多时刻信息在大—暴雨释用预报中的应用及其集合预报模式

应用NCEP／NCAR逐日再分析资料，进行了不同时刻环境要素场与大—暴雨的相关分析，结果表明，从大—暴雨发生前2天至发生后2天的不同时刻，环境要素场都能提供大—暴雨的预报信息。应用不同时刻的环境要素为预报因子构造的预报方程对大—暴雨都具有预报能力。用大—暴雨发生前后信息进行预报，对应用当天信息进行预报的错误具有修正作用。应用多时刻环境要素为预报因子和统计释用方法构造的大—暴雨集合预报，由于独立预报信息的增加，有利于捕获大—暴雨的预报信息，有效地提高了大—暴雨的预报准确率。     

高原东北侧前汛期的暴雨落区

目前预报暴雨落区的方法大都是根据和暴雨关系较密切的若干物理量的分布,圈出这些物理量条件满足的地区,来预报暴雨落区。但是这种方法所能确定的落区范围一般为1——2省,远比实际暴雨面积大,还不能满足省内分片预报的要求。本文用个例分析和统计相结合的方     

综合评估多元判据的大—暴雨相似预报模式

提出一个综合评估多元判据的大—暴雨客观相似预报方案。方案应用细网格资料和数值天气预报产品，构造预报时刻前后的不同尺度天气系统和多层次各种要素的动态变化的客观相似判据。通过定义非线性的相似指数综合评估历史样本在多元判据下的相似程度，从而找到相似样本。应用相似样本对应的天气过程预报大—暴雨的发生与否，并通过相似指数的权重综合，进行大—暴雨的定量预测。预报试验表明该方案对大—暴雨发生具有一定的预报能力。     

华南西部热带风暴和季风涌暴雨的天气型和云型特征

本文通过分析华南西部地区10个登陆热带风暴和8次季风涌暴雨过程,揭示了暴雨过程中雨团活动特征,概括出了暴雨发生的天气型、卫星云图上云型演变模型图,给出了这两种系统12—24小时暴雨预报流程简要框图,供暴雨业务预报试用。     

毕节地区大--暴雨的气候分析及其短期预报模式方法

对毕节地区的大—暴雨、暴雨的分布、强度和出现时段等进行了气候统计分析,并根据各类天气系统在关键区发生、发展及其演变规律进行分型,建立了毕节地区大—暴雨、暴雨的5种短期预报模式。由于还有空报出现,又进一步寻找了模式与要素的关系,以模式为基础,把要素指标作为入型条件。     

大——暴雨区域预报方法

宝鸡位于关中西部,地形复杂,气候差异大,降水分布不均,夏季大—暴雨,对工农业年生产有接影响。为了作好预报服务,我们对夏季环流特征进行了分析,结合高空影响系统、地面要素变化和当地地理特征,建立一套宝鸡地区大—暴雨天气过程的区域预报方法。     

内蒙古河套地区一次大-暴雨过程分析

章应用T213数值预报产品对2004年7月25日内蒙古河套地区出现的大—暴雨天气过程进行了诊断分析。分析表明：本次大—暴雨过程是一个典型的高空切变与副高配合，结合地面河套气旋强烈发展而产生的，具有发展快、降水强度大、对流性明显等特点。进一步应用MM5V3中尺度数值预报模式进行模拟分析表明：河套气旋在降水中起到关键性作用，是主要影响系统。说明在充分研究分析天气形势的基础上．综合运用T213数值预报产品是做好内蒙古河套流域大—暴雨预报和服务的关键；应用MM5V3中尺度数值预报模式，可以进一步细化预报结论，提高预报服务效果。     

商洛地区9—10月“东高西低”型大—暴雨指标

为了提高秋季≥20.0mm 大—暴雨短期预报准确率,搞好预报服务,我们通过普查历史资料,摸索本地区秋季大—暴雨的天气规律。先普查历史天气图,寻找有利于本地区产生大—暴雨的环流形势、分型,确定大—暴雨的形势指标,各县站在此基础上找出单站指标。作预报时,地区台套上形势指标后给县站发讯号,然后县站套用本站指标。通过普查分析1960—1975年9月1日—10月15日○8时历史天气图(1974年未查,留作试报),初步归纳出产生大—暴雨的环流形势有“纬向”型和“东高西低”型两大     

试用数值预报图资料作7—9月东向暴雨预报

根据历史资料分析,绍兴市7—9月出现的暴雨—大暴雨大多由台风、台风倒槽或东风波等东向影响系统造成,统称为“东向暴雨”。此类暴雨往往来势较猛,加之海上资料缺乏,给分析预报带来很大困难,目前对这类暴雨的预报能力仍比较低。日本数值预报图对大量级降水具有较强的预报能力,在梅汛期大—暴雨预报中应用,取得了明显的效果。根据     

自贡地区暴雨天气的合成分析

通过对自贡地区１６次暴雨天气过程发生前的影响，环境物理量场以及中尺度特征进行合成分析，揭示了自贡地区暴雨天气发生的物理成因，建立了自贡地区暴雨短期预报的天气学模型，为我台研制暴雨预报业务化系统奠定了基础。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...