考虑地震作用方向的危岩稳定性研究

在危岩稳定性评价中,地震作用方向是一个极为重要的因素。为解决目前危岩稳定性评价中仅把地震作用方向假定为水平向的问题,借助函数极值理论建立了地震最危险作用方向的计算公式,并结合统计方法进行分析验证。最后,利用该公式研究了某公路隧道出口不同类型危岩的最危险地震作用方向,计算结果表明:地震最危险作用方向在347.4°~359.8°,与水平面夹角随着地震动峰值加速度增大而减小,并且当地震动峰值加速度超过0.4g,地震最危险作用方向与水平面夹角在0°~30°,此时危岩体可能产生抛射破坏。     

地震诱发黄土滑坡稳定性评价中的不平衡推力法

以不平衡推力法为基础,同时考虑不同烈度、不同地震力作用方向条件下黄土滑坡的稳定性评价,以宁夏西吉回回川滑坡为例,进行了滑坡稳定系数 K 与地震系数 KS,与地震作用角度β的关系及滑坡稳定性敏感性分析.结果表明地震最危险作用方向与水平方向有一定夹角倾向坡外,且随地震系数增大而增大.黄土滑坡稳定性评价中应该考虑地震最危险作用方向.     

地震荷载下危岩运动特征的模拟研究

西南地区地形复杂,位于地震高发区域。为了进一步研究该区域地震作用下落石的运动特征,以我国九寨沟景区内荷叶寨后山危岩带2为例。首先研究危岩带2中单一危岩体在自重荷载下的失稳情况,分别采用RocFall和非连续变形分析方法(DDA)进行模拟,结果表明:DDA和RocFall的模拟结果相近。DDA中落石水平位移模拟结果为210.6 m,RocFall中大部分落石水平位移分布在205 m附近。鉴于RocFall的局限性,采用DDA方法继续研究地震作用下危岩体的密度、高度、体积和地震波峰值加速度等因素对落石运动特征如运动轨迹、水平位移和速度的影响规律,并监测落石在坡脚附近的最大弹跳高度。研究结果表明:(1)危岩带2所处边坡自然坡角范围为65°~75°,落石在坡面上加速,在高程约2292 m(与居民区相对高差约为132 m)处发生抛射,运动方式以滚动、碰撞、弹跳为主;(2)岩体软弱结构面的贯通时间随落石密度、体积以及地震波峰值加速度增大而减小;(3)峰值速度随边坡高度、体积及地震波峰值加速度增大而增大;(4)水平位移随落石密度、边坡高度及地震波峰值加速度增大而增大;(5)坡脚处落石最大弹跳高度随各因素变量增大而增大。继续研究内部存在节理裂隙的岩体(3条平行节理将危岩分为K1~K4部分)在地震荷载下的运动特征:(1)在地震荷载作用下,危岩沿节理面发生倾倒破坏,落石水平位移模拟结果为191.5~243.8 m;(2)落石在坡脚附近的最大弹跳高度范围为0~13.8 m。     

水平向与竖向地震动的时间遇合模式对边坡动力安全系数的影响

通过沿滑面的应力积分法和动力时程分析法,研究了水平向、竖向地震动单独作用对边坡动安全系数的影响,发现竖向地震动与水平向地震动一样也对边坡抗震稳定性有显著的影响。在此基础之上,重点探讨了实际地震的双向地震动同时作用时,其时间遇合模式对动力安全系数的影响,结果表明,常用的加速度峰值遇合模式和随机遇合模式都不能充分体现出竖向地震动与水平向地震动的叠加效应,进而造成对安全系数的高估;文中提出的最大地震作用效应遇合模式才是最危险的遇合模式,其所得稳定性安全系数时程的极值更小。在考虑多向地震的边坡抗震分析中,由于多维地震动的强烈随机性,应考虑出现这种最大地震作用效应遇合的可能性,以得到工程设计中偏于安全的动力稳定性安全系数值。     

考虑地震动地形效应的边坡破坏概率——以金沙江下游新市镇附近边坡为例

边坡在地震作用下的破坏概率是地震边坡危险性评价的参数之一。在区域范围内计算地震边坡破坏概率一般采用实际地震滑坡和Newmark永久位移拟合得到的破坏概率公式进行计算。计算中所需的地震动峰值加速度数值大小受不规则地形的影响较大。为了较准确计算出区域地震边坡的破坏概率,本文利用公式分别计算了地震动峰值加速度地形效应系数和地震边坡滑坡概率,实现了地震动峰值加速度及滑坡概率的连续分布。在计算地表30 m平均剪切波速时,利用回归分析方法得出了Vs30与地形梯度G的连续性关系。这些方法充分考虑了地形在地震动峰值加速度中所起的作用,能够实现地震边坡破坏概率计算结果的连续性,如实反映了地震边坡破坏概率的实际状况,为更准确评价地震边坡滑坡危险性提供了新的思路。     

