贵州麻江下司寒武系杷榔组棘皮动物 始海百合新类型化石

和凯里生物群一样,贵州寒武系杷榔动物群也含有丰富的棘皮动物始海百合化石,包括两个属种即俞氏贵州始海百合 GuizhoueocrinusyuiZhao,ParsleyetPeng,2007及殷氏原始球状始海百合(新属新种)Protogloboeocrinusyini(gen.etsp. nov.).其中新属种是近期在杷榔组分布区南部贵州麻江下司淑里村杷榔组上部发现的,是凯里组中球形球状始海百合(GloboeocrinusglobolusZhao, ParsleyetPeng,2008)的原始属种,两者均具有发育的吸盘、长的茎、近于球形或椭球形的萼及较长 的腕.但新属种茎呈倒长锥柱形,缝孔长卵形,腕枝数少,两者区别明显.Protogloboeocrinusyini(gen.etsp.nov.)的发现及研 究,不仅追溯到凯里组球形球状始海百合的原始属种,了解两者演化规律是茎变短,萼变球形,缝孔变为圆形,腕枝数量增加, 捕食能力增强.而且还增添了杷榔组始海百合的多样性及其分区性:杷榔组分布区北部仅见Guizhouocrinusyui,南部仅见 Protogloboeocrinusyini(gen.etsp.nov.)      

贵州上三叠统瓦窑组海百合化石群中的一新种

在贵州省关岭地区上三叠统瓦窑组地层中发现了保存完好的海百合化石群。化石保存在瓦窑组近底部的深灰色—灰黑色泥质灰岩层面上 ,与海百合共生的有菊石、双壳类和牙形石等海洋生物。海百合化石数量丰富 ,保存完好 ,经鉴定分属于创孔海百合属 (Trauma tocrinusW hrmann ,1889emend .Mu ,194 9)的许氏创孔海百合 (Traumatocrinushs櫣ｉＭｕ ,194 9) ,关岭创孔海百合 (TraumatocrinusguanlingensisYu ,2 0 0 0 )和新铺创孔海百合(Traumatocrinusxinpuensissp .nov .)。其中 ,新铺创孔海百合 (Traumatocrinusxinpuensissp .nov .)为一新种 ,该种成年个体较大 ,茎板厚度分 5级 ,各级茎板排列顺序为 (1为一级茎板 ;2为二级茎板 ,以此类推 ) :1、 5、 4、 5、 3、 5、 4、 5、 2、 5、 4、 5、 3、 5、 4、 5、 2、5、 4、 5、 3、 5、 4、 5、 2、 5、 4、 5、 1,一级茎板数与二级茎板数之比为 1/ 3。第一个粗羽枝分出在三级腕的第 3块腕板上。据其骨骼排列的精密程度 ,推测该种海百合适合于水动力较弱的海洋环境     

