湖南四都坪南沱组沉积特征与古气候变化耦合关系

运用现代冰川理论并结合南沱组冰碛岩研究现状,根据湖南四都坪南沱组宏观地层序列和微观构造特征,识别并总结2期冰期和2期间冰期沉积特点,认为冰碛岩前缘是沉积作用活跃地带,以重力碎屑流、浊流为特点,间冰期以深水和浅水的牵引流为特点。结合沉积作用与古气候、海平面变化特征,认为该区南沱组冰碛岩由古气候控制,海平面的起落导致形成不同的沉积类型。     

库车坳陷中生界三种类型三角洲的比较研究

库车坳陷中生代呈北陡南缓的箕状,其内连续沉积了一套厚度巨大的冲积-湖泊碎屑沉积体。湖缘扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲及曲流河三角洲非常发育,它们的特征清楚、区别明显:（1） 扇三角洲为突发的、瞬时的灾变事件产生的重力流沉积与间灾变期正常牵引流沉积交替进行,并以重力流沉积占主导地位:其平原亚相类似于冲积扇沉积,河道砂体呈透镜状,厚度小、变化大。（2） 辫状河三角洲为正常的河流牵引流沉积,通常受到湍急洪水控制,为季节性沉积作用产物;平原亚相类似于辫状河沉积;河道沉积发育,砂体总体呈层状,内部由若干个下粗上细的河道砂岩透镜体相互叠置而成,交错层发育,尤以侧积交错层异常发育为特征,岩性以颗粒支撑的砂砾岩为主。（3） 曲流河三角洲为正常的河流牵引流沉积,沉积物输入量为相对连续的终年河流的产物,平原亚相类似于曲流河沉积:河道砂体呈层状,交错层发育,类型丰富。当然,这三种类型三角洲之间亦存在着密不可分的内在联系,不仅同一时期内可以并存,而且随着地质历史的演化可相互转化。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长8油层组浅水三角洲沉积特征

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区上三叠统长8油层组构造稳定,气候湿润,坡度仅为0.1°,具备形成浅水三角洲的地质条件.通过大量岩心观察和地震反射特征分析,并结合现代浅水湖泊沉积特征,综合研究认为,陇东地区长8沉积时期水体较浅,发育浅水三角洲沉积.其主要沉积特征为:岩石成分成熟度较低,结构成熟度中等,粒度概率曲线表现出明显的牵引流特征;三角洲前缘河口坝和重力流沉积不发育,河道频繁分叉改道,延伸较远,砂体规模较大;浅水三角洲前缘相带分布范围广,与三角洲平原之间无明显的坡折带,不具备吉尔伯特型三角洲的三元结构.浅水三角洲前缘分流河道砂体分布广泛,纵横叠置,其成藏条件优越,利于岩性油气藏的形成.     

河控三角洲生长的动力和沉积模式

分析河口动力特征,进而揭示其控制下的三角洲前缘挟沙河流床沙载荷（推移质）搬运和沉积机制,是合理构建河控三角洲生长沉积模式的前提。运用流体力学的湍流理论从微观动力过程角度分析失去河床约束条件下依靠惯性作用流动的河水入湖过程中河、湖两类水体的相互作用机制及流动规律,结合水槽物理模拟及前人开展的数值模拟,并借鉴河流泥沙动力学理论成果,构建了受流体力学及河流泥沙动力学约束的河控三角洲生长的动力和沉积模式。结果表明:湍流的特点决定了两类水体界面处存在强烈的质量、动量、动能传递。河水入湖过程既不是圆形（轴对称）射流,也不是平面（二维）射流,而是矩形（三维）射流,流速沿程会以负指数快速衰减。河口是挟沙河流流速衰减的终点,其控制下的三角洲前缘是挟沙河流床沙载荷沉积的终点。三角洲平原砂体生长过程,是三角洲平原动力、沉积、地貌相互作用的过程,生长的动力和沉积模式可以概括为:河流末端水体流速沿程衰减→挟沙能力降低→泥沙沉积→河床抬高→堤岸决口→河流分叉→水体流速沿程衰减→挟沙能力降低→泥沙沉积。分流河道砂体构成三角洲平原的骨架砂体,地貌控制下河流的频繁摆动是三角洲平原砂体生长的重要机制。河控三角洲沉积的主体为平原环境,而非前缘环境。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7段致密砂体重力流沉积模拟实验研究

