东海陆架外缘区构造特征及其成因机制

东海陆架边缘的构造特征记录了有关冲绳海槽张裂过程的关键信息,对于进一步理解海槽的形成演化以及弧后张裂与弧-陆碰撞之间的相互作用至关重要。本文基于多道地震和重磁资料,分析了东海陆架边缘的地形和构造特征,并对冲绳海槽早期张裂过程、北西向断裂带的分隔控制作用、钓鱼岛隆起带南北构造差异和冲绳海槽的向西前展等问题进行了探讨。结果表明,冲绳海槽西侧陆坡存在的分段性,各分段在地形地貌、地层展布和构造特征等方面的不同,体现了其构造演化和现今构造活动性的差异。冲绳海槽中—北段的张裂始于陆架前缘坳陷,在晚中新世向东扩展至整个海槽,晚中新世至今以分散式张裂为主。北西向断裂带对东海陆架边缘不同分段的构造特征和构造活动起到了分隔控制和转换协调作用,控制了不同类型陆坡的形成和发育。受冲绳海槽在全宽度上向西前展的影响,钓鱼岛隆起带南段的基底隆起及其支撑的陆架边缘发生了破坏和沉降,形成基底起伏较大、地形崎岖不平的陆坡。     

东海磁场及磁性基底特征

利用东海及邻域最新的磁力异常数据,分析东海的磁场特征,并利用该磁力数据计算东海的磁性基底界面,分析解释磁性界面的特征及地质特征。研究表明,从陆区、陆架盆地到冲绳海槽中部,磁力异常呈正负相间变化,最大值出现在福建沿海地区;磁性基底深度在4～11km之间变化。从冲绳海槽中部到琉球群岛,磁异常从正磁异常变为负磁异常;磁性基底深度为7～12km之间变化。从琉球弧前盆地到琉球海沟,磁力异常为正负相间变化,中部磁异常为负值,两侧异常为正值;磁性基底深度为7.5～11km之间变化。     

冲绳海槽中段磁异常特征

磁异常显示在东海陆架坳陷带以降低负磁异常为主 ,而陆架边缘隆褶带异常区则以跳跃升高的正磁异常为主 ,冲绳海槽异常区表现出 2种磁异常面貌 :在西部陆坡表现为较平缓的负磁异常 ,而冲绳海槽底部则表现为高频跳跃变化升高异常。琉球岛弧异常区则表现为降低平缓负磁异常 ,只有在靠近冲绳海槽一带表现为高频升高正磁异常。磁力异常在这几个构造带显示出明显的条带状分布特征。在测区的中南部 (2 7°4 0′ N ,12 7°0 0′ E附近 ) ,磁异常呈现出明显的磁条带特征 ,与海底地形吻合很好 ,说明海槽中段已经进入了扩张阶段     

冲绳海槽及邻区磁异常特征及其地质解释

对冲绳海槽及邻区的ΔT磁异常特征进行了定性分析和变纬度化极处理,通过对比ΔT磁异常和化极磁异常分布特征,对冲绳海槽及邻区几个构造地质学问题进行了探讨。冲绳海槽基底埋深较大,沉积中心位于海槽西部;钓鱼岛隆褶带大规模基底隆起的南端终止于渔山-久米断裂带,断裂带以南的东海陆架南部边缘覆盖了厚层沉积物;以渔山-久米断裂带、舟山-国头断裂带和吐噶喇断裂带为代表的NW-NWW向右旋平移断裂带在东海构造演化过程中自西向东逐渐前展,对构造应力场起到了重要的调节作用,是东海"南北分块"构造格局中主要的构造单元边界;中新世以来台湾碰撞造山作用引起了东海陆架南部主要构造单元的顺时针旋转;菲律宾海板块的俯冲对琉球弧前地区的磁异常分布产生了显著影响。     

冲绳海槽中南部不同环境表层沉积物质来源

对冲绳海槽中南部3种不同沉积环境(东海外陆架、东海陆坡和冲绳海槽)表层沉积物进行了稀土等元素地球化学分析,结果显示,冲绳海槽和陆坡表层沉积物具有与台湾物质来源类似的稀土元素配分模式,La/Sm-Gd/Yb散点图也显示海槽和陆坡沉积物主要分布在台湾物源端元区,表明冲绳海槽中南部海槽和陆坡表层沉积物主要来源于台湾,而外陆架...     