关岭生物群——世界上罕见的化石库

以产保存完美海生爬行动物和海百合化石为特色，多门类脊柱动物、无脊柱动物共同繁盛，且夹带有少许古植物化石的关岭生物群是世界上极为罕见的珍衡古生物组合。其化石保存之完美，类型之多样，数量之丰富，堪称世界上少有的晚三叠世“化石库”。在该“化石库”中，海生爬行动物主要有鱼龙类（ichthyosaurs)：Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li(1999),Cymbospondylus asiaticus Li et You(2002),Panjiangsaurus epicharis Chen et Cheng gen.et sp.nov.;海龙类（thalat-tosaurs):Anshunsaurus huangguoshuensis(Liu,1999),Xinpusaurus suni(Yin et al.,2000),X.banaolinensis Cheng et Liu sp.nov.Shun齿龙类（placodonts):Sinocymodus xinpuensis Li(2000)以及某些尚待研究的类型。在所储藏的海百合化石中，以重新厘定的许氏创口海百合Traumatocrinus hsui(Mu)[?=T.caudes(Dittmar,1866);?=T.guanlingensis Yu et al.]为主，新的发现说明，此类海百合营假浮游生活方式，它们通过其网状或铰接状根簇附着在漂浮树干上而广泛分布。共存的化石还有：新近发现和重厘定的Metapolygnathus nodosus带的牙形石，少量鱼类（Asialepidotus sp.nov.），大量软骨鱼类（elas-mobranch ichthyoliths）鳞片和牙齿化石的新类型，Trachyceras multituberculatus带的菊石，Halobia-“Daonella” bifurcata组合带的双壳类，以及腕足类：Koninckina guizhouensis,K.zhengfengensis等以及古植物化石：Equisetites arennaceus,Ctenozamites sarrani等。系统调查、科学发掘和对上述各门类化石时代综合分析后指,了这个珍稀生物群形成于晚三叠世卡尼期早－中期，主要产在新铺乡黄土塘、小凹、毛凹、巴毛林和岗乌乡白岩一带小凹组下段，距5－11m的地层间隔中，其分布面积约200km^2。构造古地理及层序、生态、化学地层的综合研究说明，关岭生物群可能是伴随晚三叠世卡尼期早中期的海侵在南盘江裂陷槽盆西北角活动外陆棚边缘所形成的“避难所”中形成和发展起来的。随着海侵的扩大，海水的加深和有机质的过盛贮存所诱发的缺氧和海水的咸化事件，可能是导致该生物群的集群绝灭，并形成完好保存埋藏群落的主要原因。     

贵州台江凯里组中部(中寒武世早期)的新附着遗迹属Kailidiscus

发现于贵州省台江县凯里组中部(中寒武世早期)Burgess页岩型生物群——凯里生物群中的生物附着遗迹Kailidiscus(n.ichnogen.)拥有标本190多块。Kailidiscus为一具有圆形至椭圆形附着面的表生迹。附着面上具一碳质膜,可能为生物体所形成。在附着面上的构造:围缘沟、内围缘脊、外围缘脊、凸起的皱脊和凹陷的辅槽,可能是造迹生物固着基部组织褶皱所致,以增大其基部的附着面积。Kai-lidiscus的造迹生物可能是固着于海底没有硬质骨骼的刺丝胞动物,生活于相对静水环境,并被沉积事件所埋藏。贵州台江凯里组中部(中寒武世早期)的新附着遗迹属Kaili…     

黔东北震旦纪陡山沱晚期庙河型生物群的生态特征及埋藏环境初探

贵州省东北部江口县桃映震旦纪陡山沱组上部发现的庙河型生物群,包括宏体藻类、可能的后生动物、遗迹化石以及其它生物化石等,进一步证实这类宏体生物群在扬子地区震旦纪陡山沱晚期有较为广泛的分布。通过与鄂西庙河生物群、皖南蓝田植物群的对比,震旦纪陡山沱晚期宏体生物群的生活环境主要为开阔浅海向台缘斜坡相过渡地带。通过对黔东北庙河型生物群的研究,认为陡山沱晚期的宏体生物群为以营固着生活方式为主,生活于透光性较好、具有一定水动力条件和一定含氧量的相对静水贫氧浅海环境;其固着基底为富含水份的未固结的粥性-软质基底。这些宏体生物群多呈半漂浮状竖立于海底,构成初步的“海底草原”,为生物群中依赖一定氧而生活、生长和繁殖的动物提供了必要的支持。生物死亡后,大部分生物躯体倒伏于沉积物表面,在贫氧和较快沉积速率的沉积环境中,生物遗体被较好保存,并很快被沉积物所埋藏。随着沉积物的增厚,生物遗体被完全封闭,导致生物遗体腐烂和分解过程终止,使其得以很好保存。较快的沉积速率、贫氧和相对平静水体的环境是生物群得以很好保存的重要因素。     

