锦屏一级水电站坝区右岸不同地质单元地下水流动特征的水化学分析

从水化学的角度出发,利用锦屏一级水电站坝区不同地质单元的水化学特征,分析查明了工程区地下水的流动特征。结果表明:F13断层以里,为地下水的强径流带。F13断层与F14断层之间,为中等径流区。F14断层以外,地下水体受上游江水的影响,由于江水在补给该区地下水时有一个较长的径流途径,导致受沿程表层风化裂隙中包气带水的影响较大。     

岩溶地区隧道裂隙水突出力学机制研究

岩溶地下水是诱发隧道发生突（涌）水地质灾害的主导因素之一,岩溶裂隙水对隧道围岩的危害越来越成为岩溶地区隧道建设中的热点研究问题之一。基于目前岩溶裂隙水突出机制研究现状,运用岩溶地质学、工程水力学和断裂力学相关理论分析岩溶地区隧道水岩相互作用机制,探讨了水岩相互作用对岩溶地区隧道施工发生突（涌）水的影响,揭示岩溶地区隧道裂隙水突出前后过程的力学机制。研究表明：岩溶隧道裂隙水突出是裂隙岩体在岩溶水及水压的持续作用下受施工外力干扰发生劈裂的结果,岩溶水和水压在裂隙岩体突水破坏过程中的力学作用主要体现在4个方面,即突水蓄势期岩溶水对裂隙岩体的软化溶蚀作用、水压对裂隙岩体的劈裂作用,突水失稳期水流的冲刷扩径作用、水压对突水量的动力控制作用。基于上述分析,以断裂力学、弹塑性力学理论为基础,提出岩溶隧道岩溶裂隙水突出的最小岩石防突厚度概念,推导了其半解析解表达式,并为工程实例所验证,其结果可为高风险岩溶地区隧道突水理论与防治措施提供参考。     

宜万铁路野三关隧道“8.5”突水事故成因分析

2007年8月5日宜(昌)万(州)铁路野三关隧道发生了重大的岩溶突水事故.在岩溶水文地质调查的基础上,对野三关隧道所处流域两个主要岩溶洼地以NaCl为示踪剂进行了充水水源和充水途径的示踪试验.两次示踪试验结果查明水洞坪岩溶洼地是"8.5"突水事故的主要水源,茅口组灰岩中发育的周家包暗河被F18断裂切割,将暗河水导入隧道形成突水事故.稻子坪的水在隧道突水段西以渗-涌水的形式进入隧道.水洞坪示踪实验得出二叠系栖霞-茅口组岩溶含水层中的地下水流速为50 m/h.稻子坪示踪试验得到茅口组灰岩含水层中的地下水流速为45.5 m/h;大冶组灰岩含水层中的地下水流速为10.8 m/h.本示踪结果为宜万铁路野三关隧道的后期恢复施工和防渗工作提供了依据,并为岩溶地区深埋隧道的设计和施工提供了试验和分析工作的实例参考.     

自一里电站地下硐室涌突水危险性分析

地下工程涌突水是影响工程施工及运行的一个重要问题,目前对水电站地下工程涌突水危险性评价的研究较少。本文以自一里水电站为例,参考已有且较为完善的岩溶隧道涌突水及非可溶岩长深隧道涌突水的危险性评价方法,从地下水通道和地下水来源(补给)两个涌突水控制因素入手,综合分析各项要素,对自一里电站地下硐室的涌突水危险性进行初步分区。结果表明:自一里电站厂址区整体涌突水危险性较低,但在局部地段有发生涌水的可能。厂址区硐室按照涌突水危险性高低可分为较高危险区、中等危险区和低危险区。     

自一里电站地下硐室涌突水危险性分析

地下工程涌突水是影响工程施工及运行的一个重要问题,目前对水电站地下工程涌突水危险性评价的研究较少。本文以自一里水电站为例,参考已有且较为完善的岩溶隧道涌突水及非可溶岩长深隧道涌突水的危险性评价方法,从地下水通道和地下水来源(补给)两个涌突水控制因素入手,综合分析各项要素,对自一里电站地下硐室的涌突水危险性进行初步分区。结果表明:自一里电站厂址区整体涌突水危险性较低,但在局部地段有发生涌水的可能。厂址区硐室按照涌突水危险性高低可分为较高危险区、中等危险区和低危险区。     