致密砂岩目前已成为中国油气勘探开发的重点领域。以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7段为代表的典型致密砂岩主要发育辫状河三角洲和重力流沉积砂体,其中重力流沉积砂体具有很大的勘探开发潜力。在区域构造、古气候、古地貌和沉积体系等研究基础上,应用沉积模拟技术,再现了研究区长7段重力流沉积砂体形成过程及其主要控制因素,在实验条件下,半深湖深湖区的沉积微相类型主要包括砂质碎屑流、浊积岩、深湖泥等。实验研究表明,影响重力流沉积砂体的形成及其演化的主要控制因素有：(1)泥砂含量决定了重力流的沉积类型;(2)湖盆底形控制重力流的砂体展布;(3)湖水位及流速决定重力流的沉积厚度及规模;(4)多物源交汇决定重力流的横向连通。并通过实验结果对比分析,预测了有利储集层分布区域。综合陇东地区原始地质模型和实验模拟成果,建立了沉积模拟实验条件下陇东地区三叠系长7段沉积模式。     

陆相盆地深水沉积体系研究

深水重力流沉积领域是当前全球油气勘探与研究的热点,陆相盆地深水重力流沉积研究在我国已有50年历程,老一辈沉积学家围绕湖相重力流理论及油气勘探实践方面开展了一系列创新性工作,相继建立了断陷型、坳陷型及前陆型湖盆浊流沉积模式,从而使陆相湖盆充填模式与沉积特征研究走在了世界前列。近10年来,随着国际深水沉积理论的发展与我国油气勘探技术的进步,我国湖盆深水沉积研究工作再次呈现出勃勃生机,在湖盆深水搬运—沉积过程、沉积作用、沉积模式、地震响应及技术方法等方面涌现出大量令世人注目的成果,标志着我国陆相湖盆重力流研究进入了一个新的创新发展阶段。“陆相盆地深水沉积体系研究”专栏针对性地组织了一批相关文章,旨在对这些成果进行总结,进一步完善陆相盆地深水沉积理论认识,推动我国湖盆深水沉积油气勘探事业。专栏共收集论文5篇,主要内容如下:国际著名地质学家Henry W.Posamentier教授等人撰写的《深水浊流沉积综述》（An Overview of Deep-water Turbidite Deposition）一文,系统总结了层序地层格架下的海平面变化对深水浊流沉积体系的控制作用,对陆相盆地深水沉积体系研究具有重要启示作用。作者认为,浊流沉积体系一般可划分为三个区域:区域1位于上游近物源一端,包括陆棚边缘及支流供给峡谷,在这个区域沉积物重力流完全受峡谷壁的限制。区域2的显著特点是发育单一的供给水道复合体,其中的重力流不完全受水道壁的限制,常常形成与水道相伴生的天然堤沉积。当供给水道过渡为前缘分散体系或末端扇时就让位于区域3。区域3末端扇发育沟道化流体,但天然堤非常有限,因而经常发生决口,形成富砂的溢岸沉积。李相博等在对我国陆相盆地重力流沉积50年研究历程回顾的基础上,对近10年来湖盆深水沉积研究中涌现出的新成果、新认识进行了总结归纳,主要包括4个方面:1）湖盆中央深水区至少存在浊流、异重流、砂质碎屑流及底流4种类型的重力流与牵引流沉积;2）湖盆中不同类型的流体在搬运与沉积过程中存在互相转化,形成混合事件层（Hybrid eventbed）;3）建立了湖相砂质碎屑流搬运—沉积过程的鉴别标志——“泥包砾”结构（Mud-coated intraclasts）;4）地震沉积学理论与技术方法在湖相重力流内部沉积单元解剖、湖盆深水沉积模式建立等方面取得巨大成功。论文最后对湖盆深水沉积研究未来发展趋势进行了分析。以往关于砂级、泥级陆源碎屑与碳酸盐组分的混合沉积研究相对较多,而针对扇三角洲内砾级陆源碎屑与碳酸盐组分的混合沉积特征及模式研究较少,缺少典型实例。王越等以露头实测资料为基础,通过对新疆塔尔朗沟剖面中二叠统大河沿组、塔尔朗组扇三角洲的混合沉积特征的分析,结合前人在古气候方面的认识,建立了扇三角洲混合沉积模式。张国栋等对鄂尔多斯盆地南部旬邑地区上三叠统延长组露头剖面的解剖,通过岩石薄片观察和激光粒度分析,研究了块状砂岩的粒度组成、粒度参数及其垂向变化,认为属于洪水成因的异重流沉积。操应长等通过对准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷夏子街地区百口泉组砂砾岩储层的研究,认为主要为重力流与牵引流共同控制的扇三角洲体系,并定量划分了扇三角洲体系的岩相—成岩相类型,分析了砂砾岩储层物性的控制因素。     

