疏散星团M11的研究:3.团星分布的两点相关函数分析

本文首次利用两点相关函数，对著名中年疏散星团M11团星的空间分布进行了讨论．结果表明，无论对全部成员星还是不同星等的成员星，它们的自相关和交叉相关函数都能很好地以幂律形式描述．不同星等成员星的自相关和交叉相关计算表明，M11已经历了一定的动力学弛豫，出现了质量的空间分层效应．     

疏散星团M11的研究：3.团星分布的两点相关函数分析

本首次利用两点相关函数，对名中年疏散星团Ｍ１１团星的空间分布进行了讨论了结果表明，无论对全部成员星还是不同星等的成员星，它们的自相关和交叉相关函数都很好地以幂律形式描述，不同星等成员星的自相关的交叉相关计算表明，Ｍ１１已经历了一定的动力学驰豫，出现了质量的空间分层效应。     

球状星团成员星的空间相关性分析

以球状星团NGC (New General Catalogue) 104、NGC 5139、NGC 6121为实验样区, 选取了视差等10个恒星参数, 通过引入地学中的空间分析理论和相应的分析框架为定量描述球状星团成员星的空间分布特征提出了一种基于地学的研究范式. 通过计算全局和局部莫兰(Moran)指数得到球状星团成员星各恒星参数的空间分布特征. 研究结果表明: 球状星团NGC 104、NGC 5139、NGC 6121成员星的各恒星参数在总体上呈现出空间正相关特性, 表现出空间集聚特征, 但不同恒星参数之间存在差异; 局部空间分布也呈现聚集特征, 而不同的成员星呈现出不同的空间分布特性和趋势. 总体而言, 用地学空间相关分析系统地定量化描述球状星团成员星空间分布特征, 能够为球状星团的研究提供新的思路.     

不同光度星系大尺度分布的交叉相关分析

在对不同光度星系大尺度分布进行空间两点相关函数分析的基础上,仍以CfA红移巡天资料为样本,对不同光度星系分布进行了交叉相关分析。结果表明,不同光度星系间的交叉相关函数仍可近似地以幂函数表示,说明不同光度星系在空间是一起成团的。但在较小尺度上((?)4—6Mpc),光度较高的星系间相关更强,而在更大一些尺度上光度较高的星系间相关减弱更快,甚至变得比与光度较低星系间的相关更弱。结合前面对自相关函数分析的结果可以看到,统计上看来,星系分布形成群和团。群或团中亮的星系形成更致密的分布而较暗的星系则在这些群和团中分布较弥散。此结果表明星系光度和其环境(密度)有关,从而从观测上为Biased星系形成理论提供了一个可能的证据。     

疏散星团NGC 6530的光度函数和分层效应

该文利用疏散星团NGC 6530的自行观测数据和成员判别结果,给出了星团的光度函数,并详细讨论了星团的质量分层效应。分析表明,NGC 6530存在空间质量分层效应,但并不存在速度质量分层,因此星团的表观空间质量分层可能起因于星团形成时的初始条件,而不是动力学弛豫的结果。     

疏散星团M11的研究:4.CM图、光度函数和分层效应

利用上海天文台 40cm天体照相仪底片资料所提供的疏散星团M1 1天区 (团心距r≤2 5′)内的 785颗恒星的相对自行和成员概率 ,讨论了M1 1的CM图、年龄、距离、半径、光度函数、质量和分层效应 ,得到M1 1的距离为 1 659pc ,年龄为 (1 .8— 2 .2 )× 1 0 8年 ,半径约为 2 4 .5pc ,光度质量 4354M⊙ ,位力质量 50 0 0M⊙ ,在确定光度函数时 ,提出了一种考虑样本天区不完备的修正办法 ,以便从观测光度函数导出现时光度函数 .分析表明 ,作为一个中等年龄的疏散星团 ,M 1 1中的团星已表现出较明显的空间质量分层效应 ;而另一方面 ,尽管存在速度质量分层效应 ,但很不明显     

疏散星团NGC2286的研究

本文利用疏散昨团NGC2286天区内250颗恒星的相对自行及成员概率判定资料，首次对该星团的半径、光度函数以及内部运动等做较深入的研究，分析表明对NGC2286这个中等年龄的星团，正处于动力学演化的初级阶段，在空间和速度上都没有表现出象年老疏散星团M67那样较为明显的分层效应。     