冲绳海槽西部陆坡地震相模式与沉积体系

对冲绳海槽西部陆坡上两个航次(95航次和99航次)共计2000多公里的单道地震资料进行分析和解译,对斜坡沉积环境下沉积体系发育、分布特征进行了研究。结果表明：a)冲绳海槽西部斜坡环境下,上新世以来的沉积层均不同程度的变形和错动;b)存在两种斜坡相地震反射模式——退覆模式和叠覆模式,这两种模式都反映了冲绳海槽西部陆坡得到充足的沉积物供给;c)斜坡环境下主要发育陆架边缘三角洲、重力流沉积和水道充填等沉积体系;d)沉积层发育特征表明,冲绳海槽西部陆坡具有北段坡度缓、沉积物供应丰富、构造相对不活跃,中段坡度陡、沉积物供应充足、构造活动强烈,南段坡度陡、沉积供应相对较少、构造和火山活动十分强烈3种主要沉积环境。西部陆坡的沉积特征也揭示了东海陆架向陆坡提供了大量碎屑沉积物质。     

东海陆架坡折地形和沉积作用过程

东海陆架坡折带位于东海陆架最外缘与东海陆坡之间坡度明显转折地带。坡折点水深在132-162米之间,平均水深为147米,坡折带宽度在4-18公里。东海陆架坡折带深受晚更新世以来海平面升降变动的影响。东海陆架坡折带没有形成永久性的细粒沉积层,而是现代陆源细物质向冲绳海槽方向搬运的暂时停留区。海底峡谷往往成为陆源物质向陆架外搬运的重要通道。     

重磁资料揭示的冲绳海槽及邻区断裂和岩浆岩分布北大核心CSCD

冲绳海槽及邻区是强烈的构造活动区,断裂和岩浆岩分布广泛。以1∶100万重磁数据为基础,计算了空间重力异常、布格重力异常和ΔT磁异常的垂向和水平方向一阶和二阶导数,通过对比计算结果,对冲绳海槽及邻区断裂和岩浆岩分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,冲绳海槽发育平行和垂直于海槽走向的两组断裂带,其中垂直于海槽走向的NW、NWW向断裂带为走滑断裂,在东海构造演化过程中长期发育并逐渐向东前展,受不同时期构造应力场变化的影响,走向自西向东发生变化,整体呈现NE向凸出的弧形;岩浆岩呈带状分布,海槽东侧自北向南纵贯海槽的岩浆岩带与琉球火山前锋相对应;与钓鱼岛隆褶带相对应的宽阔岩浆岩带南端终止于27°N的NW向断裂带附近;海槽南段轴部岩浆岩带与海槽现今的扩张活动有关,而陆架边缘和陆坡上部的台北-钓鱼岛火山岩带的构造属性不同于北部的钓鱼岛隆褶带。     

重磁资料揭示的冲绳海槽及邻区断裂和岩浆岩分布

冲绳海槽及邻区是强烈的构造活动区,断裂和岩浆岩分布广泛。以1∶100万重磁数据为基础,计算了空间重力异常、布格重力异常和ΔT磁异常的垂向和水平方向一阶和二阶导数,通过对比计算结果,对冲绳海槽及邻区断裂和岩浆岩分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,冲绳海槽发育平行和垂直于海槽走向的两组断裂带,其中垂直于海槽走向的NW、NWW向断裂带为走滑断裂,在东海构造演化过程中长期发育并逐渐向东前展,受不同时期构造应力场变化的影响,走向自西向东发生变化,整体呈现NE向凸出的弧形;岩浆岩呈带状分布,海槽东侧自北向南纵贯海槽的岩浆岩带与琉球火山前锋相对应;与钓鱼岛隆褶带相对应的宽阔岩浆岩带南端终止于27°N的NW向断裂带附近;海槽南段轴部岩浆岩带与海槽现今的扩张活动有关,而陆架边缘和陆坡上部的台北-钓鱼岛火山岩带的构造属性不同于北部的钓鱼岛隆褶带。     

