广西：加强石窟寺抢救性保护

正日前,广西壮族自治区人民政府出台《关于加强石窟寺(含摩崖造像)保护利用工作的实施方案》,明确加强石窟寺抢救性保护、建立石窟寺安全长效机制等10项任务,重点推进桂林象鼻山、博白宴石山等摩崖造像文物保护利用项目。据了解,广西壮族自治区自然资源部门将与相关部门一起,参与石窟寺抢救性保护和数字化保护利用工作。2021年将完成全区石窟寺保护情况调查,     

天山中段海西中期花岗岩的成岩特征

天山中段海西中期花岗岩分布广泛,规模不大,以小岩基、岩株状侵入体为主,侵入于泥盆系和下石炭统之中。岩石类型以黑云母花岗岩为主,侵入活动明显受区域构造控制,岩相简单,岩浆期后蚀变作用微弱。通过对本期花岗岩的岩石学、矿物学、岩石化学和地球化学等诸方面的研究,对岩石的成因类型和结晶条件进行了探讨。海西中期花岗岩主要具有I型花岗岩特征,岩石的成岩温度范围为677～750℃,水压为 20×10~7～32 × 10~7Pa。     

干热岩开发利用潜力简介

一、干热岩基本特征及分布 干热岩是一种没有水或蒸汽的热岩体，主要是各种变质岩或结晶岩类岩体，普遍埋藏于距地表2000m～6000m的深处，其温度范围很广，在150℃～650℃之间。干热岩的热能赋存于岩石中，较常见的岩石有黑云母片麻岩、花岗岩、花岗闪长岩以及花岗岩小丘等。     

柴北缘沙柳河榴辉岩岩石化学及变质条件研究

柴达木盆地北缘东端沙柳河一带榴辉岩呈布丁构造赋存在新元古代末期花岗质片麻岩中，榴辉岩主要由石榴子石、绿辉石和金红石等矿物组成。通过对该地榴辉岩的岩石化学和变质条件研究，发现其峰期变质条件为492．12℃～653．48℃和1．008～1．625GPa。未达到超高压的环境，在岩石中也未发现明显的超高压证据，与柴达木盆地北缘其他地区(鱼卡河、锡铁山、野马滩)榴辉岩有所区别。     

大别造山带宿松变质杂岩变质演化过程

宿松变质杂岩位于大别造山带最南端,是该造山带重要组成部分之一。由于其变质程度相对较低,记录的变质演化信息相对较少,所以其变质P-T轨迹的构建一直是研究难点,制约了对大别造山带形成过程的全面理解。针对宿松变质杂岩特征性岩石——石榴斜长角闪岩展开了细致的岩相学、矿物化学研究和热力学评价。结果表明:该类岩石具有切尔马克闪石+绿帘石+石英+金红石(Ts+Ep+Qz+Rt)、石榴石+斜长石+切尔马克闪石+石英+绿帘石+金红石(Grt+Pl+Ts+Qz+Ep+Rt)、斜长石+切尔马克闪石+石英+磁铁矿(Pl+Ts+Qz+Mag)及以绿泥石+石英(Chl+Qz)为代表等4个变质阶段矿物组合,其温压范围依次为591℃～620℃、0.48～0.56GPa,606℃～636℃、1.01～1.12GPa,600℃～619℃、0.79～0.91GPa,400℃～500℃、0.1～0.3GPa,展现了一个近等温升压→近等温降压→降温降压的变质P-T轨迹。P-T轨迹的构建表明宿松变质杂岩经历了早期快速俯冲、折返和晚期缓慢抬升过程,暗示了作为扬子板块前缘块体——宿松变质杂岩在大洋板片拖曳作用下迅速俯冲,由于板片断离在浮力作用下迅速回返,并长时间停滞在上地壳层次,再缓慢上升至地表。     

不同冷却方式下高温花岗岩巴西劈裂及声发射特性试验研究

干热岩地热开发中的钻井、储层压裂及热交换等环节均涉及高温岩石冷却的问题,为揭示其中岩石损伤演化规律,基于巴西劈裂试验和声发射技术,研究了不同高温及冷却方式对花岗岩抗拉性质的影响。结果表明:①25~600℃下花岗岩抗拉强度随温度升高而下降,遇水冷却使抗拉强度进-步下降并使其开始大幅下降的温度阈值提前到200,500℃后抗拉强度对遇水冷却更敏感。②荷载达到峰值,声发射累计振铃计数突增,岩样内形成断裂区;受遇水冷却影响,岩样的振铃计数峰值和能量峰值有所下降,间接反映岩石内裂纹更发育,200~300℃时降幅均较大,300℃时和500℃后花岗岩对热处理方式较敏感。③花岗岩破裂面随温度升高由平整向粗糙曲折变化,由脆性向延性转变,遇水冷却促进岩石破裂并促使脆性向延性转变的温度区间提前。研究结果为地热开采中高温岩石的稳定性评价提供理论参考。      

