单台多震和达法研究山西地区的波速比变化特征

基于山西数字地震台网2001年1月~2014年10月ML≥2.0地震震相到时数据,利用单台多震和达法计算山西地区波速比,并结合2010年3次MS≥4.5地震探讨地震前后波速比的变化特征。结果表明,在3次地震前远台波速比异常出现时间较早,为震前6个月至1年;而近台波速比异常出现时间相对较晚,为震前10天至2个月不等,因此可通过远台、近台所围限的范围来缩小地震预测地点。东山台计算结果表明,发震时刻残差大小会影响波速比变化细节,因此在实际应用中,应首先确定每个台站发震时刻的残差阈值,以确保波速比计算结果的科学性和稳定性。     

2008年攀枝花6.1级地震前后波速比变化研究

利用云南区域数字台网波形资料,采用多台法计算了2008年8月30日在川滇交界攀枝花发生的6.1级地震前后波速比VP/VS变化,结果表明:地震前3年,波速比出现一次持续时间相对较长的下降过程;震前0.5年,又出现一次持续时间相对较短、急剧下降的过程,且伴随有多次低值异常;震前2个多月至发震,波速比从低值回升至均值附近;震后波速比维持在均值上下波动,并伴有高值出现。震区南部的元谋地区和东北部的巧家—普格一带波速比异常较为明显。     

2012年河北唐山4.8级地震前后波速比变化特征

选取河北数字地震遥测台网2008年1月至2018年4月产出的唐山震区范围内地震观测报告数据,利用单台和多台和达法对2012年5月河北唐山4.8级地震前后波速比进行计算。结果显示:单台和达法波速比计算得出陡河台等7个台站在唐山4.8级地震前存在低值异常;多台和达法计算波速比在ML≥1.0、ML≥1.5,ML≥2.0不同震级的波速比变化曲线与唐山4.8级地震对应较好,震前存在近一年的波速比低值变化。     

应用多台和达法测定温州珊溪水库地区地震的平均波速比

应用多台和达法计算了2006年 2月 4日至4月3日发生在温州珊溪水库地区M_L≥2.0地震的平均波速比。 计算使用高质量的数字地震记录, 在较强地震前观察到持续的低值异常现象, 在时间分布上出现较明显的异常过程: 下降—持续异常—回升—发震, 分析表明异常变化结果可信。     

九寨沟MS 7.0地震前单台波速比变化特征

收集、整理四川省地震台网2013年5月至2017年9月产出的震相观测报告数据,采用单台多震和达法,重点分析2017年8月8日九寨沟M_S 7.0强震前龙门山断裂带中北段地区波速比变化特征。结果表明：龙门山断裂带中段西侧的茂县地震台,在发震前2年左右,波速比出现一次持续时间约一年半的下降异常;发震前半年左右,波速比出现明显回返特征,波速比回返至均值上下时即发生九寨沟M_S 7.0地震;震源区周边其他6个地震台波速比在发震前变化较平稳。茂县地震台波速比低值异常对判定九寨沟M_S 7.0强震前龙门山断裂带中北段可能存在孕震体具有重要参考价值。     

首都圈中强震前波速比时空演化特征研究

选用首都圈测震台网观测报告,采用多台和达法计算首都圈地区2002~2014年小震波速比值,系统分析首都圈地区2002年以来中强地震前波速比的时空变化特征,探讨中强震孕震过程的前兆信息。为了保证多台波速比计算结果的精度及可靠性,对其计算条件进行了合理限制。计算结果表明,首都圈中强地震发生前,出现了多次波速比低值异常,在震源区附近存在显著的波速比低值异常区,发震地点多为异常区的边缘。     

吴忠—灵武地区MS≥5.0地震前波速比变化特征分析

利用1980年1月-2008年12月宁夏地震台网记录的中小地震事件直达波到时数据,采用单台多震和达法,对吴忠-灵武地区该时段内M_S ≥ 5.0地震发生前波速比变化进行回溯性分析,并对该区未来短期内震情趋势进行研判,所得结果表明：①吴忠-灵武地区M_S ≥ 5.0地震前波速比存在正常→降低→上升(恢复)→发震的异常变化过程;②研究区台站出现波速比异常,其空间分布对发震位置具有一定指示意义,即发震位置可能位于波速比下降台站或存在异常台站所连线的多边形边缘或内部;③据近期扫描结果,海原地震台波速比异常较显著,需密切关注宁夏南部及邻区地球物理观测资料的变化。     