珠江口盆地惠州地区新生界珠海组和珠江组重力流沉积特征*

通过2口井的岩心观察,在珠江口盆地惠州地区新生界珠海组和珠江组,发现有重力流沉积。该地区重力流沉积的主要特征是：滑塌构造发育广泛,是本区最主要的重力流沉积;液化沉积中泄水构造发育;浊流沉积中鲍马序列不完整。惠州地区的重力流沉积是三角洲前缘砂体垮塌再搬运沉积而形成的。在重力流沉积中还发现有潮汐作用的存在,潮汐作用和重力流沉积伴生。通过对惠州地区重力流沉积特征的研究,认为不能简单地将重力流沉积等同于浊流沉积;重力流沉积不仅局限在深水地区,在相对浅水地区也会发育。建议正确理解鲍马序列并予以合理使用。     

大型敞流坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲与湖盆中心砂体的形成与分布

大型敞流坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲及湖盆中心砂体已成为中国陆相盆地岩性油气藏最重要的勘探目标。通过对现代典型湖盆浅水三角洲的深入分析,结合我国中、新生代大型坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲及湖盆中心砂体的地质研究,取得以下主要进展与认识：①在分析浅水三角洲形成地质背景的基础上,按照供源体系、湖水深度及三角洲前缘倾斜坡度将湖盆三角洲分为9种成因结构类型;②建立了毯式浅水曲流河三角洲的沉积模式,指出末端分流河道及末端决口扇是浅水曲流河三角洲的典型微相类型;③分析了浅水三角洲砂体大面积分布的形成条件,指出敞流湖盆是湖盆中心浅水三角洲砂体发育的重要条件,敞流通道对湖盆中心砂体分布有重要控制作用;④湖盆中心发育河流、三角洲、湖流及密度底流砂体等牵引流成因砂体,也发育洪水浊积扇及滑塌浊积扇等重力流成因砂体;⑤大型浅水三角洲体系三级层序界面对岩性（成岩）圈闭的发育有重要控制作用,三角洲平原带层序界面上覆叠置砂体富集岩性油气藏,勘探潜力大。本文研究成果希对坳陷湖盆沉积学研究及岩性油气藏勘探能有推动作用。     

基于等时界面识别的浅水三角洲-河流沉积体系研究--以高邮凹陷黄珏地区古近系垛一段为例

利用岩芯观察、粒度统计、古生物对比、测井分析及地震沉积学方法研究了苏北盆地高邮凹陷黄珏地区始新世三垛组一段浅水三角洲-河流沉积体系。研究结果表明:坡缓浅水沉积背景下除了发育传统认识中由构造控制的长期基准面旋回特征转换面,还可形成另一类由气候控制的、浅水三角洲与河流沉积之间稳定的浅水-陆上沉积环境变化界面。以气候主控等时界面为基础,借助地层切片直观分析了浅水三角洲与河流相的沉积演化特征及砂体展布规律,并验证了该界面的可靠性。两类等时界面的综合约束为浅水三角洲-河流沉积体系油气勘探提供了新思路。     

成煤环境对煤层、煤质及并采技术条件的控制作用(二)