华北克拉通东南缘前寒武纪下地壳的幕式生长与多期改造:岩石学、年代学和Hf同位素证据

早前寒武纪被认为是大陆地壳形成的重要时期.华北克拉通东南缘前寒武纪下地壳岩石主要以变质基底(五河变质杂岩)和中生代闪长/二长闪长质斑岩中包体形式存在,它们为研究该地区前寒武纪下地壳的形成和演化提供了极好的天然实验室.近期的变质岩石学、岩石地球化学、Hf同位素及锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明:该区前寒武纪下地壳经历了幕式地壳生长与多期改造.强烈的构造—热事件和变质改造时间集中于2.5～2.6、2.1、1.8～1.9 Ga以及390、176 Ma.其中,形成于2.5～2.6 Ga的下地壳岩石,一部分经历了2.1 Ga和(或)1.8～1.9Ga高压麻粒岩相变质作用以及390、176 Ma的变质改造,类似于形成于2.1Ga并经历了1.8Ga高压麻粒岩相变质作用的岛弧成因的下地壳岩石,表现为高放射成因Pb同位素组成;另一部分岩石则形成于2.55～2.64Ga,可能因处于下地壳上部而仅遭受了2.48～2.49 Ga麻粒岩相变质作用,但没有2.1 Ga和(或)1.8～1.9Ga变质叠加的岩石学和年代学记录,表现为典型前寒武纪下地壳岩石特点的低放射成因Pb同位素组成.2.7～2.8 Ga的继承锆石U Pb年龄和锆石Hf模式年龄暗示研究区可能还存在更早的地壳生长时期,但尚需进一步研究.     

大型石窟遗产海量点云快速可视化

文化遗产数字化是实现遗产保护与修复、传承与活化的重要手段。三维激光扫描技术是近年来被广泛应用于遗产数字化的有效手段,其能够以非接触方式获得高精度、高密度三维点云,但是这些文化遗产(尤其是大型石窟)的海量三维点云,为快速处理及应用带来了严峻挑战。为实现普通计算机配置下石窟遗产海量点云的快速浏览与展示处理,构建了基于文化遗产本体综合价值的点云分块策略,通过八叉树数据结构对每一数据分块进行组织管理,并采用开源引擎Potree.js搭建可视化场景,进而完成海量石窟点云的快速可视化处理。以某一大型石窟遗产三维点云开展可视化处理实验,并与3DHOP、Cesiumlab等可视化解决方案进行对比分析,结果表明本文方法简单易操作,处理时间和渲染效果都得到了有效改善。     

华北克拉通胶东莱州地区中太古代—新太古代早期TTG岩石的发现——锆石SHRIMP U—Pb定年

胶东是华北克拉通早前寒武纪变质基底重要分布区之一,已发现～2.9Ga,～2.7Ga和～2.5Ga三期TTG岩石,并确定新太古代晚期和古元古代晚期两期构造热事件。但是,有关胶东地区早前寒武纪变质基底的认识几乎都来自对莱阳以北地区(主要为栖霞地区)的研究。该文对莱州地区早前寒武纪变质基底8个岩石样品开展了SHRIMP U-Pb锆石定年,首次发现～2.9Ga岩石(条带状英云闪长岩和片麻状闪长质岩石),发现大量～2.7Ga英云闪长岩和奥长花岗岩。确定存在多期次构造热事件叠加改造,包括中太古代晚期-新太古代早中期构造热事件。研究表明,莱州地区与莱阳-栖霞地区具有类似的早前寒武纪地质过程,它们共同构成胶东太古宙变质基底。该文总结了胶东地区早前寒武纪变质基底形成演化历史。     

平阳矾山明矾石矿床形成的一些热力学条件的研究

作者在平阳矿山明矾石矿床地质、矿物共生组合、成矿实验等方面工作的基础上,对该矿床形成的一些热力学条件进行了系统研究。研究结果表明该矿床是在50℃～450℃的温度和3×105Pa～780×105Pa的压力下的氧化环境（Eh=－0．40V～＋0．32V,主要是-0.08V～0．24V）中,由含碱性长石的火山碎屑岩、凝灰岩等岩石与含硫、钾、钠等成分的晚期酸性（pH=1．0～4．0）火山气热液在fs2（1．32×10-34×105Pa～3．39×10-3×105Pa）fo2（1．92×00－63×105Pa～1．58×10－19×105Pa）的条件下相互交代作用而形成。     