东海海底地形分区特征和成因研究

东海一直以其特殊的大地构造地位受到国内外地学界的关注,但作为主要受构造控制的东海海底地形的研究,以往简单趋势性描述居多,专门深入系统的研究尚不多见。不久前完成的高精度、全覆盖多波束海底地形勘测覆盖了东海部分外陆架、大陆坡全部、冲绳海槽和东部岛坡的一部分,取得了海量的测深数据。据此编绘的勘测多波束水深图和结合测区外的传统资料编绘的海底地形图使我们有机会可以重新审视和系统研究东海的海底地形特征。在定量确定了陆架坡折线、陆坡坡脚线和东部槽坡坡脚线的基础上划分出了大陆架、大陆坡、冲绳海槽平原和东部岛坡4大地形区,继之对各区的海底地形特征进行了研究和描述,并在区内选取了有代表性的5条剖面进行了剖析。另外,从地球内营力和外营力两方面分析了影响东海海底地形发育的因素。调查分析表明:整个东海地形分带明显,地形类型多样:大陆架十分宽阔,总体北宽南窄,从大陆向海平缓倾斜,发育了广泛的NW-SE向沙脊群,自大陆向东南呈扇形发散;大陆坡呈NE-SW向条带展布,海底地形陡峻,呈阶梯状下掉,总体北缓南陡,其上峡谷密布,上穿切外陆架,下直达海槽,同时坡麓上海台沟谷伴生发育;冲绳海槽北浅南深,其内在平坦的背景上发育了众多的海山和海丘,其中心又有槽中槽地形;东槽坡地形复杂,发育了     

胶州湾地磁场特征及其工程地质意义

通过对胶州湾进行大比例尺磁力测量,绘制了胶州湾磁力异常图。胶州湾磁异常呈以下特征：在胶州湾中北部为变化较平缓的正磁异常区,梯度变化较小。西部则是NW向条带状强磁变化异常区,磁异常正负变化剧烈,呈明显的条带状展布。胶州湾东北角磁异常则表现为团块状分布,并以正异常为主。南部表现为混合异常,上部(大致为胶州湾最中间地带)磁异常为近东西向条带状展布,而胶州湾南部基本呈NE向正负相间分布。上述磁异常现象表明,胶州湾的断裂构造比较发育,在NE向断裂构造大背景下,从磁异常分布图上可以清楚地判别出NW向及近东西向断裂分布,这些断裂对胶州湾的工程建设将产生不利的影响。     

东海沿海季节性海平面异常成因

Based on the analysis of sea level, air temperature, sea surface temperature(SST), air pressure and wind data during 1980–2013, the causes of seasonal sea level anomalies in the coastal region of the East China Sea(ECS) are investigated. The research results show:(1) sea level along the coastal region of the ECS takes on strong seasonal variation. The annual range is 30–45 cm, larger in the north than in the south. From north to south, the phase of sea level changes from 140° to 231°, with a difference of nearly 3 months.(2) Monthly mean sea level(MSL)anomalies often occur from August to next February along the coast region of the ECS. The number of sea level anomalies is at most from January to February and from August to October, showing a growing trend in recent years.(3) Anomalous wind field is an important factor to affect the sea level variation in the coastal region of the ECS. Monthly MSL anomaly is closely related to wind field anomaly and air pressure field anomaly. Wind-driven current is essentially consistent with sea surface height. In August 2012, the sea surface heights at the coastal stations driven by wind field have contributed 50%–80% of MSL anomalies.(4) The annual variations for sea level,SST and air temperature along the coastal region of the ECS are mainly caused by solar radiation with a period of12 months. But the correlation coefficients of sea level anomalies with SST anomalies and air temperature anomalies are all less than 0.1.(5) Seasonal sea level variations contain the long-term trends and all kinds of periodic changes. Sea level oscillations vary in different seasons in the coastal region of the ECS. In winter and spring, the oscillation of 4–7 a related to El Ni?o is stronger and its amplitude exceeds 2 cm. In summer and autumn, the oscillations of 2–3 a and quasi 9 a are most significant, and their amplitudes also exceed 2 cm. The height of sea level is lifted up when the different oscillations superposed. On the other hand, the height of sea level is fallen down.     

