AP1000核电厂模型基底隔震振动台试验研究

为研究AP1000核电厂基底隔震性能,设计了缩尺比为1/40的AP1000核电厂模型结构,进行了AP1000核电厂模型基底隔震振动台试验。试验中采用铅芯橡胶隔震支座进行隔震,并选取RG1.60人工波、El Centro波和Kobe波作为地震动输入。本文从加速度响应、楼层加速度反应谱、加速度峰值放大系数、减震率等方面对隔震与非隔震核电厂结构的地震响应特性进行了研究。试验结果表明:隔震能明显减小上部结构水平向加速度响应和加速度反应谱峰值,而在隔震频率处隔震模型加速度反应谱有所增加;隔震模型由于摇摆效应在隔震频率处的水平向楼层加速度反应谱随楼层高度的升高先减小后增大;在三向输入地震动作用下,隔震和非隔震AP1000模型各楼层在竖向基频附近的竖向加速度反应谱较竖向输入的地震动放大较为明显。     

三维隔震连续梁桥近断层地震响应数值分析

以一座多跨连续梁桥为研究对象,根据水平和竖向预期隔震目标,计算确定了三维隔震支座相关力学参数。建立了三维隔震连续梁桥数值仿真模型,通过时程反应分析和数值仿真分析三维隔震多跨连续梁桥的地震反应,验证了三维隔震支座的水平和竖向隔震效果。研究结果表明,作者所提出的三维隔震支座具有适宜的水平和竖向隔震力学刚度和耗能能力。在近断层三维地震动作用下桥墩弯矩隔震效果达60%~70%,近断层脉冲型地震动会造成隔震支座过大的水平剪切变形,进而造成上部结构水平碰撞甚至支座剪切破坏。跨中竖向地震反应隔震效果达20%~40%,菱形钢板阻尼器的应用显著改善了组合碟形弹簧的竖向隔震效果。三维隔震技术是减轻桥梁结构多维地震动反应的有效途径之一,但脉冲型地震动作用可能会降低三维隔震支座的隔震效果,其影响程度和主要影响因素需进一步深入研究。     

小高宽比隔震结构双向输入振动台试验研究及数值分析

本文对高宽比为2.5的普通钢框架隔震结构模型,采用多种不同的地震动进行了水平向和竖向双向地震输入的振动台试验研究,并利用时程分析法完成了模型结构地震反应的数值分析。试验结果表明,高宽比隔震结构在水平向和竖向双向输入情况下隔震层基本上不会进入拉伸应力状态,即使在9度大震E l Centro和Hach inohe波输入时,隔震层支座仍以受压为主。因此小高宽比隔震结构在场地好的情况下,结构不会出现倾覆,仅需考虑软弱土场地的受拉情况。试验发现竖向地震输入对小高宽比隔震结构水平反应的影响相当小;对小高宽比隔震结构进行水平向地震反应分析时,可以忽略竖向地震对结构的影响。     

双向耦合地震作用下滑移隔震结构振动控制及其优化研究

目前,滑移隔震结构的分析通常只考虑水平地震动而不考虑竖向地震动的影响,有关多向地震动及其相关性的研究也很少。水平与竖向地面运动具有相关性,从而影响控制效果,因此对双向耦合地震作用下滑移隔震结构模型的理论进行研究,建立动力分析模型并得出运动微分方程。以6层滑移隔震结构为例,对其进行地震反应分析。研究表明,在考虑竖向地震作用的情况下,滑移隔震结构也具有良好的控制作用,但是竖向地震作用的存在使结构的地震反应有不同程度的增加,其增量随着竖向地震作用的增加而增加。因此,在高烈度地区的滑移隔震结构应该考虑竖向地震作用对结构的影响。建立滑移隔震装置的参数优化设计模型,采用IHGA程序对结构的重要参数进行优化设计。结果表明,滑移隔震结构在各种工况下的各项地震反应均得到更好的控制。     

近断层竖向与水平向加速度反应谱比值特征

显著的竖向地震动是近断层地震动区别于远场地震动的重要特征之一,为更合理地确定竖向地震动作用,研究了近断层区域竖向地震动的反应谱特征及其与水平向反应谱比值的影响因素.首先,选取1952—1999年世界范围内震级在M5.4—7.6之间的18次地震的地震动记录,研究竖向地震加速度反应谱及其与水平向加速度反应谱比值特征;然后统计分析了断层距、场地条件、震级以及断层机制对竖向与水平向加速度反应谱比的影响.结果表明,一般情况下竖向加速度具有更丰富的短周期分量,并且竖向加速度反应谱衰减较慢;断层距在20km以内的近断层区域、软弱土层场地、中等震级地震和逆断层大震级中长周期范围等条件下,具有较大的竖向与水平向加速度反应谱比值;在近断层区域的结构抗震设计中应充分考虑竖向地震动的影响.     