温度场和渗流场耦合对恐龙化石风化破坏的影响

在恐龙化石经受风化破坏过程中,温度和水是起作用的两大主要因素。为了深入探讨恐龙化石风化破坏机理,有效、科学、合理地保护恐龙化石,该文将恐龙化石及围岩作为岩体,运用岩体水力学研究中温度场与渗流场之间的耦合关系,研究温度和水在恐龙化石风化破坏过程中的内在机制。通过建立温度场与渗流场数值模型,模拟温度场与渗流场在恐龙化石风化过程中的相互作用,定性分析了温度与水相互作用对化石风化的破坏机理。     

Weathering of pisha-sandstones in the wind-water erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau

Two types of pisha-sandstones of purple sandstones and gray sandstones, widely distributing in the wind-water erosion crisscross region of China, were selected and used in laboratory experiments for a better understanding of the drying-wetting-freezing weathering process resulting from the apportionment of water or salt solution to rock samples. Weathering experiments were carried out under the conditions of environment control （including temperature, moisture and salt solution）. All rock samples were frequently subjected to 140 drying-wetting-freezing cycles. The influences of weathering process were evaluated. It was found that the different treatments of moisture and salt solution applications could affect the nature of the weathering products resulting from drying-wetting-freezing. It was also observed that salt solution could effectively alleviate the weathering of pisha-sandstones. Although not all the observations could be explained, it was apparent that simulated environmental factors had both direct and indirect effects on the weathering of rocks.     

沂水县富锶地下水特征及成因分析

沂水县富锶(Sr)地下水分布广泛,白垩纪沂南序列侵入岩的锶(Sr)含量最高,平均含量1013.64×10^-6,其次为白垩纪火山岩,锶(Sr)平均含量为739.18×10^-6,太古代侵入岩、变质岩中的锶(Sr)平均含量为398.99×10^-6,寒武-奥陶纪灰岩、页岩中的锶(Sr)平均含量为201.54×10^-6;碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水含水岩组地下水锶(Sr)平均含量为0.99mg/L,喷出岩孔洞裂隙水含水岩组地下水锶(Sr)平均含量为0.95mg/L,碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶水含水岩组地下水锶(Sr)平均含量为0.76mg/L,块状岩类(侵入岩)裂隙水含水岩组地下水锶(Sr)平均含量为0.48mg/L。碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水含水岩组、喷出岩孔洞裂隙水含水岩组、块状岩类(侵入岩)裂隙水含水岩组地下水中锶(Sr)主要来源为围岩的风化溶解;碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶水含水岩组地下水中锶(Sr)主要来源于沂南序列构造破碎带和风化带的风化溶解,其次为寒武-奥陶纪灰岩的风化溶解,锶(Sr)强变异性与不同含水层地下水的混合比例有关。     

影响恐龙化石及围岩风化破坏的主要因素及风化机理研究

导致恐龙化石及围岩风化破坏的因素十分复杂,其自身的物质组成、结构构造、胶结物的类型等内部因素决定了其抵御风化破坏的能力。化石及围岩的物理化学成分越稳定、结构构造越致密完整,其抗风化能力就越强。气温的反复变化以及各种气体、盐类、水溶液和生物的活动等外部因素,是促使恐龙化石或围岩发生风化破坏的直接的原因。这些风化包括物理风化、化学风化和生物风化。它们使组成化石或围岩的矿物成分发生分解、结构构造发生变化,使化石或围岩由整块变成碎块,由坚硬变得疏松,甚至化学成分也发生改变,从而造成了化石或围岩的风化破坏。     

水域地震映像在火成岩发育区的应用与探讨——以厦门某海底隧道勘察为靶区

以厦门某海底隧道勘察为靶区，采用电磁气泡震源系统激发地震波，在火成岩发育区进行水域地震映像实验，较好地查明了海底水深界面、淤泥（砂层）和基岩面的分界线。实验结果表明，水域地震映像法对海域火成岩发育区是一种有效的物探方法，可以为海域地质勘察提供可靠的地质参考依据；利用水域地震映像勘探既可以较好地弥补钻探缺陷，又能极大地节约经济成本。     

Hydrochemical characteristics and solute dynamics of meltwater runoff of Urumqi Glacier No.1, eastern Tianshan, northwest China