贵州瓮安埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组上段底部和下段的遗迹化石

贵州瓮安地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组上段产有保存良好的具有生物多样化特征、包含多种门类磷质球粒状化石库的“瓮安生物群”,成为地球早期生物特别是早期后生动物和动物胚胎化石研究的焦点地区。描述了产自瓮安陡山沱组“瓮安生物群”产出层位底部和之下层位的3个后生动物遗迹：Wenganichnus nanbaoensis（ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.）为具有衬里和半月形回填构造的微弯曲的潜穴管; Doushantuoichnus curvatus（ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov. ）为具有细小横纹脊的中沟和两排呈叠瓦状排列的小羽叶状凸起的表生迹;?Planolites ichnosp. 为任意弯曲的、与围岩岩性略有区别的长线状底迹突起。遗迹化石的形态特征表明它们的造迹生物为沿一定方向运动的、背部与腹部以及前部与后部分化的、两侧对称的蠕虫状后生动物,而非沉积构造。“瓮安生物群”中后生动物的卵和胚胎化石可能系不易保存的软躯体动物的卵和胚胎在水动力作用下与沉积物一起被搬运、沉积,埋藏于较高能浅水环境并处于休眠状态,且被保存。     

云南东部江川生物群中的香肠状疑难化石——Tawuia化石属性的新解释

云南东部伊迪卡拉（震旦）系顶部灯影组旧城段的江川生物群是华南又一大类丰富且多样化的宏体化石群,其以碳质压膜的方式保存。在该生物群中,我们发现大量香肠状碳质压膜的宏体化石,与成冰(南华）纪全球大冰期之前中、新元古代地层中广泛分布的Tawuia碳膜化石的大小、形态非常相似。其最大宽度达4. 5 mm,最大长度可达4 cm,长宽比均>2,膜面光滑,未见其他稳定纹饰,有的化石标本边缘碳质保存较多,可见深黑色边缘环带。但部分化石保存的形态与常见的直棒状I形、U形、C形Tawuia化石相比却较为特殊,呈现直角L形、8字形、宽U形、环状O形等多种保存形态,个别标本弯折部位可见明显的碳质增厚和横脊纹残留,边缘残存有大小不一的刺状突起构造。这类特异形态保存的似Tawuia化石显然不能解释为以往较为公认的浮游型叶状体藻类,而可能与冰期前的新元古代早期鲁西、淮南宏体化石群中的疑似蠕形动物亲缘的化石有传承关系。上述新发现的化石形态表明：似Tawuia的碳膜宏体化石可能是多源属性的早期多细胞生物。其中短带至长带状叶状体,可见短柄突起及疑似固着器构造的化石可确认为底栖宏体藻类;多数的叶状体推测为香肠状或长囊状,生活史中包含远洋浮游的类型,可能归属于原始不分枝的多核体藻类或早期分化出的中空囊状的多细胞藻类;本文展示的部分规则变形的似Tawuia化石,更可能是两侧对称动物亲缘的,生活于近海的底栖生物体发生主动扭曲后,被特异埋藏所呈现出的特殊保存形态,而随机浮游或表栖的多细胞藻类死亡沉积时不会形成类似形态的化石。     

