陕西省植被指数动态变化特征研究

选用1982—2003年GIMMSNDVI数据集和陕西气温、降水、相对湿度资料,分析全省植被指数变化特征及其与气候因子相关性,揭示陕西植被对全球变暖的响应。结果表明:1982—2003年陕西植被覆盖总体缓慢增加,幅度为0.002/10 a,春季明显上升。陕北长城沿线及延安北部植被覆盖显著增加;关中部分地区植被由低覆盖度转为中覆盖度;秦岭东部、陕南巴山地区植被由中覆盖度转为高覆盖度;安康盆地高覆盖度植被显著增加。气温、降水和相对湿度均对植被有影响,并存在滞后效应,气温升高和相对湿度增大是植被生长期提前和延长的主要影响因素。     

天山北麓植被指数变化特征及其与气温和降水的关系

利用1982-2005年的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和气象资料,研究了天山北麓各地区不同植被类型ND-VI的年际变化特征及其对气候因子的响应.结果表明:1)近24 a来天山北麓各地区植被指数在波动中有所增长.2)不同植被类型对气候因子的响应不同,但各类型植被NDVI都与气温和降水存在着明显的正相关关系.3)平原区植被指数增幅大于山区植被指数增幅,说明植被生长不仅受自然因素影响,也受人为因素影响.     

基于卫星遥感的植被NDVI对气候变化响应的研究进展

回顾了以往植被对气候响应的有关研究,从此类研究常使用的数据、方法及获取的结论3个方面进行了分析,重点阐述了归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）对降水、温度和辐射等气候因子的响应特征,并探讨了未来的发展趋势。结果表明,植被NDVI对降水的显著响应往往出现在干旱半干旱地区和干湿季气候差异明显地区,且具有一定的滞后特征,滞后的时间尺度与局地条件关系密切;温度成为植被NDVI 控制因子的情况常出现在温带或寒温带地区,与对降水的滞后响应相比,植被对于温度的滞后响应并不是特别明显;辐射对于植被的主导影响主要出现在低纬度的部分区域、高云量区域和高纬度地区的特定时间段内。认为量化人类在植被对气候变化响应过程中的作用,全球变暖情形下植被对气候响应特征的深入分析,以及植被受气候影响的多尺度特征可能是以后此类研究的发展方向。     

近几十年来长江上游流域气候和植被覆盖的变化

利用中国740台站资料分析了长江上游流域近50a来降水和气温的变化。结果表明,年降水量在20世纪50年代和60年代总体偏多,90年代后在上游的中部和东北部偏少;年平均气温自80年代中期以来呈现增加的趋势,特别是在上游西北部升温更加明显。在各季节中,区域平均的降水量在秋季有明显减少的趋势,区域平均的气温在冬季的增温更加显著。长江上游降水强度也存在年代际变化,区域平均的弱降水天数和中等强度降水天数都呈现减少的趋势。1982—2001年的归一化植被指数(INDV)数据显示,在上游的东部区域,植被有明显的退化;在西部区域,植被活动性有所增加。INDV与同期气候变化的相关关系表明,植被覆盖与降水量基本不相关,6—8月平均的INDV与同期的气温有明显的正相关,即气温的升高有利于植被的生长。     

三江源区植被变化及其对气候变化的响应

利用卫星反演获取的归一化植被指数（NDVI）以及同期气象要素资料,分析了1982-2000年三江源区植被的时间和空间变化及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：在三江源的大部分地区,植被生长状况趋于变差或基本不变;20世纪90年代,除夏季外,其他季节植被状况趋于恶化;与降水量相比,植被长势对气温变化的响应更为敏感。     

2000年以来中国区域植被变化及其对气候变化的响应

气候是植被变化的主要驱动因子,研究全球增暖背景下中国区域植被变化及其对气候的响应对于国家开展重大生态恢复评估和未来植被保护政策制定具有重要意义。利用2000-2016年MODIS植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)数据集,运用统计分析方法,从平均态、线性趋势、时间序列、相关性等方面系统分析了2000年以来中国区域植被变化及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:中国区域NDVI在平均态上呈现从东南向西北递减的空间分布,受降水生长季的影响,东部地区植被指数明显较大;我国大部分地区NDVI呈现增加的趋势,其中湿润半湿润地区NDVI增长幅度为0.037·(10a)^-1,而在干旱半干旱地区变化较小[0.013·(10a)^-1]。NDVI的变化与气候驱动因素的相关性存在一定的区域差异,其中:NDVI与气温变化在东南沿海、东北东部以及青藏高原北部等地区呈现出显著正相关,而在青藏高原南部等地区呈现微弱的负相关;除青藏高原、塔里木盆地和东北北部等地区外,NDVI与降水量在全国大多数地区呈正相关。从全国平均来看,温度和降水变化对NDVI的贡献分别为7.5%和9.1%,其中温度对NDVI变化的贡献主要体现在湿润半湿润地区(9.3%),而降水的贡献则在干旱半干旱地区(12.2%)。植被变化对气候要素驱动的响应也呈现出明显的区域差异性,在我国东南沿海、云贵高原东部、四川盆地等南方地区以及黄河中下游、东北东部等部分地区,NDVI变化对气温的敏感性最强;而在中国北方干旱半干旱大部分地区,NDVI变化则是对降水驱动具有很显著的响应特征。总体而言,气温是驱动南方地区植被变化的主导因子,而降水则调控着北方地区植被生长变化。     