三角洲体系是指河流携带着陆源碎屑注入海洋或海湾时。在河口处堆积形成的沉积体。它和成煤关系密切。三角洲沉积受河流影响,也受海洋中波浪、潮汐、岸流、海平面升降等因素影响。以河流作用为主时,自河流带入的沉积物不断堆积,使三角洲不断向海方向进积,这个时期形成的三角洲称为建设期三角洲。以波浪、潮汐等作用为主时,对已堆积的三角洲沙体进行改造,即为三角洲侵蚀期,形成破坏期三角洲。实际上,三角洲的成因是复杂的。      

流体性质转换机制在重力流沉积体系分析中应用初探

自1950年Kuenen发表"浊流形成粒序层理"一文至今,深水重力流研究取得了长足发展。然而,目前很多学者不仅对浊流理论分歧很大,而且对浊流概念、术语的使用也有不同的观点,这严重制约了重力流的分类及重力流沉积体系的识别。本文在重力流沉积过程和流态研究的基础上,提出了基于"流体性质转换"理论的重力流沉积体系分析方法。研究认为,重力流在形成、发展和消亡过程中不仅存在多个流体阶段,而且存在着多种流态之间的转换。这种流体发育的最终阶段特征决定了重力流沉积体系的形态与类别,而流态共存与转换的特性造成了深水紊流成因的浊积岩与其他流体成因的岩相共存的沉积特征。根据这一理论对牵引流—碎屑流成因的扇三角洲体系、浊流成因的近岸水下扇体系和碎屑流成因的斜坡裙体系进行成因分析与特征对比,阐述了"流体性质转换"理论在沉积体系识别中的作用。     

Patterns of deposition from experimental turbidity currents with reversing buoyancy

Turbidity currents are turbulent, sediment‐laden gravity currents which can be generated in relatively shallow shelf settings and travel downslope before spreading out across deep‐water abyssal plains. Because of the natural stratification of the oceans and/or fresh water river inputs to the source area, the interstitial fluid within which the particles are suspended will often be less dense than the deep‐water ambient fluid. Consequently, a turbidity current may initially be denser than the ambient sea water and propagate as a ground‐hugging flow, but later reverse in buoyancy as its bulk density decreases through sedimentation to become lower than that of the ambient sea water. When this occurs, all or part of the turbidity current lofts to form a buoyant sediment‐laden cloud from which further deposition occurs. Deposition from such lofting turbidity currents, containing a mixture of fine and coarse sediment suspended in light interstitial fluid, is explored through analogue laboratory experiments complemented by theoretical analysis using a ‘box and cloud’ model. Particular attention is paid to the overall deposit geometry and to the distributions of fine and coarse material within the deposit. A range of beds can be deposited by bimodal lofting turbidity currents. Lofting may encourage the formation of tabular beds with a rapid pinch‐out rather than the gradually tapering beds more typical of waning turbidity currents. Lofting may also decouple the fates of the finer and coarser sediment: depending on the initial flow composition, the coarse fraction can be deposited prior to or during buoyancy reversal, while the fine fraction can be swept upwards and away by the lofting cloud. An important feature of the results is the non‐uniqueness of the deposit architecture: different initial current compositions can generate deposits with very similar bed profiles and grading characteristics, highlighting the difficulty of reconstructing the nature of the parent flow from field data. It is proposed that deposit emplacement by lofting turbidity currents is common in the geological record and may explain a range of features observed in deep‐water massive sands, thinly bedded turbidite sequences and linked debrites, depending on the parent flow and its subsequent development. For example, a lofting flow may lead to a well sorted, largely ungraded or weakly graded bed if the fines are transported away by the cloud. However, a poorly sorted, largely ungraded region may form if, during buoyancy reversal, high local concentrations and associated hindered settling effects develop at the base of the cloud.     