云南东部江川生物群中的香肠状疑难化石——Tawuia化石属性的新解释

云南东部伊迪卡拉（震旦）系顶部灯影组旧城段的江川生物群是华南又一大类丰富且多样化的宏体化石群,其以碳质压膜的方式保存。在该生物群中,我们发现大量香肠状碳质压膜的宏体化石,与成冰(南华）纪全球大冰期之前中、新元古代地层中广泛分布的Tawuia碳膜化石的大小、形态非常相似。其最大宽度达4. 5 mm,最大长度可达4 cm,长宽比均>2,膜面光滑,未见其他稳定纹饰,有的化石标本边缘碳质保存较多,可见深黑色边缘环带。但部分化石保存的形态与常见的直棒状I形、U形、C形Tawuia化石相比却较为特殊,呈现直角L形、8字形、宽U形、环状O形等多种保存形态,个别标本弯折部位可见明显的碳质增厚和横脊纹残留,边缘残存有大小不一的刺状突起构造。这类特异形态保存的似Tawuia化石显然不能解释为以往较为公认的浮游型叶状体藻类,而可能与冰期前的新元古代早期鲁西、淮南宏体化石群中的疑似蠕形动物亲缘的化石有传承关系。上述新发现的化石形态表明：似Tawuia的碳膜宏体化石可能是多源属性的早期多细胞生物。其中短带至长带状叶状体,可见短柄突起及疑似固着器构造的化石可确认为底栖宏体藻类;多数的叶状体推测为香肠状或长囊状,生活史中包含远洋浮游的类型,可能归属于原始不分枝的多核体藻类或早期分化出的中空囊状的多细胞藻类;本文展示的部分规则变形的似Tawuia化石,更可能是两侧对称动物亲缘的,生活于近海的底栖生物体发生主动扭曲后,被特异埋藏所呈现出的特殊保存形态,而随机浮游或表栖的多细胞藻类死亡沉积时不会形成类似形态的化石。     

宜昌地区寒武系水井沱组(第二统第三阶)生物组合面貌及其地层分布

近年来随着“鄂宜页1井”高产气井的突破,寒武系水井沱组(第2统第3阶)已成为中扬子区页岩气勘查开发新的主力层系。本文旨在前人研究的基础上,通过对水井沱组中主要生物类型、古生物组合面貌及其时空分布的简要总结,为鄂西地区的页岩气勘探提供对比借鉴。宜昌地区寒武纪地层发育完整,广泛出露于宜昌、秭归、长阳、兴山等地,古生物化石较为丰富,是开展寒武纪地层及古生物研究的经典地区之一。埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪过渡时期的地质记录中保存了寒武纪大爆发和后生动物多样化事件的化石证据,从寒武系纽芬兰统到第二统,自下而上发现了岩家河生物群、水井沱生物群(包括清江生物群)、石牌生物群和京山布尔吉斯页岩型生物群等,它们化石类群多样,浮游生物和底栖生物丰富,而在长阳发现的清江生物群更是具有典型布尔吉斯页岩型动物群特异埋藏化石库的特点,出现了大量高保真度的软躯体类群,代表了远离海岸的较深水环境,为寒武纪大爆发研究打开了一个新的窗口。从岩性、生物类型以及构造运动来看,宜昌地区水井沱组发育一套以黑色页岩或钙质页岩夹碳质灰岩为主的黑色岩系,其中海绵化石在黑色岩系中呈现出较高的丰度和多样性,显示当时深水低氧的沉积环境。同时繁盛的微体...     

华南滇东地区震旦(Ediacaran)系顶部Longfengshaniaceae藻类化石的发现及意义

本文报道了在中国云南东部晋宁、江川地区的震旦(Ediacaran)系顶部渔户村组旧城段新发现的龙凤山藻科(Longfengshaniaceae)化石,与华北燕山地区新元古代青白口系长龙山组及北美中元古代小达尔群产出的Longf engshania化石明显不同,叶状体形态更为多样,呈梭形、枣核形、铲形、长条带形或球囊形等,拟茎较粗壮,与叶状体的接合很平缓,部分可见盘状、短茎状、披针状固着构造和叶状体萌生现象。依据形态记述了2属6种,包括1新属2新种3相似种,讨论和修订了龙凤山藻的科、属特征。华南滇东地区这些宏体藻类化石的发现进一步表明震旦(Ediacaran)纪末期也存在后生植物的多样化发展,可能为早寒武世“澄江生物群”的爆发性演化奠定了生态基础。     

Crinoids and blastoids,platyceratid gastropods and time: A taphonomic progression

