蓬莱19-3 油田事故溢油数值模拟

利用FVCOM(Finite-volume coastal ocean numerical model)数值模型和MM5风场预报模式,在对渤海海域水动力场进行数值模拟的基础上,基于"油粒子"的欧拉-拉格朗日跟踪法和随机走动原理,并考虑风对溢油油膜漂移扩散的直接作用,建立了海洋溢油油膜漂移轨迹和扩散的数值预测模型。利用建立的模型对2011年6月蓬莱19-3油田事故溢油进行了数值模拟,模拟结果与RADARSAT卫星遥感监测数据相吻合。研究结果表明:在渤海中部地区夏季事故溢油模拟预测中,风漂移因子取0.024最为合理,模型可用于渤海蓬莱19-3油田附近事故溢油轨迹和扩散的快速预报,从而为该区域的溢油事故应急响应提供科学依据。     

2011年6月-8月渤海湾溢油事故长期后报数值模拟

三维业务化溢油应急预报系统不仅能提供逐时的海洋环境信息预报和溢油漂移扩散,还能对溢油事件进行后报数值模拟。2011年6月4日在渤海湾蓬莱19-3B采油平台发生溢油事件,同月17日19-3C平台也发生溢油事件。此次溢油事故造成了数千平方公里海水受污染。本文采用国家海洋环境预报中心自主研发的溢油模型对蓬莱19-3溢油事件进行长期后报数值模拟,在风流海洋环境场的驱动下,模拟了2016年6月到2016年8月,两个平台溢油的漂移扩散情况、影响范围,靠岸时间和影响岸段等。风场采用基于WRF模型模拟得到的再分析风场,并用实测风对再分析风场进行订正,流场采用基于POM模式在再分析风场驱动下得到的海流。后报结果显示,溢油主要向西北方向漂移,并最终靠岸,其扫过的海域也主要在平台的西北方向,这与观测结果一致,验证了后报的可靠性。     

The error source analysis of oil spill transport modeling: a case study

Numerical modeling is an important tool to study and predict the transport of oil spills. However, the accu- racy of numerical models is not always good enough to provide reliable information for oil spill transport. It is necessary to analyze and identify major error sources for the models. A case study was conducted to analyze error sources of a three-dimensional oil spill model that was used operationally for oil spill forecast- ing in the National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center （NMEFC）, the State Oceanic Administration, China. On June 4, 2011, oil from sea bed spilled into seawater in Penglai 19-3 region, the largest offshore oil field of China, and polluted an area of thousands of square kilometers in the Bohai Sea. Satellite remote sensing images were collected to locate oil slicks. By performing a series of model sensitivity experiments with different wind and current forcings and comparing the model results with the satellite images, it was identified that the major errors of the long-term simulation for oil spill transport were from the wind fields, and the wind-induced surface currents. An inverse model was developed to estimate the temporal variabil- ity of emission intensity at the oil spill source, which revealed the importance of the accuracy in oil spill source emission time function.     

海洋石油平台溢油风险评价研究

通过层次分析法,系统分析了我国钻井平台及生产平台的溢油风险因子,初步建立了该类设施的溢油风险评价指标体系,并运用多级模糊综合评级模型对目标设施的溢油风险进行综合评价。利用该评价方法对渤海某一钻井平台进行溢油风险分析,结果表明该平台溢油风险等级较低,风险因子中海区环境及平台疲劳老化程度的风险相对突出。该评价方法可及时判断目标设施的溢油风险等级,为减少、预防各类平台溢油事故提供技术支持。     