金属丰度对球状星团动力学演化的影响

动力学过程和恒星演化及二者的互相影响都会对球状星团的演化产生重要影响.由于金属丰度会影响恒星的演化轨迹,与之相伴随的恒星质量损失率的变化也会对球状星团的动力学过程造成影响.通过一系列N体模拟研究金属丰度对球状星团的质量损失率、半径等的影响,并分析其原因,同时研究了大质量恒星以及星团初始数密度分布的影响.模拟中采用的球状星团模型初始成员星数目N=50000,运行于类银河系的引力势中并考虑成员星的演化.结果显示,由于低金属丰度恒星拥有较快的演化时标,所以贫金属球状星团在早期会拥有较高的质量损失,但与此同时它们的核塌缩时间会比后者显著推迟,因此在核塌缩之后其质量损失会被富金属星团反超.另外由于大质量恒星演化导致的质量损失较大,所以大质量星的存在会使金属丰度更加显著地影响球状星团早期的扩张以及随后的核塌缩过程,同时星团的初始数密度分布也对该效应有着不可忽视的影响.     

老年疏散星团的金属丰度及银盘金属丰度梯度演化研究

疏散星团是探究银河系结构与演化的良好示踪体,一直以来颇受关注.之前关于疏散星团的研究中,仅有一小部分疏散星团有金属丰度参数,而且,金属丰度的测量,是基于不同质量的观测数据,采用了不同的方法.收集了一个年龄大于2 Gyr的老年疏散星团样本,通过整理这些星团成员星的金属丰度数据,一方面,以星团NGC 2682为例,对比了不同光谱巡天项目给出的星团成员星金属丰度的系统差异;另一方面,计算了星团成员星金属丰度的平均值和中位值,作为该疏散星团的金属丰度推荐值.此外,还利用该样本探究了银盘径向金属丰度梯度随时间的演化,结果表明,早期银盘有着更加陡峭的径向金属丰度梯度,随着演化时间的增加,银盘径向金属丰度梯度逐渐趋于平缓,为银盘化学演化模型提供了更加严格的观测约束.     

嵌埋星团质量分层的数值模拟研究

目前,对大质量恒星形成的初始条件不很清楚,特别是大质量恒星是否形成于星团中心仍有争议.有人从时标上考虑,认为嵌埋星团的质量分层现象意味着大质量恒星只能在星团中心诞生.利用Monte Carlo方法对嵌埋星团的动力学演化进行了数值模拟,并与观测进行了比较.假设初始时刻大质量恒星随机分布,一定比例的嵌埋星团因为大质量恒星的随机运动,在演化的某个时刻会呈现暂态质量分层,其中一部分相当明显.这说明,大质量恒星在中心形成并非嵌埋星团质量分层现象的唯一解释.此外,气体的动力学摩擦能有效地减小动力学质量分层的时标,从而增大暂态质量分层的概率.     

疏散星团的质量分层

对疏散星团质量分层的有关问题做了简要的评述,包括空间质量分层和速度质量分层的表现形式和探测途径,质量分层形成机制的研究现状.最后概要介绍了2MASS测光资料对探讨疏散星团质量分层效应的作用.     

The spatial evolution of stellar structures in the Large Magellanic Cloud

We present an analysis of the spatial distribution of various stellar populations within the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We combine mid-infrared selected young stellar objects, optically selected samples with mean ages between ∼9 and ∼1000 Myr and existing stellar cluster catalogues to investigate how stellar structures form and evolve within the LMC. For the analysis we use Fractured Minimum Spanning Trees, the statistical Q parameter and the two-point correlation function. Restricting our analysis to young massive (OB) stars, we confirm our results obtained for M33, namely that the luminosity function of the groups is well described by a power law with index −2, and that there is no characteristic length-scale of star-forming regions. We find that stars in the LMC are born with a large amount of substructure, consistent with a two-dimensional fractal distribution with dimension     and evolve towards a uniform distribution on a time-scale of ∼175 Myr. This is comparable to the crossing time of the galaxy, and we suggest that stellar structure, regardless of spatial scale, will be eliminated in a crossing time. This may explain the smooth distribution of stars in massive/dense young clusters in the Galaxy, while other, less massive, clusters still display large amounts of structure at similar ages. By comparing the stellar and star cluster distributions and evolving time-scales, we show that infant mortality of clusters (or 'popping clusters') has a negligible influence on the galactic structure. Finally, we quantify the influence of the elongation, differential extinction and contamination of a population on the measured Q value.     

Search for star clustering: methodology and application to the Two Micron Galactic Survey

A new approach to the study of the large-scale stellar cluster distribution in the Galaxy based on two-point correlation techniques is presented. The basic formalism for this method is outlined, and its applications are then investigated by the use of a simple model of cluster distribution in the Galaxy. This provides an estimate of the potentials of the two-point correlation function for indicating clustering in the measured star positions, which can be related to the presence of star clusters in the observed field. This technique is then applied to several areas of the Two Micron Galactic Survey catalogue, from which information is obtained on the distribution of clusters according to position in the Galaxy, as well as about age, density of stars, etc.     