Taphonomy aims to identify the history of preservation of a fossil, such as the order in which events occurred after death of the organism. For example, why are crinoid and blastoid thecae of Mississippian (Chadian) age never preserved in close association with parasitic/coprophagic platyceratid snails at Salthill Quarry, Clitheroe, Lancashire? They do occur in close juxtaposition at other localities globally where Upper Paleozoic strata crop out. We suggest that the intimate blastoid or crinoid/platyceratid association may occur at one of three identifiable levels. Level 1 includes those rare specimens of crinoids (not known in blastoids so far) that retain all arms and an attached platyceratid, a pattern of preservation indicating rapid burial causing death. Level 2 includes those thecae that have lost their brachioles (blastoids) or arms (crinoids), but still have an attached platyceratid. That is, the echinoderm has started to disarticulate following death, but the platyceratid continues to feed on the theca. In other words, and strangely, the snail is more intimately linked to the theca than certain of the echinoderm's appendages. Level 3 includes sites where crinoid/blastoid thecae and platyceratid conchs are preserved separately; determining if they were previously closely associated may be problematic unless attachment scars of snails are apparent on crinoid thecae. Suggestions that the pelmatozoan/platyceratid association involved aerosol filtration by the snail seem unlikely, because the intimate association is maintained after loss of the arms.     

Kaili Biota: A Taphonomic Window on Diversification of Metazoans from the Basal Middle Cambrian: Guizhou, China

1 Introduction The Burgess Shale Biota was discovered in the Cambrian strata of western Canada by American paleontologist C. D. Walcott in 1909 (Walcott, 1911). The fauna contains more than 140 metazoan genera (Robison, 1991, Briggs et al., 1994), with a preservational range from hard skeletal parts, non-mineralized remains and internal soft-tissue and soft-body remains. Following that discovery up to 40 similar taphonomic locations have been found globally in Lower and Middle Cambrian …     

贵州台江早—中寒武世凯里组的宏观藻类化石

本文描述了贵州寒武纪凯里组中的宏观藻类化石７属１２种,其中有６个新属１０个新种;Ｂｏｓｗｏｒｔｈｉａ ｓｉｍｕｌａｎｓ,Ｂ．ｇｙｇｅｓ,Ｅｏｌａｍｉｎａｒｉａ ｇｒａｎｄｉｓ ｇｅｎ。ｅｔ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。,Ｅ．ｐｅｒｅｌｅｇａｎｓ ｇｅｎ。ｅｔ ｓｐ。ｎｏｖ．,Ｆ．ｖｅｉｎ ｇｅｎ．ｅｔ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,Ｋａｉｌｉｐｈｙｔｏｎ ｓｉｍｕｌａｎｓ ｇｅｎ．ｅｔ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,Ｐａｌａｅｏｓｐｉｎｅ     

Two Zosterophyll Plants from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) Xitun Formation of Northeastern Yunnan, China

Abstract: Two zosterophyll plants are described from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) Xitun Formation of Qujing, Yunnan, China. Xitunia spinitheca gen. et sp. nov. has stalked sporangia laterally attached on the axis in a helical arrangement. Sporangia are dorsoventrally flattened and composed of two unequal valves; the adaxial valve is round in face view, while the abaxial valve is larger than the former, triangular or wedge-shaped, and radially bears long spiny appendages along the distal margin. Xitunia shows new variation of sporangial morphology within the zosterophylls. Zosterophyllum minorstachyum sp. nov. has K-shaped branchings at the basal parts and small-sized terminal spikes, which consist of round to elliptical sporangia arranged helically. This paper provides new data on the diversity of plant types during Lochkovian when rare vascular plants were reported. As for various species of Zosterophyllum in South China, their apparent evolutionary trend of features from the Late Silurian to Early Devonian (Emsian) is discussed.     