Hydrochemical characteristics and solute dynamics of bulk meltwater draining from Urumqi Glacier No.1 were investigated in years 2006 and 2007.The glacial meltwater was slightly alkaline with the mean pH of 7.64 and 7.61 in 2006 and 2007,respectively.In the meltwater,the dominant anions were the bicarbonate and sulphate,and the dominant cation was calcium.The concentration of major cations were varied as c(Ca2+) > c(Mg2+) > c(K+) > c(Na+),while the order for the cations was c(HCO3) > c(SO42) > c(NO3) > c(Cl).The total dissolved solids(TDS) in meltwater had inverse relationships with the diurnal discharge.The major ion composition of meltwater was mainly controlled by rock weathering as inferred from the Gibbs model.Furthermore,the ion ratios and Piper diagram indicated that the main processes controlling the meltwater chemistry were carbonate weathering,pyrite weathering and feldspar weathering in rocks,and Ca2+ and HCO3 were the dominant ions during the carbonate weathering process.Solute flux calculation at Glacier No.1 station suggested that chemical denudation rates were 11.46 and 13.90 ton.km 2.yr 1 in 2006 and 2007,respectively.     

Runnel development on granitic boulders on the foothills of Mount Kinabalu (Pinosuk Gravel Formation,Sabah, N Borneo)

Runnels are characteristic erosional features on karstified soluble rocks and can occasionally develop on less soluble rocks (i.e. sandstones and granites) but are poorly reported in Malaysia. This research summarizes boulder distribution, size, petrology and runnel morphology in a Pleistocene post-glacial mudflow on Mount Kinabalu. The goal is to investigate the runnel formation on granites. Colonization of boulders by cyanobacteria, mosses, lichens and higher plants is observed and related to rock surface meso-scale and micro-scale features. The coarse porphyritic texture of the granite contributes to the fragmentation and mechanical weathering of large K-feldspar crystals in the runnels. The damp runnel micro-environment is preferentially covered with mosses further enhancing weathering and erosion. As runnels deepen, the remnant protruding fins of rock weaken and may break off. The runnels are subaerial pseudokarst features, not the result of dissolution.     

深圳后海填海区北西向隐伏断层的综合探测研究

在现场地质调查基础上,通过钻探、断层气氡探测、浅层地震探测和智能微动探测等多种手段,揭示深圳后海填海区隐伏断层F1、F2的几何学特征,对沿北西向断层发育的风化槽成因进行分析。结果表明：1）F1、F2隐伏断层发育于燕山期花岗岩中,走向、倾向和倾角分别为N38°~40°W、NE、59°~63°和N50°W、NW、70°,断层带宽分别为30~35 m、40 m,主要由碎裂岩及碎斑岩组成,裂面上发育薄层碎粉岩,绿泥石化现象显著,属脆性破裂体系,均为张性兼反扭性质,未见扰动全新世地层;2）采用断层气Rn浓度强度对隐伏断层相对活动性进行测定显示,F1隐伏断层活动性较强;3）F1、F2断层分别控制风化槽南西、北东边界,风化槽主要成因为张性断层上盘较下盘破碎,裂隙、孔隙和次级小断层较发育,构造破碎的花岗岩体在海水、温度等作用下使长石快速风化所致。     

Origin of the Mushroom Stone Forest at the southeastern foot of the Little Sangpu Mountain in eastern Guangdong,China: A palaeo-sea-level indicator or not?

The Mushroom Stone Forest, which consists of granite boulders looking like mushrooms with flared sidewalls, is located in eastern Guangdong China, and is a famous scenic spot that draws many tourists each year. The Mushroom Stone Forest has been traditionally recognized as a collection of wave erosion landforms and used for the reconstruction of palaeo-sea-level changes along the coastal areas of eastern Guangdong in previous coastal researches. By combining in situ measurements of the aspect,vertical profile and height of boulder sidewalls,palaeo-coastal wave direction estimation, rock density determination, major elemental analysis, and petrographic thin section analysis, this paper presents an alternative origin for the Mushroom Stone Forest.Our results suggest that wave or wind erosion cannot offer a satisfactory explanation for the formation of the Mushroom Stone Forest; The boulders that make up the Mushroom Stone Forest originated from the corestones in the granite weathering crusts of the Little Sangpu Mountain; When the debris of the weathering crust was removed, the corestones are perched on rocky outcrops or half-buried by weathering debris beneath the natural land surface;The flared sidewall (concave vertical profile) of the boulders is a particular form developed in the foot zone of a half-buried boulder through increased chemical weathering beneath the land surface. A recent exposed half-buried boulder found in the study area provides convincing evidence to support this argument. Sea water reached the foot of the Sangpu Mountain during the Holocene transgression, but it merely provided a mechanism to erode the weathering debris from the bottom of the mushroom rocks and enhanced salt weathering that created tafoni on the boulders. These findings demonstrate that the boulders of the Mushroom Stone Forest are not sea stacks and cannot be served as a palaeo-sea-level indicator.