多层隔震结构的竖向地震作用研究

国外对隔震结构竖向地震反应的观测结果和对隔震结构竖向地震作用计算的规定,都与我国抗震规范有较大差别。本文通过反应谱和时程分析,讨论了多层隔震结构的竖向地震作用取值及竖向地震作用效应,对我国抗震规范的有关规定作了探讨,认为除位于近断层附近的隔震建筑外,其它隔震结构的竖向地震作用可取与不隔震结构相同;对于多层隔震建筑,多遇地震下可不考虑竖向地震作用,在罕遇地震下,应对所有隔震结构验算支座是否受拉或失稳,并且组合时应计入竖向地震作用效应。     

摩擦-碟簧三维复合隔震支座的性能试验研究

对适用于大跨结构的摩擦-碟簧三维复合隔震支座进行了振动台试验研究,该支座在水平向和竖向分别采用摩擦滑移装置和碟型弹簧隔震。在水平向,试验重点测试了简谐激励和地震动激励下支座的滞回性能,考察了竖向荷载变化及地震动强度对隔震性能的影响,以期为建立水平隔震理论模型提供依据;在竖向,对碟型弹簧的等效阻尼比和等效刚度进行了测试,研究了竖向预压荷载和动力荷载对竖向滞回性能的影响。结果表明,复合隔震支座在水平向和竖向均具有较好的滞回性能,竖向等效阻尼比在0.10～0.15间,且随着预压荷载的增加而增大。     

P波入射下断层参数对地表地震动的影响

基于应用透射人工边界条件的显式有限元法计算断层破碎带宽度及力学参数变化、地震动入射角变化时二维断层场地模型P波入射下地表地震动场的分布。结果表明:(1)低速度破碎带的存在导致整个场地都有P波转换为SV波的分量,且在断层破碎带的区域出现断层陷波;(2)低速度破碎带的存在使输入场地恒定的能量向破碎带集聚放大,随着破碎带宽度增大或其介质波速降低集聚放大效应增大;(3)场地放大效应是频率相关的,宽度较宽或介质波速较低的断层破碎带对输入地震动中较低的频率成份放大显著;(4)竖向断层破碎带能阻隔斜入射地震P波,随着入射角增加隔震效应更显著。     

核电结构三维隔震研究

三维隔震对保护核电厂结构和内部设备设施安全具有重要意义。首先,设计了一种三维隔震控制系统,该系统包括水平隔震层和竖向隔震层,在竖向隔震层中设置抗摇摆装置以达到控制结构摇摆反应。其次,对三维隔震模型进行了振动台试验验证,振动台试验结果表明,该系统能有效减小上部结构地震响应。最后,对核岛厂房采用三维隔震技术进行了讨论,分析了强震作用下核岛厂房三维隔震结构反应特征。     

滑移摩擦隔震系统在多向地面运动作用下的试验研究

基础隔震通常只考虑隔离水平地面运动，而对竖向地面运动的影响注意不够，本文进行了滑移摩擦隔震系统的振动台房屋模型试验，研究多向地面运动输入时上部结构反应和隔震系统的性能，试验中分别对模型输入了不同方向的地震动，其中包括水平单向、水平双向、水平和竖向及三向地震动输入，对试验结果进行了分析比较，结果表明竖向地震动输入对上部结构的水平地震反应有显著影响，同时在橡胶隔震支座中产生了竖向拉力。     

Dynamic response of a group of flexible foundations to incident seismic waves

The dynamic response of a finite number of flexible surface foundations subjected to harmonic incident Rayleigh or SH waves is presented. The foundations are assumed to be resting on an elastic half-space. The results show that the foundation stiffness has a marked effect on the vertical response, while there is only a minor effect on the horizontal displacements. In general, the dynamic response decreases with increasing foundation stiffness. In cases of Rayleigh wave incidence, the existence of an adjacent foundation generates a certain amount of horizontal response in the direction perpendicular to the incident wave and subsequently causes the system to undergo a torsional motion; while in cases of horizontally incident SH waves, a vertical response has been observed and its magnitude is comparable to the response in the direction of the incident wave.     