Crustal thickness variations in the Eastern Mediterranean and southern Aegean region

In this paper, regional analog gravity anomaly map obtained from the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) was digitized and used for the calculation of the crustal thickness (Moho depth) variations in the Eastern Mediterranean and the southern part of the Aegean Region. In the gravity anomaly map, there are mainly E–W trending apparent gravity anomalies represented by the contours up to 150 mGal. They are generally parallel to the shorelines of Africa, Turkey and Crete. Crustal thickness variations were calculated from the gravity anomalies, using an empirical equation in this study. Obtained thicknesses (Moho depths) were mapped and correlated with the previous investigations and seismological findings. According to the estimations, crustal thicknesses are about 25–30 km along the coastal regions and more than 30 km on the onshore part of Turkey increasing up to 42 km through the eastern Anatolia. However, there are thin crustal zones around 17 km in the offshore Egypt, to the NW part of Cyprus and about 19 km to the north of Crete. They may be related with the main tectonic trends in this region except the circular thinning to the south of Kas (southwestern part of Turkey). In order to determine the locations and boundaries of prominent tectonic elements, Analytic Signal (AS) and maxspots maps of the gravity anomalies were also prepared in this study. All produced maps are generally consistent to each other and the boundaries of main tectonic units were apparently illustrated in the maxspots map from the horizontal gradient of Bouguer anomalies.     

地磁日变改正中磁湾磁钩等磁扰对海洋磁力资料的影响

在海洋磁力测量过程中,磁扰形态变化复杂的特性致使地磁日变的改正仍存在着许多困难。本文根据黄海、东海和南海北部十余年采集的超过10⁴ km的海洋和陆地地磁资料,利用对比分析的方法,总结了3种磁扰现象对海洋磁力资料的影响规律:1)微扰的海陆日变值持续时间短,幅度比值接近1∶ 1,对海洋磁力资料影响很小,利用低通滤波可以完全消除其影响;2)磁钩海陆日变幅值比为1~2,持续时间在1 h以内,校正后的地磁异常值仍有较大的误差,利用最小曲率法可以基本消除其影响;3)磁湾的持续时间长,海陆日变幅值变化大,无法准确消除其影响,采用最小曲率法等插值方法处理后,仍残留假异常,需要额外关注。     

Results from a detailed aeromagnetic survey across the northeast Newfoundland margin,Part I: Spreading anomalies and relationship between magnetic anomalies and the ocean-continent boundary

A detailed aeromagnetic survey carried out across the northeast Newfoundland margin clearly shows the presence of sea floor spreading anomalies 25 to 34. Correlation of these anomalies with synthetic profiles shows an increase in the rate of spreading soon after anomaly 27 time. Three fracture zones can be identified by dislocations in the magnetic anomalies; their positions are confirmed on the depth to basement map of this region. An eastward extension of the southernmost fracture zone at latitude 49 N matches well with the Faraday Fracture Zone across the Mid Atlantic Ridge, and with a basement ridge known as Pastouret Ridge mapped off Goban Spur. By combining the present survey data with the previously collected shipborne measurements, we have also traced the westward continuation of the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone under the Newfoundland shelf.A large amplitude magnetic anomaly lies along the margin and separates two zones with different magnetic characteristics: long wavelength small amplitude anomalies on the landward side, and quasi lineated anomalies on the seaward side. Seismic data compilations show that this large anomaly coincides with the ocean-continent boundary at most places north of Flemish Cap. Modelling of the magnetic anomalies indicate that the large amplitude anomaly is caused by the juxtaposition of highly magnetized oceanic crust against weakly magnetized continental crust; this situation is similar to that observed across the Goban Spur margin, which is a conjugate of the Flemish Cap margin. The presence of highly magnetized oceanic crust landward of anomaly 34 and within the Cretaceous Magnetic Quiet Zone is attested to by the presence of similar large amplitude anomalies south of the Flemish Cap and Goban Spur regions, but these do not mark the ocean-continent transition.     

