限在东亚和东南亚也是相当稳定的。在陆相地层中,以泥河湾组为代表,狭义的泥河湾动物群(相当于晚维拉方动物群)所在地层的底界,其古地磁位置为Olduvai亚时的底界。以此作为陆相第四系的下界,与上述海相第四系底界一致。 以古地磁布容/松山界线作为中更新世和早更新世的界限,其年代为0.73MaB.P.。中国中更新世的标准地层周口店组,其底界恰为布容/松山的转换面,北京猿人的年代为0.60—0.23MaB.P.。在洛川黄土剖面上,布容/松山界线为古土壤S_7的底界。雷琼地区中更新统下部的北海组的底界也是布容/松山界线,所产的玻璃陨石的裂变径迹年龄为0.687—0.733MaB.P.。在黄海,布容/松山界线是第Ⅶ海侵层的顶界。通过岩石地层标志,以及动物群、古人     

Carbon and nitrogen isotope excursions in mid-Pleistocene sapropels from the Tyrrhenian Basin: Evidence for climate-induced increases in microbial primary production

The modern Mediterranean Sea is oligotrophic, yet its sediment record contains layers of organic-carbon-rich sapropels at 21 ky (precessional) spacing that imply periods of elevated paleoproductivity that approached the high productivities of modern upwelling systems. Resolution to this paradox is provided by lines of evidence suggesting that the mode of primary productivity changed from one dominated by algae to one during times of sapropel deposition in which photosynthetic bacteria were important. We have made a high-resolution comparison of the organic carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of three sapropels and their background sediments in a 3-m sequence that corresponds to 1001 to 946 ka. Organic δ¹³C values systematically increase from − 26‰ to − 21‰ and δ¹⁵N values systematically decrease from 4‰ to < 0‰ as organic carbon mass accumulation rates increase in the sapropel layers. The increase in carbon isotope values mirrors the increases in primary productivity and associated organic matter export indicated by the increased mass accumulation rates. The decrease in nitrogen isotope values implies major contributions of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria to the total marine productivity. The precessional minima with which sapropels coincide were times of wetter climate that stratified the surface Mediterranean Sea, increased delivery of soil-derived phosphorus, and evidently amplified microbial primary production. Our high-resolution study reveals several relatively rapid excursions into and out of the high-productivity mode that suggest that sapropel deposition was a climate-sensitive surface-driven phenomenon that was not accompanied by basin-wide stagnation.     

Postglacial depositional environments and sedimentation rates in the Norwegian Channel off southern Norway

Based on seismic profiles, multibeam bathymetry and sediment cores, an improved understanding of the deglaciation/postglacial history of the southern part of the Norwegian Channel has been obtained. The Norwegian Channel Ice Stream started to recede from the shelf edge ca. 15.5 ka BP (¹⁴C ages are used throughout). Approximately 500–1000 years later the ice margin was located east of the deep Skagerrak trough. At that time, the Norwegian Channel off southern Norway had become a large fjord-like embayment, surrounded by the grounded ice sheet along the northern slope and possibly stagnant ice remnants at the southern flank. The Norwegian Channel off southern Norway has been the main sediment trap of the North Sea, and south of Egersund more than 200 m of sediments have been deposited since the start of the deglaciation. Five seismic units are mapped. The oldest unit E occurs in some of the deepest troughs, and was deposited immediately after the ice became buoyant. Unit D is acoustically massive and comprises mass-movement deposits in eastern Skagerrak and south of Egersund. Unit C (in the channel southwest of Lista/Egersund) is interpreted to comprise mainly bottom current deposits derived from palaeo-rivers, e.g. Elben. During deposition of unit C (ca. 14.5–13 ka BP), there was limited inflow of Atlantic water. A change in depositional environment at ca. 13 ka BP is related to an increased inflow of saline water and more open hydrographic circulation. Widely distributed, acoustically stratified clays of unit B were deposited ca. 13–10 ka BP. The Holocene Unit A shows a depositional pattern broadly similar to that of unit B.     

Calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal distributional patterns during deposition of sapropels S6, S5 and S1 in the Libyan Sea (Eastern Mediterranean)

In core ADE3-23 collected in the Libyan Sea, the nannofossil species Coccolithus pelagicus, Coronosphaera spp., Helicosphaera spp., Syracosphaera spp., Calcidiscus spp., small Gephyrocapsa spp., and the planktonic foraminifers Globigerina bulloides, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, Globorotalia scitula, Turborotalita quinqueloba and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei prevail in sapropel S6 (midpoint at 172 ka b.p.), indicative of cold and highly productive surface conditions. Warm and highly stratified water-column conditions are recorded by the characteristic assemblage of Globigerinoides ruber, Globoturborotalita rubescens, Florisphaera profunda, Rhabdosphaera spp. during the sapropel S5 depositional interval (midpoint at 124 ka b.p.). Compared with S5, Globigerinita glutinata, Globorotalia inflata, Globigerinella siphonifera, Globorotalia truncatulinoides and the calcareous nannofossil Emiliania huxleyi characterise less stratified conditions within sapropel S1 (midpoint at 8.5 ka b.p.). Multivariate statistical analyses of calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminifers in core ADE3-23 identify planktonic assemblages which typify sapropels S6, S5 and S1 in the Libyan Sea. A warmer interval is recognised in the middle part of the cold S6, and can be associated with an influx of less saline waters and the occurrence of a faint, temporary deep chlorophyll maximum. Evidence for enhanced surface productivity and breakdown of stratification is observed in the middle–upper part of the warm S5, associated with climatic deterioration. Moreover, an increase in surface productivity in the upper S1 implies weak stratification. Our combined calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal data add to the evidence that climate variability was more pronounced than commonly considered to date for all the three studied Eastern Mediterranean sapropel depositional intervals.     

Intense reducing conditions during the last deglaciation and Heinrich events (H1, H2, H3) in sediments from the oxygen minimum zone off Goa,eastern Arabian Sea

Two sediment cores, ABP-32/GC-01R and ABP-32/GC-03 were collected at a water depth of 642 m and 1086 m off Goa from the present day Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) of eastern Arabian Sea (EAS) cover time span of last 18 ka and 32 ka respectively were analysed for multi-proxy redox-sensitive elements to understand the variation in the redox conditions and factors responsible for its development.Redox-sensitive elements concentration and their normalized ratios (Mn/Al, U/Th, Mo/Al and Ce/Ce*) suggest that sediment core ABP-32/GC-01R is under more reducing conditions due to its location within the centre of OMZ compared to core ABP-32/GC-03 which is at the base of OMZ. Sediments from the EAS are of non-euxinic environments where dissolved sulfide is present but restricted to the sediment pore-waters. Lack of significant correlation (r=< 0.1) of organic carbon with U and Mo suggest that productivity may not have control on the development of reducing conditions. The lowest Mn/Al ratio, strong negative Ce/Ce* anomaly and remarkable enrichment of U/Th and Mo/Al ratios during the last deglaciation, and Heinrich events (H1, H2, H3) indicate intense reducing conditions probably due to poor ventilation by oxygen depleted bottom waters from Subantarctic Mode Waters (SAMW) - Antarctic Intermediate waters (AAIW). There is a distinct lathanide fractionation in the sediment cores where, La_(n)/Yb_(n) ratio is <1, ≈1 and >1 during the last 10 ka (Holocene), 14–10 ka (includes-Younger Dryas and Bǿlling-Allerǿd), 18–14 ka (last deglaciation) and Heinrich events suggesting less reducing, terrigenous dominated and intense reducing condition respectively.     

Abrupt changes of radiolarian fauna at 600 and 120 ka B. P. in the southern South China Sea and their paleoceanographic implications

IWr~IOXThe Nansha Islands area of the mouth China Sea is located at the margin of the West Pacificwarm POOl. Its variations in physical and chemical properties, namely, the stability of the WestPacific warm afl, involve the global climatic changes, for instance, EI Nino events caused theglobal climatic anomaly in the recent years and evolution of East Asian mourn. Therefore thearea is of imPOrtance for the global climatic changes. Recently recovered deep-sea sediment coresfrom the are…     