Discussions of the internal motions and mass segregation of M67 on the basis of accurate proper motions

The radius and virial mass of the old open cluster M67 are presented. The internal motion and mass segregation of the cluster are also discussed on the basis of accurate stellar proper motions obtained combining three independent proper motion catalogues of the cluster. Increases of the mean proper motion and the intrinsic dispersion of member stars with radial distance from the cluster center might suggest that the stars are escaping from the cluster. The stars in both inner and outer regions appear to be in isotropic orbits. At last, it is found that both space and velocity mass segregations exist for the old open cluster due to the dynamical evolution.     

星系团的分层效应

对星系团各类分层效应的有关问题做了概要的评述,包括成员星系在位置空间和(或)速度空间中的形态分层、光度(质量)分层和元素丰度分层的表现形式和探测途径,分层效应可能的形成机制及其对星系和星系团的结构和演化的影响。     

Do accretion discs regulate the rotation of young stars?

We present a photometric study of I -band variability in the young cluster IC 348. The main purpose of the study was to identify periodic stars. In all, we find 50 periodic stars, of which 32 were previously unknown. For the first time in IC 348, we discover periods in significant numbers of lower-mass stars  ( M < 0.25 M_⊙)  and classical T Tauri stars. This increased sensitivity to periodicities is a result of the enhanced depth and temporal density of our observations, compared with previous studies. The period distribution is at first glance similar to that seen in the Orion nebula cluster (ONC), with the higher-mass stars  ( M > 0.25 M_⊙)  showing a bi-modal period distribution concentrated around periods of 2 and 8 d, and the lower-mass stars showing a uni-modal distribution, heavily biased towards fast rotators. Closer inspection of the period distribution shows that the higher-mass stars show a significant dearth of fast rotators, compared to the ONC, whilst the low-mass stars are rotating significantly faster than those in Orion. We find no correlation between rotation period and K – L colour or Hα equivalent width.
We also present a discussion of our own IC 348 data in the context of previously published period distributions for the ONC, the Orion flanking fields and NGC 2264. We find that the previously claimed correlation between infrared excess and rotation period in the ONC might, in fact, result from a correlation between infrared excess and mass. We also find a marked difference in period distributions between NGC 2264 and IC 348, which presents a serious challenge to the disc-locking paradigm, given the similarity in ages and disc fractions between the two clusters.     

A New Method of Open Cluster Membership Determination

Membership determination is the key-important step to study open clusters, which can directly in?uence on the estimation of open clusters’ physical parameters. DBSCAN (Density Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) is a density-based clustering algorithm in data mining techniques. In this paper the DBSCAN algorithm has been used for the ?rst time to make the membership determination of the open clusters NGC 6791 and M 67 (NGC 2682). Our results indicate that the DBSCAN algorithm can effectively eliminate the contamination of ?eld stars. The obtained member stars of NGC 6791 exhibit clearly a doubled main-sequence structure in the color-magnitude diagram, implying that NGC 6791 may have a more complicated history of star formation and evolution. The clustering analysis of M67 indicates the presence of mass segregation, and the distinct relative motion between the central part and the outer part of the cluster. These results demonstrate that the DBSCAN algorithm is an effective method of membership determination, and that it has some advantages superior to the conventional kinematic method.     

Galactic satellite systems: radial distribution and environment dependence of galaxy morphology

We have studied the radial distribution of the early (E/S0) and late (S/Irr) types of satellites around bright host galaxies. We made a volume-limited sample of 4986 satellites brighter than   M _r=−18.0  associated with 2254 hosts brighter than   M _r=−19.0  from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 5 sample. The morphology of satellites is determined by an automated morphology classifier, but the host galaxies are visually classified. We found segregation of satellite morphology as a function of the projected distance from the host galaxy. The amplitude and shape of the early-type satellite fraction profile are found to depend on the host luminosity. This is the morphology–radius/density relation at the galactic scale. There is a strong tendency for morphology conformity between the host galaxy and its satellites. The early-type fraction of satellites hosted by early-type galaxies is systematically larger than that of late-type hosts, and is a strong function of the distance from the host galaxies. Fainter satellites are more vulnerable to the morphology transformation effects of hosts. Dependence of satellite morphology on the large-scale background density was detected. The fraction of early-type satellites increases in high-density regions for both early- and late-type hosts. It is argued that the conformity in morphology of galactic satellite system is mainly originated by the hydrodynamical and radiative effects of hosts on satellites.