基于MIKE3的渤海三维温盐数值模拟

基于有限体积法的MIKE3 Flow Model建立了渤海地区水动力和温盐数值计算模型,并考虑了渤海沿岸十六条主要河流径流输入、风、降水、蒸发、太阳辐射(短波辐射、长波辐射、感热、潜热)等因素的影响。输出2010年数据作为结果,水动力和温盐模拟结果验证良好。经分析得到如下结论:模拟得到的2010年渤海温盐全年变化均呈一峰一谷形式。渤海冬季最高温度出现在渤海海峡附近海域,温度约4.5℃;渤海夏季平均海表温度26.34℃,较1970～1996年渤海海区夏季的平均温度区间22.5～26.5℃明显偏高;夏季温跃层集中在5m-15m深度范围内,渤海海峡处跃层深度超过了20m;模拟得到的冬季莱州湾盐度在27.8～30.4PSU的范围,夏季25～29.5PSU;莱州湾和辽东湾在夏季出现低盐区,辽东湾顶的低盐区面积约1364km^2,黄河口处的低盐区面积约448km^2,小清河口附近的低盐区面积约1029km^2;渤海大部分海域夏季盐度分层并不像温跃层那样明显。     

2000年夏末和翌年初冬渤海水文特征

利用2000年夏季和2001年冬季渤海两次CTD资料,系统分析了渤海冬、夏季温盐密度的分布特征,并揭示了渤海现有的水文特征与以往研究结果相比存在一些新现象,表现在:夏季在渤海海峡、辽东湾口和渤海湾口中部中、下层存在3个低温中心,在渤海中部则出现1个上下均匀一致的高温中心;冬季等温线以渤海海峡暖中心向西和向北两个方向伸入渤海,而从秦皇岛外海有一冷水舌向东南方向伸展,在渤海中部海域形成"马鞍状"等温线结构.冬、夏季渤海盐度比以往有显著升高,并明显高于北黄海西部,盐度分布势态表现为渤海湾高盐,渤海海峡低盐特征.密度分布表明:夏季渤海的密度流较强,并在中部可能存在多个密度流涡环;冬季渤海"马鞍状"温盐结构反映其环流结构要比以往研究结果复杂得多,黄海暖流(余脉)在渤海存在分支现象.利用模式对其进行密度流的诊断模拟,结果和实测温盐场符合较好.     

基于DRLSE模型的SAR溢油提取方法

为提高海上溢油轮廓SAR提取精度,验证了FCM(Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm)与DRLSE(Distance Regularized Level Set Evolution)模型结合的方法提取SAR溢油信息的有效性;鉴于其无法避免细小噪音的影响以及薄油膜提取效果不好的问题,提出了阈值和DRLSE模型结合的溢油信息提取方法,通过阈值构建溢油区域初始轮廓,克服了图像细小噪声对溢油提取的影响,更有利于提取薄油膜信息,溢油提取精度优于H/A/alpha-Wishart非监督分类方法和FCM与DRLSE模型结合的方法。     

舟山海域溢油行为与归宿

研究舟山海域溢油污染的问题,选用"油粒子"追踪模式,在潮流计算的基础上模拟了海上溢油动态.将海上溢油油膜离散为大量油粒子,每个油粒子代表一定油量,在表层海流和风的作用下漂移,而油膜的扩展则通过油粒子的随机走动来实现.本文以柴油为溢油油种,选择静风高潮时、低潮时和不利风向情况下的低潮时作为溢油初始时间,对溢油漂移路径及扫海范围进行了预测.     

Bohai Sea oil spill model: a numerical case study

An operational Bohai Sea oil spill serving module (BSOSSM) that can provide users with trajectory and movement information of the released oil is developed for the purpose of informing mitigation of oil spill incidents in the Bohai Sea, China. BSOSSM is one of the serving modules that had been integrated in China digital ocean prototype system, a marine information platform for managing, displaying and disseminating all the data investigated by China 908 Program. The oil spill trajectory is calculated by an oil spill model (OSM), which serves as a component in BSOSSM. The impacts of wind, current, as well as Stokes drift on oil spill trajectory are studied by sensitivity experiments conducted using OSM. Simulation results indicate that wind forcing is the most important factor in controlling the oil trajectory at the sea surface in Bohai Sea, whereas current and Stokes drift play relatively less important roles. However, because the direction of waves generally follows that of the wind, Stokes drift does lead to an increase in oil drift and spreading velocity. Case studies of the Penglai 19-3 oil spill incident (June 2011) and Xingang oil spill (April 2005) demonstrate that OSM can generally reproduce the oil spreading, and is therefore capable of supporting the emergency response of future oil spills in the Bohai Sea through BSOSSM.     