Characteristics of modern carbonate contourite drifts

Carbonate environments inhabit the realm of the surface, intermediate and deep currents of the ocean circulation where they produce and continuously deliver material which is potentially deposited into contourite drifts. In the tropical realm, fine‐grained particles produced in shallow water and transported off‐bank by tidal, wind‐driven, and cascading density currents are a major source for transport and deposition by currents. Sediment production is especially high during interglacial times when sea level is high and is greatly reduced during glacial times of sea‐level lowstands. Reduced sedimentation on carbonate contourite drifts leads to early marine cementation and hardened surfaces, which are often reworked when current strength increases. As a result, reworked lithoclasts are a common component in carbonate drifts. In areas of temperate and cool water carbonates, currents are able to flow across carbonate producing areas and incorporate sediment directly to the current. The entrained skeletal carbonate particles have variable bulk density and shapes that lower the prediction of transport rates in energy‐based transport models, as well as prediction of current velocity based on grain size. All types of contourite drifts known in clastic environments are found in carbonate environments, but three additional drift types occur in carbonates because of local sources and current flow diversion in the complicated topography inherent to carbonate systems. The periplatform drift is a carbonate‐specific plastered drift that is nearly exclusively made of periplatform ooze. Its geometry is built by the interaction of along‐slope currents and downslope currents, which deliver sediment from the adjacent shallow‐water carbonate realm to the contour current via a line source. Because the periplatform drift is plastered on the slopes of the platforms it is also subject to mass gravity flow and large slope failures. At platform edges, a special type of patch drift develops. These hemiconal platform‐edge drifts also contain exclusively periplatform ooze but their geometry is controlled by the current around the corner of the platform. At the north‐western end of Little and Great Bahama Bank are platform‐edge drifts that are over 100 km long and up to 600 m thick. A special type of channel‐related drift forms when passages between carbonate buildups or channels within a platform open into deeper water. A current flowing in these channels will entrain material shed from the sediment producing areas. At the channel mouth, the sediment‐charged current deposits its sediment load into the deeper basin. With continuous flow, a submarine delta drift is built that progrades into the deep water. The strongly focused current forming the delta drift, is able to rework coarse skeletal grains and clasts, making this type of carbonate drift the coarsest drift type.     

Sedimentary conditions and deposits of Akimiski Strait,James Bay,Canada

Akimiski Strait is a wide (17–20 km), shallow, emergent (0.70 cm per century) waterway in James Bay. It is localized in a saddle of a Paleozoic reef track, which has been enhanced and molded by Pleistocene glaciers. Drumlinoid ridges form the till cores of shoals and islets of the strait. The boundary conditions of the strait change throughout the year, as it is covered by ice for six months. During spring break-up the strait remains clogged with ice at its northern approach for several weeks, and acts as a large tidal inlet. It is during this period that most of the fluvial sediments are carried to sea. Other sediments are obtained by erosion of the Pleistocene tills and Holocene subtidal clays and silts exposed in nearshore areas. Resuspension of nearshore material is achieved through the action of wind-driven, short choppy waves and ice scour. Tides are the most important process for the redistribution of sediments along the coast, both flooding onshore and flooding and ebbing into and out from the strait generating locally powerful (2 m s^?1) reversing currents. Ice rafting and ice pushing are important processes in this frigid environment, particularly in upwind sides of shaols, and at/or near river mouths.Different intertidal sedimentary sequences develop as functions of sediment supply and exposure of the environments to ice, currents and waves. The eastern shores and the southern shoals of the strait develop pebble lags over till, covered by thin (5–20 cm) drapes of silty sand trapped and protected from erosion by algae. In these shores and in emerging small islands significant sedimentation (1–1.5 m thick) occurs in the marshes where the suspended load of tidal waters is trapped by vegetation. The western shores of the strait receive considerable amounts of sediment from large rivers and are affected by strong tidal longshore currents. Thick (3–4 m) and narrow tidal flats and marshes develop on the maincoast. The shoals of the northern part of the strait have characteristic sediments. Those near the western shore have thin (up to 80 cm) tidal silty sand deposits, locally heavily burrowed by Macoma balthica. Those strung across the northern approach to the strait have well-developed, thin, coarse sand dune fields, indicating a prevalent ebb flow out of the strait.     