地震体波斜入射下的断层台阶地震反应分析

应用显式有限元法对倾斜断层台阶在地震体波斜入射下的地震反应进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明，P波入射时的竖向运动分量和SV波入射时的水平向运动分量在台阶上角点处存在极大值、在台阶下角点处存在极小值，同时在上下台面还出现由角点激发、向台阶外传播的转换体波与面波。这一结果说明，在断层台阶场地建设重大工程时应离开上角点一定距离，并考虑上下水平表面地面运动的差异性。     

A comparative analysis of seismic response of shallow buried underground structure under incident P,SV and Rayleigh waves

In this study, A time-domain seismic response analysis method and a calculation model of the underground structure that can realize the input of seismic P, SV and Rayleigh waves are established, based on the viscoelastic artificial boundary elements and the boundary substructure method for seismic wave input. After verifying the calculation accuracy, a comparative study on seismic response of a shallow-buried, double-deck, double-span subway station structure under incident P, SV and Rayleigh waves is conducted. The research results show that there are certain differences in the cross-sectional internal force distribution characteristics of underground structures under different types of seismic waves. The research results show that there are certain differences in the internal force distribution characteristics of underground structures under different types of seismic waves. At the bottom of the side wall, the top and bottom of the center pillar of the underground structure, the section bending moments of the underground structure under the incidences of SV wave and Rayleigh wave are relatively close, and are significantly larger than the calculation result under the incidence of P wave. At the center of the side wall and the top floor of the structure, the peak value of the cross-sectional internal force under the incident Rayleigh wave is larger than the calculation result under SV wave. In addition, the floor of the underground structure under Rayleigh waves vibrates in both the horizontal and vertical directions, and the magnification effect in the vertical direction is more significant. Considering that the current seismic research of underground structures mainly considers the effect of body waves such as the shear waves, sufficient attention should be paid to the incidence of Rayleigh waves in the future seismic design of shallow underground structures.     

On the interaction of rayleigh surface waves with structures

A two-dimensional soil-structure interaction analysis is carried out for transient Rayleigh surface waves that are incident on a structure. The structure is modelled by a three-degree of freedom rigid basemat to which is attached a flexible superstructure, modelled by a single mass-spring system. The structural responses to a given Rayleigh wave train are compared with those that would have been obtained if the free-field acceleration-time history had been applied as a normally incident body wave. The results clearly exhibit the [frequency filtering] effects of the rigid basemat on the incident Rayleigh waves. It is shown that, if seismic excitation of a structure is, in fact, due to Rayleigh surface waves, then an analysis assuming normally incident body waves can considerably over-estimate structural response, both at basemat level for horizontal and vertical motions and for vertical oscillations of the superstructure. However, in the examples considered here, relatively large rocking effects were induced by the Rayleigh waves, thus giving maximum horizontal accelerations in the superstructure that were of comparable magnitude for Rayleigh and normally incident body waves.     

Effect of topography and subsurface inhomogeneity on seismic rayleigh waves

The effect of topography and subsurface inhomogeneity on surface motion is investigated in the case of Rayleigh waves. In the previous paper, the same effect was investigated in the case of SV waves. Several types of topography, such as cliffs both with and without a soft layer at the foot of the slope, are considered. Computations are made using a new hybrid method combining a particle model with a finite element method. In cases of harmonic Rayleigh waves, surface motions with amplitudes as large as 1.5 to 5 times the horizontal surface displacement of the incident Rayleigh waves are produced near the slope and the sloping interface. When a Rayleigh wave propagating through a hard single-layered ground encounters a sloping interface where hard ground and soft ground make contact with each other, Rayleigh waves having two different, phase velocities are produced and they correspond to the fundamental mode, and the first mode determined by Haskell's method. In addition, the transient response when Rayleigh waves propagate through the cliff is also simulated. Assuming the vertical component of the Tokachi-oki Earthquake (1968) measured on the surface to be a Rayleigh wave, the incident Rayleigh wave can be obtained by a Fourier synthesis of eigenfunctions of Rayleigh waves.     

Rayleigh波入射下相邻山体地震响应边界元法模拟

采用间接边界元法（IBEM）,对Rayleigh波入射下两邻近山体的地震响应进行了定量分析。结果表明:与单个山体在Rayleigh波入射下的地震响应相比,两山地形的地震反应规律更为复杂,反应特征受控于入射波频率和山体间距等因素。总体上看:入射Rayleigh波频率较低时,两山间距对双山地形地震反应影响较大。低频波入射,受邻近山体影响,迎波面山体水平位移峰值约为入射波水平位移的6.3倍,放大效应可达单山作用的1.5倍。且山体山脚处竖向位移的频谱振荡更为剧烈,特定频率下山脚的竖向位移反应可达单山放大效应的1.6倍。较高频波入射时,迎波面一侧山体受邻近山体影响较小,且对波表现出明显的屏障效应,背波面山体地震反应强度被削弱。     