溢油污染的渤海海冰反射光谱特征实测研究

Oil spilled on the sea ice surface in the Bohai Sea of China is studied through the field measurements of the reflectance of a simulated sea ice-oil film mixed pixel. The reflection characteristics of sea ice and oil film are also analyzed. It is found that the mixed pixel of sea ice and oil film is a linear mixed pixel. The means of extracting sea ice pixels containing oil film is presented using a double-band ratio oil-film sea-ice index(DROSI) and a normalized difference oil-film sea-ice index(NDOSI) through the analysis of the reflectance curves of the sea iceoil film pixel for different ratios of oil film. The area proportion of the oil film in the sea ice-oil film pixel can be accurately estimated by the average reflectance of the band of 1 610–1 630 nm, and the volume of the spilled oil can be further estimated. The method of the sea ice-oil film pixel extraction and the models to estimate the proportion of oil film area in the sea ice-oil film pixel can be applied to the oil spill monitoring of the ice-covered area in the Bohai Sea using multispectral or hyperspectral remote sensing images in the shortwave infrared band(1 500–1 780 nm).     

Numerical Study of the Oil Spill Trajectory in Bohai Sea,China

Sixteen numerical experiments are conducted using the General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment (GNOME) to numerically study the oil spill trajectory in the Bohai Sea, China, for the purpose of providing information for the oil cleanup and disaster mitigation. High resolution coastline and topography data investigated by China's 908 Program are used to accurately describe the regional geographic feature of the Bohai Sea. Currents and waves required by GNOME are generated by the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model and Simulating Wave Nearshore, respectively. Experimental results show that oil spilled in different seasons and at different locations will result in completely different spilling trajectories, traveling distances, and polluting areas. Knowing that information comprehensively is vital to pollution control. Another important goal of this work is to provide users with simulated oil spill trajectory information through China Digital Ocean Prototype System (CDOPS), a grand marine information platform for managing, displaying, and public sharing of the data investigated by the China 908 Program. Users can obtain the trajectory, spreading, and potential impact area of the spilled oil through the oil spill module in CDOPS.     

The effects of the M/V Sea Prince accident on maritime safety management in Korea

The Sea Prince accident was the first VLCC accident in Korea and a shock to the general public and government. Before the accident, any oil-spill management plan, such as National contingency plan (NCP) and regional contingency plans (RCPs), was not available and the resources for oil spills were lacking for the Sea Prince accident. About 5000 tons of oil spilled, polluting large areas of southern coastal waters, damaging the fisheries, including aquaculture. After the Sea Prince accident, Korea's government established various alternatives for dealing with oil spills, such as the NCP, RCPs, Typhoon Refuge Management Plan, and resources for oil-spill response. However, port safety management in emergency situations such as typhoons has not been solved.     

渤海结冰海区溢油行为数值模拟

基于溢与海冰,水,大气的相互作用原理,建立了渤海结冰海区溢油行为数据模式,该模式模拟子结冰海区中油的输运过程,与国外有关模式相比更加重视冰场和冰速场的作用。海冰及潮流模式及采被实况检验过的渤海海冰数值预报模式。     

原油红外光谱鉴别中的小波分析法

本文对渤海海上 2个不同区块所产原油的红外光谱进行小波分析 ,分别获得不同尺度下的光谱信息。通过观察比较不同尺度下的光谱信息 ,包括谱图的大体形状 (谱图的低频部分 )和特征峰信息 (谱图的高频部分 ) ,更好地对 2种原油进行了分辨 ,为提高用红外光谱法进行海上溢油鉴别的准确度探索出 1种新的方法     