Seafloor spreading anomalies and crustal ages of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone

The Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) of the central Pacific is one of the few regions in the world’s oceans that are still lacking full coverage of reliable identifications of seafloor spreading anomalies. This is mainly due to the geometry of the magnetic lineations’ strike direction sub-parallel to the Earth’s magnetic field vector near the equator resulting in low amplitude magnetic anomalies, and the remoteness of the region which has hindered systematic surveying in the past. Following recently granted research licenses for manganese nodules in the CCZ by the International Seabed Authority, new magnetic data acquired with modern instrumentation became available which combined with older underway data make the identification of seafloor spreading anomalies possible for large parts of the CCZ and adjacent areas. The spreading rates deduced from the seafloor spreading patterns show a sharp increase at the end of Chron 21 (47.5 Ma) which corresponds to the age of the bend in the Hawaii-Emperor seamount chain and an associated plate tectonic reorganisation in the Central Pacific. An accurate map of crustal ages for the central-eastern Pacific based on our anomaly picks may provide a basis for improved plate tectonic reconstructions of the region.     

印尼贯穿流出流海域海表高度时空变化

采用经验正交分解(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF)分析方法对印尼贯穿流出流海域卫星测高海面高度异常资料进行了分析,分析结果显示研究海域海面高度异常存在多时间尺度变化特征。1993—2013年期间,研究海域海面高度异常场存在明显的升高趋势,其升高速率为0.6 cm/a;研究海域海面高度异常存在显著的年际变化,其与Niño3.4指数的相关系数超前滞后相关最大可达0.65,且厄尔尼诺年偏高,拉尼娜年偏低;海面高度异常年周期变化显著海域主要受印尼贯穿流、印度洋南赤道流和Eastern Gyral Current(EGC)季节变化的影响,半年周期变化则对应于爪哇沿岸流与南赤道流共同作用下形成的涡旋的半年周期变化;另外,研究海域海面高度异常还存在显著的季节内变化特征。     

Study on the distribution characteristics of faults and their control over petroliferous basins in the China seas and its adjacent areas

As one of the main controlling factors of oil and gas accumulation, faults are closely related to the distribution of oil and gas reservoirs. Studying how faults control petroliferous basins is particularly important. In this work, we investigated the plane positions of major faults in the China seas and its adjacent areas using the normalized vertical derivative of the total horizontal derivative (NVDR-THDR) of the Bouguer gravity anomaly, the fusion results of gravity and magnetic anomalies, and the residual Bouguer gravity anomaly. The apparent depths of major faults in the China seas and its adjacent areas were inverted using the Tilt-Euler method based on the Bouguer gravity anomaly. The results show that the strikes of the faults in the China seas and its adjacent areas are mainly NE and NW, followed by EW, and near-SN. Among them, the lengths of most ultra-crustal faults are in the range of 1 000–3 000 km, and their apparent depths lie between 10 km and 40 km. The lengths of crustal faults lie between 300 km and 1 000 km, and their apparent depths are between 0 km and 20 km. According to the plane positions and apparent depths of the faults, we put forward the concept of fault influence factor for the first time. Based on this factor, the key areas for oil and gas exploration were found as follows: the east of South North China Basin in the intracontinental rift basins; the southeast region of East China Sea Shelf Basin, the Taixinan and Qiongdongnan basins in the continental margin rift basins; Zhongjiannan Basin in the strike-slip pull-apart basins; the Liyue, Beikang, and the Nanweixi basins in the rifted continental basins. This work provides valuable insights into oil and gas exploration, mineral resource exploration, and deep geological structure research in the China seas and its adjacent areas.