安达曼海浮游有孔虫群落对全新世海洋环境变化的响应

通过对安达曼海重力柱ADM-C1的浮游有孔虫群落分析, 探讨了该区全新世以来的海洋环境演化。研究发现, 该区浮游有孔虫群落总体以热带暖水种Globigerinoides ruber、Globigerinoides sacculifer、Neogloboquadrina dutertrei和Pulleniatina obliquiloculata等为主。其中G. ruber的相对丰度从早全新世至今呈逐渐降低的趋势, G. sacculifer则呈大致相反的变化趋势。N. dutertrei的相对丰度从11—7.9ka BP较高, 到7.9—3.8ka BP偏低, 3.8ka BP以来又逐渐升高。而P. obliquiloculata的变化趋势则与N. dutertrei大致相反。研究认为, 安达曼海不存在与冲绳海槽类似的晚全新世普林虫低值事件。浮游有孔虫群落Q型因子显示全新世海洋环境呈现三个明显的阶段变化: 早全新世 11—7.9ka BP期间, 浮游有孔虫群落以G. ruber、N. dutertrei与G. bulloides为主, 反映了该阶段较强的夏季风降水会导致表层水体盐度较低, 同时冬季风的影响相对较强; 7.9—3.8ka BP期间, 以G. ruber、P. obliquiloculata和Globigerinella aequilateralis为主, 指示水体盐度仍然较低, 同时次表层属种显著增多, 对应了该阶段强盛的印度夏季风, 上层海水混合强烈; 3.8—0ka BP期间, 以G. sacculifer、N. dutertrei和P. obliquiloculata为主要特征属种, 而G. ruber相对丰度明显下降, 表明该时期表层海水的盐度有显著上升, 对应了印度夏季风降水的明显减弱。安达曼海浮游有孔虫群落所呈现的全新世海洋环境阶段性变化和陆地夏季风记录有很好的一致性, 也与该孔敏感粒级组分所反映的印度季风的强度变化一致, 表明热带边缘海区的有孔虫群落组合可以很好地响应区域海洋环境变化。     

再探温跃层有孔虫B/Ca与温度和[CO32-]的依赖性及其在24 ka以来热带西太平洋次表层碳酸盐系统重建中的应用

The B/Ca ratio of planktonic foraminifer shells has been used as a proxy for reconstructing past ocean carbonate chemistry. However, recent studies have revealed significant uncertainties associated with this proxy, such as whether seawater temperature or [ CO_3~(2-)] is the dominant control on the partition coefficient(K_D) of planktonic foraminiferal B/Ca. To address these uncertainties and thus improve our understanding of the planktonic foraminiferal B/Ca proxy, we analysed B/Ca ratios in the tests of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei(300–355 μm) and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata(355–400 μm) in surface sediment samples from the tropical western Pacific and South China Sea. The relationship between these B/Ca ratios and bottom water calcite saturation states(Δ[ CO_3~(2-)]) is weak, thus suggesting only a small dissolution effect on the B/Ca of the two species. The correlation coefficients(R~2) between the B/Ca ratios of N. dutertrei and P. obliquiloculata and environmental parameters(e.g., temperature, salinity, phosphate, DIC and ALK) in the tropical western Pacific and South China Sea are not high enough to justify using B/Ca ratios as a palaeoenvironmental proxy in the study areas. The significant correlation between K_D values of N. dutertrei and P. obliquiloculata and carbonate system parameters(e.g.,[ CO_3~(2-)], DIC, ALK, pH and [ HCO_3~-]) in the study area reflect chemical links between the K_D denominator and these variables. Based on our surface sediment calibration, an empirical relationship between the K_D of N.dutertrei and temperature is proposed in the tropical western Pacific. We also generated a record of B/Ca ratios in N. dutertrei(300–355 μm) from Core MD06-3052 in the tropical western Pacific over the past 24 ka to evaluate the application of the revised B/Ca proxy method. Based on the reconstructed empirical relationship for B/Ca and subsurface seawater ALK, we estimated subsurface seawater carbonate system parameters in the tropical western Pacific since 24 ka. In general, the estimated subsurface seawater pH and [ CO_3~(2-)] show an increase with time, and the record of subsurface seawater pCO_2 shows a decrease with time, in the tropical western Pacific over the past 24 ka. The consistent trends in subsurface seawater pCO_2 and opal flux during deglaciation may imply that the reported increase in subsurface water pCO_2 in the study area was promoted by enhanced upwelling in the Southern Ocean.