在层结和非层结环境下植被群对异重流运动的影响

异重流在自然环境界及工程应用中广泛存在。本文于线性层结及非层结盐水中开展了一系列实验,对开闸式异重流通过植被群的发展和演变特性进行了研究。采用高速相机对异重流头部位置、头部速度和掺混系数等进行了分析,结果表明：异重流在层结水体中头部速度明显减小;层结水体和植被对异重流掺混均有抑制作用;当层结水体和植被同时存在时,异重流的掺混程度与植被高度和水深之比α相关,当α=0.43时,异重流的掺混最为剧烈。本研究也利用粒子图像测速仪（particle image velocimetry,PIV）对异重流局部区域的速度场和涡度场进行研究,结果显示,层结环境抑制异重流正负涡度场发展,但当α=0.20时,即一部分异重流爬上植被顶部时,层结水体与植被的协同效应对跃上植被顶端的异重流下界面涡度有强化作用。     

沾化凹陷孤岛西部斜坡带沙三段重力流沉积特征与源-汇体系

以岩芯观察、粒度分析、薄片鉴定、测井资料和地震资料解释等为主要手段,研究渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷孤岛西部斜坡带沙三段主要沉积物重力流类型及其沉积特征,探讨不同触发机制下的沉积物重力流演化过程和构造活动对重力流沉积过程及砂体展布的控制,总结源-汇耦合体系,建立斜坡带重力流砂体发育模式。结果表明:研究区沙三段沉积时期发育异重流、碎屑流、浊流、液化流和滑动-滑塌五种沉积物重力流,具有洪水型和滑塌型两种触发机制,流体演变总体处于碎屑流向浊流演化的早期阶段,推测研究区以北深水区仍发育碎屑流沉积且开始广泛发育浊流沉积。构造作用对研究区沙三段流体性质与演化、同生变形构造和重力流成因砂体的发育与分布具有明显的控制作用。总体上,研究区具有断槽沟谷、断裂坡折、断裂走向斜坡及缓坡沟谷等4种主要的源-汇耦合体系。纵向上,研究区沙三段自下而上由（半）深湖、近岸水下扇、滑塌扇沉积演变为滨浅湖、辫状河三角洲以及扇三角洲沉积;平面上,研究区东部主要发育来自孤岛凸起的扇三角洲前缘和近岸水下扇,西部主要发育来自陈家庄凸起的辫状河三角洲前缘,中部主要发育串珠状滑塌扇体。     

Powerful unconfined turbidity current captured by cabled observatory on the Fraser River delta slope,British Columbia,Canada

Turbidity currents are one of the main sediment transport processes on Earth, yet are notoriously difficult to monitor directly. This article presents the first direct and high bandwidth observation of a turbidity current using a cabled sea floor observatory. On 5 June 2012, a platform on Ocean Networks Canada, located in 107 m of water on the Fraser River delta slope, was displaced downslope and severed from its data cable. The platform weighed ca 1000 kg in water. The event took place during high river discharge, high tides and rapid sediment accumulation on adjacent upslope areas of the sea floor. Data recorded as it tumbled downslope allow a reconstruction of the flow, which is inferred to have been an unconfined turbidity current. Lines of evidence indicate that the flow came in as a bed hugging wedge, and built up to between 1 m and 4 m in height as the head passed through. Comparison with laboratory data suggest that the flow was initially supercritical. While the adjacent slope offset to the north clearly exhibits change over an annual resurvey period, the bathymetry directly at the event location show no resolvable change over a period from seven months before the event to one month after. Sediment cores collected after the event were pervasively biototurbated and they contain no obvious deposit connected with this event. The remarkable aspects of this research follow. The flow was powerful enough to carry a 1 tonne platform and sever a heavily armoured cable. The current occurred on the unchannelized open slope. This powerful event failed to cause discernible seabed elevation change. The flow was triggered by tidal conditions. The event was detected by a purpose‐designed cabled observatory, thus providing high bandwidth data and also alerting researchers in real time to mount follow‐on investigations.     