边坡地震稳定性分析的荷载增强分析方法

岩土边坡地震稳定性分析是岩土工程和地震工程研究的重要课题之一,本文明确区别了两种不同意义的边坡地震稳定性概念:一是按一定的抗震设防地震作用考虑,边坡现状强度与边坡强度退化到发生地震破坏时的临界强度相比较而言的储备强度稳定性;二是对于一定的边坡强度状态,使边坡发生动力破坏的地震作用与设防地震作用相比较而言的地震动力超载稳定性。考虑边坡强度退化的边坡稳定性概念已经得到普遍采用,分析方法较为熟知;而按动力超载考虑的边坡地震稳定性概念以往几乎没有提及,边坡稳定性判别标准和分析方法尚有待探讨。本文主要针对第二种边坡地震稳定性地震动力超载稳定性的衡量标准和分析方法进行了研究,提出了边坡地震动力超载稳定性评判的临界地震峰值加速度准则,并提出了边坡地震动力超载稳定性分析的荷载增强法:针对边坡的现状强度状态,由小到大逐渐增加地震作用的强度,搜索导致边坡失稳的临界地震峰值加速度,最后根据边坡临界地震峰值加速度与边坡所在区域的设防地震峰值加速度比较情况确定边坡的地震稳定性。论文采用荷载增强法对中国陕西宝鸡蟠龙塬黄土边坡地震动力超载稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,针对宝鸡地区未来50a超越概率为10%的地震动作用,该边坡具有较高的地震动力超载稳定性。     

地震作用下地裂缝场地地震动参数试验研究

为研究地裂缝场地地表动力响应规律,以西安f4地裂缝场地为工程背景,采用剪切型模型箱,进行振动台模型试验。分析了地裂缝场地在地震作用下的破坏特征和动力响应,得到了地表地震动参数变化规律。试验结果表明：地震作用下,地裂缝场地的主裂缝在地表开裂、扩展,并在裂缝区产生与其45°相交的次生裂缝,次生裂缝的数量随着地震强度增大而增多;地表地震动参数峰值均表现出上、下盘效应,均在上盘裂缝处最大,逐渐向两侧递减;随着输入地震强度增大,地表加速度及Arias强度放大系数逐渐减小;上盘加速度变化频率较快,且上、下盘两侧加速度峰值存在相位差,但两侧位移及速度时程波形基本一致。该研究成果可为跨地裂缝结构抗震设计提供重要参考。     

场地土对基岩峰值加速度放大效应分析

通过实际土层地震反应结果的统计分析和强震加速度观测结果的对比, 讨论了不同场地条件对基岩峰值加速度的放大效应及其特点。该分析可为地震动参数区划图编制和地震安全性评价中场地效应的估计、由基岩地震动估算场地地面地震动提供参考。     

地震作用下地裂缝场地地震动参数试验研究

为研究地裂缝场地地表动力响应规律,以西安f_4地裂缝场地为工程背景,采用剪切型模型箱,进行振动台模型试验。分析了地裂缝场地在地震作用下的破坏特征和动力响应,得到了地表地震动参数变化规律。试验结果表明:地震作用下,地裂缝场地的主裂缝在地表开裂、扩展,并在裂缝区产生与其45°相交的次生裂缝,次生裂缝的数量随着地震强度增大而增多;地表地震动参数峰值均表现出“上、下盘效应”,均在上盘裂缝处最大,逐渐向两侧递减;随着输入地震强度增大,地表加速度及Arias强度放大系数逐渐减小;上盘加速度变化频率较快,且上下盘两侧加速度峰值存在相位差,但两侧位移及速度时程波形基本一致。其研究成果可为跨地裂缝结构抗震设计提供重要参考。     

地震作用下地裂缝场地地震动参数试验研究

为研究地裂缝场地地表动力响应规律,以西安f_4地裂缝场地为工程背景,采用剪切型模型箱,进行振动台模型试验。分析了地裂缝场地在地震作用下的破坏特征和动力响应,得到了地表地震动参数变化规律。试验结果表明:地震作用下,地裂缝场地的主裂缝在地表开裂、扩展,并在裂缝区产生与其45°相交的次生裂缝,次生裂缝的数量随着地震强度增大而增多;地表地震动参数峰值均表现出“上、下盘效应”,均在上盘裂缝处最大,逐渐向两侧递减;随着输入地震强度增大,地表加速度及Arias强度放大系数逐渐减小;上盘加速度变化频率较快,且上下盘两侧加速度峰值存在相位差,但两侧位移及速度时程波形基本一致。其研究成果可为跨地裂缝结构抗震设计提供重要参考。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.