新疆和静5.6级地震前波速比异常震例分析

利用新疆天山中段数字化地震波资料,采用多台和达法,计算了2008年8月30日和静5.6级地震前后波速比资料的变化情况.得到如下结果:①空间分布上,和静5.6级地震前,形成一个椭圆形低值异常区,且椭圆长半轴约70km,短半轴约65km,椭圆走向NE,和静5.6级地震则发生在该椭圆区域的西偏北部边缘;②时间进程上,和静5.6级地震前出现大约10个月的波速比低值异常,震前一个月出现明显的高值突跳点,波速比形成正常-降低-高值突跳-发震的模式.计算过程中,波速比误差控制在0.05之内,相关系数达99.O％以上.     

安徽及邻区中强震前波速比变化研究

利用安徽及邻区地震波的震相资料,根据和达法计算波速比的原理,研发了波速比的计算程序,并对大台网和小台网资料的计算结果进行了对比分析,认为大、小台网资料对波速比的计算结果影响较小。此外还分析了台网布局对计算波速比的影响,发现在计算过程中加入远近台波速比值限制后,波速比变化范围减小,异常时间段也更为清晰,因此在在计算波速比时间进程时需要加远近台波速比限制。本文计算了安徽及周边地区7次中强地震前的波速比时间进程曲线,其中5次地震前存在低波速比异常,同时通过震例总结表明华东地区MS5.5级左右地震选取震中附近3°×3°范围内地震计算波速比、MS4.5级左右地震选取震中附近2°×2°范围内地震计算波速比相对比较合理,与相应强度地震的孕震范围较为吻合。     

昆明台P波走时残差与东川、通海、昭通地震

本文分析了昆明台1962年至1974年P波走时残差随时间变化的情况,发现1966年2月5日东川地震和1974年5月11日昭通地震前,残差出现了较为明显的异常;1970年1月5日通海地震前残差的变化却不明显。这一结果再一次表明P波走时残差随时间的变化情况可能作为获得地震前兆信息的一种手段。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the use of the autocorrelation method for estimating the depth to the magnetic basement

The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4.     

固体潮的地震预测研究与地球动力学研究之分析比较

本文分析了现行固体潮地震研究中的历史影响,对比研究了固体潮地震预测研究和固体潮地球动力学研究二者在振动频率、振动源体积、传输距离与介质等方面的地球物理特点与本质区别,强调了固体潮地震预测研究中最根本的工作是建立地震预测的目标和基本概念.     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Macrobenthic communities of the Pechora Sea: the past and the present on the threshhold of the prirazlomnoye oil-field exploitation

On data of bottom sampling, carried out by means of grab, trawl and underwater photography in August–September of 1993 in the area of the Pechora Sea, quantitative regularities of macrobenthos distribution are described for the ecological monitoring purposes. Maps of -biodiversity and biomass indices, bottom communities and trophic zones, singled out by dominant method, are presented. Assessment of structure changes of the investigated area bottom communities during the last 60–70 years is fulfilled. It is shown that the described communities on the whole are of natural undisturbed character and that the revealed changes are within the natural fluctuations in the abundance of benthic populations or may be interpreted in terms of methodical differences in the data analysis and generalization by different authors.     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

中国大陆构造环境监测网络基准站多路径效应影响因素浅析

在数据完整率达到95%的基础上,为进一步确保中国大陆构造环境监测网络GNSS基准站观测数据质量,选取2010—2020年全国基准站观测数据,采用TEQC软件进行质量检验,分类整理其中多路径效应计算结果呈典型特征的台站,结合观测环境状态,对多路径效应存在的区域性特征进行分析,发现除接收机天线周围发生遮挡外,硬件更换、台站周围地势差等因素,均对多路径效应产生不同程度的影响,可为建站选址和观测环境监测工作提供参考。