西藏藏北高原典型植被生长对气候要素变化的响应

选取西藏藏北高原西部高寒草原植被、中部高寒草甸植被及东南部高寒灌丛草甸植被 3 种藏北地区最典型的植被类型, 结合临近 3 个气象观测站的资料, 分析这 3 种典型植被类型地区 1999—2001 年旬平均气温、旬总降水量和 SPOT VEGETATION 卫星 10 d 最大值合成归一化植被指数 (NDVI) 变化特征以及 3 种典型植被基于 SPOT VEGETATION NDVI 的生长变化对旬平均气温和旬总降水量两个主要气候要素变化的响应关系。 结果表明: 藏北地区降水资源的空间分布特点是东南部向西北部逐渐减少, 气温则由南向北逐渐递减, 与降水资源分布相反, 蒸发量西部高, 东部低; SPOT VEGETATION NDVI 能够较为准确地反映 3 种典型植被生长变化特征, 所反映的植被返青期和枯黄期等重要植被生长阶段与由积温计算的植被生长特征基本一致; 藏北地区基于 SPOT VEGETATION NDVI 的植被生长变化与气温的相关系数明显高于与降水的相关系数 , 其中以那曲为代表的高寒草甸植被的 NDVI 与旬气温和旬降水总量的相关系数最大, 分别为 0.81 和 0.68 , 表明藏北地区由于海拔高, 气候寒冷, 气温对该地区植被生长的影响明显高于降水的影响, 即该地区植被生长变化对气温的响应程度明显高于对降水的响应程度 , 是植被生长的限制性因素; 不同植被类型对气温和降水两个要素的响应程度大小依次是高寒草甸、高寒灌丛草甸和高寒草原。     

我国东部地区NDVI与气温、降水的关系研究

利用东部地区的1982—2001年归一化植被指数(NDVI)资料以及131个标准气象台站的气温、降水资料,用相关分析、奇异值分析(SVD)方法研究了该地区的植被与气温、降水的相互作用,得到以下几点认识：NDVI的最大值滞后于气温最高值的时间尺度在一个月左右。前期气温与后期NDVI的相关系数在春夏为负值,在秋冬却以正值为主。前期植被与后期气温的相关系数以负值为主。NDVI最大值滞后于降水最大值的时间尺度在两个月左右,同期NDVI与降水的相关系数为负值,而无论降水超前于NDVI或者NDVI超前于降水的时间尺度大于1个月时,二者的相关系数转为正值。由SVD方法得到东部地区7月份的NDVI与8月份的气温、降水有较好的相关关系。河南西南部及东北部区域NDVI与大部分地区的气温为正相关;长江流域NDVI与32 °N以南地区的降水有较好的负相关。因此,前期植被的变化特征可以作为后期气温、降水的预报的一种参考因子。     

利用条件植被指数评价西藏植被对气象干旱的响应

基于2000—2014年4—10月西藏气象站遥感干旱指数 (条件植被指数,VCI) 和气象干旱指数 (标准降水指数,SPI) 之间的相关性,评估植被对气象干旱的响应特征,通过分析气候环境要素对响应特征的影响并归纳相应规则,获取西藏地区植被对气象干旱有明显响应的区域分布。结果显示:VCI与12周时间尺度的SPI具有较强相关性,说明西藏地区植被生长对降水的响应大约滞后12周;植被对气象干旱响应不敏感的原因主要包括气候极度干燥或极度湿润、土地覆盖类型为森林、年平均归一化植被指数 (NDVI) 值过小、多年NDVI变化标准差过小、有降水之外的其他水源补给等;基于对区域气候环境要素特征的分析,可以得出西藏中部偏南地区植被对气象干旱有明显响应,主要包括拉萨地区、山南地区北部、日喀则地区东部、那曲地区中部和西南部、阿里地区的东南部。     

黄淮海地区植被生长季变化及其气候变化响应

利用1982—2000年的NOAA/AVHRR逐旬数据,采用最大变化斜率法、曲线拟合法等方法分析黄淮海地区植被生长季开始及结束时间,选取典型样带,制作基于逐像元的I_NDV(归一化植被指数) 变化图,研究1982—2000年植被生长季的变化规律及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:黄淮海地区生长季开始的平均时间为3月下旬,结束时间为11月上旬。20年来研究区植被四季平均I_NDV呈上升趋势,春季增长尤为显著,且随着年代的推移,植被生长季有延长的趋势,生长季提前是黄淮海地区植被活动对气候变化响应的主要方式。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.