蔚县矿区地下水水化学特征及岩溶水演变规律

蔚县矿区地处蔚县七里河泉岩溶水系统的中北部,主采煤层为中侏罗统下花园组1#、5#煤,煤炭资源的开采已破坏了矿区第四系砂砾石孔隙水、煤系砂砾岩裂隙水及下奥陶统灰岩岩溶裂隙水的赋存条件。本文重点对地下水水化学开展研究,分析地下水中的主要离子含量和水化学特征,初步探讨了20世纪80年代以来岩溶地下水化学组分的演变规律。研究结果表明:矿区第四系砂砾石孔隙水主要阴离子为HCO_3~-,含量相对较为稳定,阳离子变化幅度均较大;煤系砂砾岩裂隙水中主要离子为K~++Na~+与HCO_3~-,含量相对较为稳定;下奥陶统灰岩岩溶裂隙水中主要离子为K~++Na~+与HCO_3~-,K~++Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl-、HCO_3~-变异系数相对较小,表明它们在岩溶水中的含量相对较为稳定。通过相关分析,下奥陶统灰岩岩溶裂隙水K~++Na~+与TDS成负相关,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)与TDS成正相关,且相关系数高。第四系孔隙水化学组分与下奥陶统灰岩岩溶裂隙水岩溶水相差较大,且局部受到污染;裂隙水化学组分与岩溶水相差较小。矿区岩溶水现阶段与1984年相比,水化学类型趋于多样化,TDS整体有所升高,水质变差。     

山东省邹城市东部地下水水化学特征及形成机制

为研究山东省邹城市东部缺水山区地下水水化学特征、水质状况和水化学过程,采集研究区各类型地下水样品32件,检测K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、HCO₃^-、NO₃^-、F^-、TH和TDS等化学指标,综合利用图解法、相关性分析和主成分分析等方法探讨其地下水的水化学特征和形成机制。结果表明:(1)研究区裂隙水、孔隙水与岩溶水具有相似的水化学特征,裂隙水和孔隙水的水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主,而岩溶水水化学类型为HCO3-Ca·Mg型;(2)孔隙水、裂隙水和岩溶水水化学形成机制主要以水-岩相互作用为主,其次还受到人类活动的影响。孔隙水受水-岩相互作用和人类活动影响的比例分别为77.7%和10.5%,而裂隙水受影响的比例分别为63.9%和11.3%。     

自一里电站地下硐室涌突水危险性分析

地下工程涌突水是影响工程施工及运行的一个重要问题,目前对水电站地下工程涌突水危险性评价的研究较少。本文以自一里水电站为例,参考已有且较为完善的岩溶隧道涌突水及非可溶岩长深隧道涌突水的危险性评价方法,从地下水通道和地下水来源(补给)两个涌突水控制因素入手,综合分析各项要素,对自一里电站地下硐室的涌突水危险性进行初步分区。结果表明:自一里电站厂址区整体涌突水危险性较低,但在局部地段有发生涌水的可能。厂址区硐室按照涌突水危险性高低可分为较高危险区、中等危险区和低危险区。     

河南嵩县北部基岩山区地下水水化学特征和环境同位素特征分析

嵩县北部基岩山区位于熊耳山脉东段南部,地下水与地表水分布不均,为研究基岩山区地下水特征和补径排关系,指导缺水山区地下水找水工作,通过现场调查、地下水采样,测定不同水体中的水化学成分及环境同位素,分析其变化特征,判明地下水的补给来源及各含水层的相互联系。水化学和环境同位素研究结果表明,大气降水是研究区地下水的主要补给来源,人工开采是其主要的排泄方式;研究区基岩地下水化学特征较复杂,松散岩类孔隙水、浅(深)层半固结层裂隙孔隙水地下水以Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~–为主,属HCO_3-Ca型水;松散岩类孔隙水、浅层半固结层裂隙孔隙水含水层之间的水力联系较为密切,基岩裂隙水通过发育的导水构造断裂与现代水连接,均具有较好的开发利用价值,而深层半固结层裂隙孔隙水参与水循环的能力较弱,开采应持慎重态度。该研究成果为缺水山区地下水的合理开采利用提供了科学依据和数据支持。     

西藏谢通门县拉宗银铅矿水文地质条件研究

研究区位于冈底斯—念青唐古拉板块冈底斯陆缘火山-岩浆弧南部隆格尔～南木林地块北缘。在野外实地调查的基础上,对研究区水文地质条件进行了分析。研究结果表明:研究区地下水可以划分为第四系松散岩孔隙水含水层、帕那组流纹岩风化裂隙水含水层及帕那组流纹岩构造裂隙水含水层;大气降水为矿区地下水的主要补给方式,构造断裂、层间破碎带、裂隙密集带等为基岩裂隙水的运移通道,人工开采也是矿区地下水排泄的方式之一;影响矿床充水的主要因素为老窿水和构造破碎带基岩裂隙水。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.