Palaeozoic micro-pelmatozoan thecae from the bedload of the River Maas (province of Limburg,the Netherlands)

In the Netherlands, Late Palaeozoic pelmatozoans – that is, stalked echinoderms – are known from building stones and cobbles in rivers, but there are no in-situ carbonate rocks from which they might be collected. Unsurprisingly, most recognisable specimens are columnals and pluricolumnals. Two small thecae, collected in the mid-1970s from silexite cobbles in the bedload of the River Maas in the Venlo-Tegelen area (province of Limburg, south-east Netherlands) are exceptional finds. One specimen, the diplobathrid camerate crinoid Rhodocrinites sp., has an unsculptured theca and some minor differences of form, yet otherwise satisfies the diagnosis of this genus. The other, the pentremitid blastoid Doryblastus? sp. is rather poorly preserved, yet is the first blastoid to be recorded from the Netherlands. Either or both of these specimens may be juveniles, particularly the blastoid. They are unlikely to be coeval, coming from separate cobbles and being of slightly different preservation. Their provenance from silexite cobbles suggest they originated from Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Visean = Mississippian) carbonates in the southern Ardennes (south-central Belgium).     

贵州台江中寒武世凯里组中分枝状宏观藻类化石

本文描述了贵州中寒武世凯里组中的分枝状宏观藻类化石5属7种，即：Marpolia spissa Walcott,Marpolia aequalis Walcott,Guizhouella ramulosa Yang(gen.et sp.nov.),Doushantuophyton lineare Chen,Thamnophton formosus Yang(gen.et sp.nov.),Eoulothrix fibrillata Ding,Eoulothrix flabellophyton Yang(sp.mov.)。根据大量的藻类与凯里生物群共生特征，从藻类的生态及生物群分布受到沉积韵律控制等特征分析，认为凯里生物群生活环境的水深应该在30－60m，而埋藏和保存环境的水深是150m左右。另外，将凯里生物群中的宏观藻类化石与震旦纪陡山沱期的藻类化石进行了比较，两者在以分枝状藻类占主要组成上是相似的，从这一方面来说，晚震旦世宏观藻类与寒武纪宏观藻类没有大的演变，但寒武纪宏观藻类以出现钙质珊瑚藻类、分枝更加复杂的类型和具有锯齿状叶状体、生殖托构造的藻类为特征。     

New Bivalved Arthropods from Mid-Cambrian Kaili Biota of Southeastern Guizhou, Southwest China

Bivalved arthropods are very important elements in Mid-Cambrian Kaili Biota.Three genera,Alicaris,Pseudoarctolepis,and Forfexicaris,are herein recorded for the first time,including three new species:Alicaris kailiensis sp.nov.,Forfexicaris reticulata sp.nov.,and Pseudoarctolepis semicircularis sp.nov.,of which Alicaris kailiensis sp.nov.could be assigned to crustaceomorphs;the other two forms are grouped as proschizoramians.These forms provide important information about the distribution and species dive...     

A New Ichnogenus Kailidiscus Produced by Attachment from the Middle Cambrian Kaili Formation in Taijiang, Guizhou Province, China

Over 190 specimens of an attachment ichnofossil Kailidiscus （n. ichnogen.） have been found in the Kaili Bitoa, a Burgess Shale-type biota, from the middle Kaili Formation （early Middle Cambrian） in Taijiang County, Guizhou Province, southern China. Kailidiscus is an epichnia with a circular to oval attachment platform, on which there is a carbonaceous film probably formed by the body of the living organism. Structures such as a marginal furrow, an inner and outer marginal ride, many convex fold-ridges, and a large caved peripheral furrow on the attachment platform may be the result of basal tissues of a sessile organism that wrinkled to increase the attachment＇s surface area. The Kailidiscus organism may have been a sessile cnidarian attached to the muddy seafioor. Kailidiscus organisms lived in relatively quiet water, and were buried by a sudden influx of sediment.     

A New Zosterophyll Plant, Ramoferis gen. nov., from the Posongchong Formation of Lower Devonian (Pragian) of Southeastern Yunnan, China

A new genus and species,Ramoferis amalia gen.et sp.nov.,is described from the Early Devonian(Pragian)Posongchong Formation,Wenshan district of southeastern Yunnan,China.This plant has isodichotomous major axes,which also divide anisotomously distally to produce closely spaced lateral branches,often within fertile regions.The stalked round to reniform sporangia,borne laterally and spirally over several levels of branches,are distantly to moderately spaced or aggregated into distinct spikes.The stalks incr...