OnP F and other phases in the early part of seismogram

Summary It has been found that when seismic energy propagates along the surface of the homogeneous crust beside usual Rayleigh waves, it produces certain instability in layers through which it propagates. In the light of this instability, a type of motion corresponding to longitudinal wave will be prominent in horizontal component compared to the vertical component; while transverse wave will be prominent in the vertical component but weak in the horizontal component, a contradiction with the existing knowledge. This has been identified withP _F phase. On taking the medium of propagation as slightly heterogeneous which allows existence of low velocity layer, a few larger number of such instabilities have been found. Velocity equation for Rayleigh waves for such media reveals existence of different velocities corresponding to vertical and horizontal components. Table for these velocities has been furnished.     

煤巷小构造Rayleigh型槽波超前探测数值模拟

对煤巷小构造地震波场进行了数值模拟研究,分析了层状煤层中地震波的传播特征.研究表明:(1)在煤巷迎头前方煤层内以纵波震源激发的Rayleigh型槽波相对于体波能量较强,波列较长,波速较低.(2)沿煤层传播的Rayleigh型槽波在小构造面上产生Rayleigh型槽波反射波,反射Rayleigh型槽波垂直分量相对于水平分量能量较强.沿煤层反向传播的反射Rayleigh型槽波在煤巷迎头面上转换为沿煤巷底板传播的Rayleigh面波.沿煤巷底板可以接收到能量较强的反射Rayleigh型槽波产生的Rayleigh面波,其可以作为超前探测小构造面的特征波.在地震记录上反射Rayleigh型槽波产生的Rayleigh面波波至最迟,在时间域与其他波列时间间隔较大,其垂直分量能量相对于水平分量较强,在地震记录上容易识别.(3)在相同的地质条件下应用反射地震超前探测方法,标志煤巷迎头前方存在小构造面的反射地震波能量较弱,受煤巷顶、底板界面和采煤迎头面的强反射波干扰,在地震记录中难以识别.     

SV波斜入射下凸起地形对地震动特性的影响分析

针对10种不同坡角的凸起地形,采用基于透射边界的有限元-有限差分计算方法,研究了局部凸起在SV波斜入射时,地震动峰值加速度放大倍数和反应谱谱比随入射角度的变化规律。结果表明:①地震波以一定的角度斜入射时,地表大部分观测点的峰值加速度放大倍数大于垂直入射的情况;②在计算模型宽高比一定的情况下,最不利入射角度与坡角有一定关系,且地表最不利位置随坡角增大由凸起台地边缘向中心移动;③入射角度对凸起地形地震反应谱特性的影响十分显著,不但影响谱比的幅值,也影响谱比曲线的形状,斜入射时各关键节点大部分周期点的谱比值大于垂直入射,入射角度对反应谱中的高频成分影响较为显著,而对长周期成分影响不大。     

平面P波在饱和半空间中洞室周围的散射(II):数值结果

本文通过数值计算研究了入射平面P波在饱和半空间中洞室周围散射问题,分析了入射波频率和角度、边界渗透条件、孔隙率、泊松比等参数对散射的影响。研究表明,平面P波入射情况下,饱和半空间和单相(干土)半空间中洞室附近地表位移幅值的差别很大,干土情况的水平位移幅值相对较大,饱和情况的竖向地表位移幅值相对较大;由于波在洞室附近的干涉,饱和情况与干土情况的地表位移出现相位漂移。随着孔隙率的增大,洞室附近水平地表位移幅值逐渐减小,竖向地表位移幅值则逐渐增大;当孔隙率较低时,边界渗透条件对地表位移幅值的影响很小,而当孔隙率较大时,边界渗透条件的影响则不可忽视,不透水情况下,水平和竖向地表位移幅值的峰值均相对较大;随着入射频率的增加,孔隙率的影响逐渐增大,而且不透水情况下孔隙率的影响相对较大。随着泊松比的增大,洞室附近水平地表位移幅值逐渐降低,竖向地表位移幅值则逐渐增大;泊松比较小时,边界渗透条件对位移幅值的影响较大,泊松比较大时,边界渗透条件对位移幅值的影响则较小;随着入射频率的增加,泊松比的影响逐渐增大。当孔隙率较小时,半空间地表和洞室表面孔隙水压幅值较小,但空间变化比较剧烈,随着孔隙率的增大,孔隙水压逐渐增大但空间变化逐渐平缓;随着入射频率的增加,孔隙水压幅值逐渐增大,且孔隙水压的空间变化逐渐变得复杂。