渤黄东海40年温盐流模拟与初步分析

使用ROMS(regional oceanic modeling system)模式模拟了40年的渤黄东海温盐流,数据包括三维的温度、盐度、流速、流向和海表高度,同时包含了逐小时的潮汐信息。将模拟结果与观测资料和卫星反演数据进行对比,检验了模式准确性。整体上,模式模拟的水位与近岸观测值基本一致,能够准确再现风产生的增水;模式较为准确的再现了渤黄东海的温度分布,在深水区模拟的温盐剖面与观测值基本一致;模式模拟渤黄东海区域的海表高度和海表流与卫星反演结果相比偏小,但分布趋势相近。模式结果可以为研究气候变化对水位的影响和黄海暖舌的扩散过程等现象提供数据支持。     

Numerical Simulation of Bohai Oil Spill in the Winter Sea Ice Period

The Bohai Sea is a seasonal icy sea area that has the lowest latitude of any sea experiencing icing in the northern hemisphere, and simulation studies on oil spills during its sea ice period are the key to analyzing winter oil spill accidents. This study applied the three-dimensional free surface to establish a high-resolution hydrodynamic model and simulate tidal distributions in the Bohai Sea. Then, the oil spill model of the open sea area and thermodynamic model were combined to establish a numerical model for the Bohai oil spill during the winter sea ice period. The hydrodynamic model and sea ice growth and melting model were verified, and the parameters were adjusted based on the measured values, which indicate that the numerical model established in this paper is of high accuracy,stability and ubiquity. Finally, after checking the calculations repeatedly, the diffusion coefficient for the Bohai Sea was determined to be 1.0×10~(–7 )m~2/s. It is better that the comprehensive weathering attenuation coefficient is lower than that of a non-winter oil spill, with 1.3×10~(–7 )m~2/s being the most appropriate coefficient. This study can provide the reliable technical support for the operational safety and reduction in losses caused by winter oil spill accidents for the petroleum industry.     

渤海的环流、潮余流及其对沉积物分布的影响

阐明渤海环流和潮余流的分布特征及其与沉积物输运之间的关系。本文根据８０年代以来的实测海流资料得到：辽东湾的环流是顺时针向的；黄河三角洲外海存在着一支流向东北偏北向流，与辽东湾西部的东北向海流相接；渤海湾内的环流北部为反时针向，南部为顺时针向回转的双环结构。上述环流趋势与渤海沉积物分布相一致。渤海沿岸主要入海河流的特征矿物分布正在上述环流存在的最好佐证。文中进一步讨论了潮余流分布特征及其对渤海环流的     

渤海海域表层沉积物中的多环芳烃综述

为保障渤海海域的污染物控制和生态环境保护,文章基于已有监测数据,分析渤海海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs、LPAHs、HPAHs和CPAHs)的分布、来源及其与沿岸陆地的相关性。研究结果表明:PAHs、LPAHs、HPAHs和CPAHs含量最高的海湾分别为莱州湾、渤海湾、辽东湾和渤海湾,3个海湾均以LPAHs为主;PAHs及其各类组成的来源主要包括入海河流携带的陆源污染物,海流输送并沉积的泄漏原油以及港口、城市和工业基地的排放污水;PAHs的分布受沿岸土地开发利用以及工业和城镇建设等人类活动影响较大,且沿岸土壤中的PAHs对海洋环境造成破坏。     

深海环境中溢油输移扩散的初步数值模拟

通过对溢油在深海环境中的输移过程及行为特点的分析,初步建立基于拉格朗日积分法的深海溢油模型.该模型除了能够模拟油气混合物在真实深海环境中的共同输移与分离输移扩散过程,还考虑了石油溶解、气体溶解、天然气水合物形成与分解等行为变化对溢油运动轨迹的影响.应用该模型初步数值模拟了一次实际深海溢油试验,结果表明溢油在水下的空间分...     

山东蓬莱沿海的贝类

本文报导了蓬莱沿海的贝类１１１种,隶属４９科８６属 ,并对它们的生态类型,区和纱分布特点作了初步分析。