鄂尔多斯晚三叠世湖盆异重流沉积新发现

水下重力流沉积作为重要的油气储层,已成为当前学术研究和油气工业共同关注的焦点.在鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长7~长6油层组深湖相沉积中,发现一种不同于砂质碎屑流沉积和滑塌浊积岩的重力流成因砂岩.其沉积特征为一系列向上变粗的单元(逆粒序层)和向上变细的单元(正粒序层)成对出现;每一个粒序层组合内部的泥质含量变化(高-低-高)与粒度变化一致;上部正粒序层与下部逆粒序层之间可见层内微侵蚀界面;砂岩与灰黑色纯泥岩、深灰色粉砂质泥岩互层;粉砂质泥岩层内也表现出类似的粒度变化特征.通过岩芯观察和薄片鉴定,认为该岩石组合形成于晚三叠世深湖背景下的异重流(hyperpycnal flow)沉积.其沉积产物--hyperpycnite(异重岩?)以发育逆粒序和层内微侵蚀面而区别于其它浊积岩,逆粒序代表洪水增强期的产物,上部的正粒序层为洪水衰退期的沉积,逆粒序-正粒序的成对出现代表一次洪水异重流事件沉积旋回;层内微侵蚀面是洪峰期流速足以对同期先沉淀的逆粒序沉积层侵蚀造成的.鄂尔多斯盆地延长组异重岩的发现,不仅为探索陆相湖盆环境下的异重流沉积提供了一个范例,而且对于深水砂体成因研究、储层预测和油气勘探具有理论和现实意义.     

Experiments on bidisperse,constant-volume gravity currents: propagation and sediment deposition

Laboratory experiments show that the propagation and sedimentation patterns of particle-laden gravity currents are strongly influenced by the size of suspended particles. The main series of experiments consisted of fixed-volume releases of dilute mixtures containing two sizes of silicon carbide particles (25 μm and 69 μm mean diameter) within a 6-m flume. Polydisperse experiments involved mixtures of five different particle sizes and variation of the amounts of the finest and coarsest particles. All variables apart from the initial relative proportions of particles were identical in the experiments. The effects of mixing different proportions of fine and coarse particles is markedly non-linear. Adding small amounts of fine sediment to a coarse-grained gravity current has a much larger influence on flow velocity, run-out distance and sedimentation patterns than adding a small amount of coarse sediment to a fine-grained gravity current. The experiments show that adding small amounts of fine particles to a coarse-grained current results in enhanced flow velocities because the fine sediment remains suspended and maintains an excess current density for a much longer time. Thus, the distance to which coarse particles are transported increases substantially as the proportion of fines in the flow is increased. Our experiments suggest that sandy turbidity currents containing suspended fines will be much more extensive than turbidity currents composed of clean sand.     

Trapping of sustained turbidity currents by intraslope minibasins

Depositional turbidity currents have filled many intraslope minibasins with sediment creating targets for petroleum exploration. The dynamics of sustained turbidity currents and their depositional characteristics are investigated in a scaled physical model of a minibasin. Each turbidity current deposited a downstream thinning wedge of sediment near the inlet. Farther downstream the turbidity current was ponded by a barrier. The ponded part of the turbidity current was separated from the sediment‐free water above by a relatively sharp, horizontal settling interface indicating highly Froude‐subcritical flow. The very slow moving flow within the ponded zone created conditions for the passive rainout of suspended sediment onto the bed. In the lower part of the ponded zone, the concentration and mean grain‐size of the sediment in suspension tended to be relatively uniform in both the vertical and streamwise directions. As a result, the deposit emplaced in the ponded zone showed only a weak tendency toward downstream fining and was passively draped over the bed in such a way that irregularities in the inerodible bed were accurately reflected. The discharge of suspended sediment overflowing the downstream end of the minibasin was significantly less than the inflow discharge, resulting in basin sediment trapping efficiencies >95%. A simple model is developed to predict the trapping of sediment within the basin based on the relative magnitudes of the input discharge of turbid water and the detrainment discharge of water across the settling interface. This model shows a limiting case in which an intraslope basin captures 100% of the sediment from a ponded turbidity current, even through a succession of sustained flow events, until sediment deposition raises the settling interface above the downstream lip of the minibasin. This same process defines one of the mechanisms for minibasin filling in nature, and, when this mechanism is operative, the trap efficiency of sediment can be expected to be high until the minibasin is substantially filled with sediment.