深潜用空心玻璃微珠和固体浮力材料的研制及其研究现状

高强度固体浮力材料是现代深潜技术的重要组成部分之一，对保证潜器浮力、增大潜器有效载荷有着重要作用。本文以其关键原料——空心玻璃微珠的介绍为基础，论述了浮力材料的研究进展，并介绍了本实验室在空心玻璃微珠及其固体浮力材料制备方面的研究工作。本实验室制备的空心玻璃微珠的密度已低至0.21 g?cm–3，其在12MPa下的破碎率为40.6%；浮力材料密度为0.52 g?cm–3时，其压缩强度可达到40MPa。     

下一代深海装备用高强度陶瓷材料及结构分析

深海装备在服役过程中需要抵抗海水及应力腐蚀，承受载荷对结构的考验及深海环境的高压强， 这对材料的综合性能提出了巨大挑战。以氧化铝为代表的高强度陶瓷材料具有耐腐蚀、质量轻、高强度等特点，在深海装备应用中具有巨大潜力。对多种高强度陶瓷材料进行了分析比较，并针对深海应用的要求讨论了材料选型和缺陷要求，为下一代深海装备材料的发展提供了参考。     

万米级深海陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆流场数值模拟

耐压结构是深海潜器的重要组成部分,但在深海的高压环境中却存在内爆的风险。为研究陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆的流场特性,使用针对可压缩多相流问题开发的开源代码,采用直接数值模拟,应用自适应直角网格,对两种压力条件下的耐压结构水下内爆进行了数值模拟。通过低压模拟结果与理论解和试验值比较,验证了模拟方法的有效性,进而开展万米级深海陶瓷耐压结构水下内爆模拟。分析发现：陶瓷耐压结构发生内爆后,其内部气腔存在多次压缩—反弹现象,深海环境压力越大则反弹越不明显;气腔反弹阶段,在结构外部将产生数倍于深海环境压力的冲击波,且传播速度接近声速;冲击波压力峰值与到球心距离呈负指数幂函数关系;在相同深海环境压力下,耐压结构外部监测点的冲击波压力与球体半径呈正比例关系。     

一种新型深海海洋平台——几何形Spar和集成浮力桶的试验研究

介绍了一种新型深海海洋平台——几何形Spar壳体概念和集成浮力桶立管支撑概念，并与常规Spar和桁架式Spar进行了比较。为测定多角形Spar和集成浮力桶在不同环境条件下运动响应的总体性能，设计并完成了在海洋工程水池中的模型试验，此类试验在国内尚属首次。     

深海视频采集系统保护窗口的设计和优化

保护窗口是深海视频采集系统的关键组件。为提高深海视频采集系统的整体性能,保障深海资源的勘探和开发利用,文章通过力学分析、理论对比和打压试验等过程,对保护窗口进行设计和优化。研究结果表明:球扇形窗口更适合全海深均匀高压环境;与主流窗口材料蓝宝石相比,我国自主研制的YAG透明陶瓷在性能和成本上具有优势;以第四强度理论作为充分准则进行设计,以第一和第二强度理论作为必要条件进行校验,结合有限元力学分析结果,外径为96mm的半球形保护窗口的最优内径为76mm;对采用该内径尺寸透明陶瓷保护窗口的深海视频采集系统进行全海深压强水下打压试验,有力证实相关理论和设计思想的合理性和可靠性。     

压缩加载条件下含水合物沉积物蠕变特性分析

水合物开采可能诱发海底滑坡或其他工程地质灾害。实现水合物商业化开采需要中长期稳定产气，长期荷载下储层的蠕变特性是地层稳定性评价的基础力学参数。利用南海水合物储层粉黏土为试验介质在压缩加载条件下的系列固结排水蠕变测量试验结果，对粉黏土的蠕变特性进行了分析。结果表明，加载过程中，含水合物沉积物经历瞬时变形、固结变形和蠕变变形3个阶段；随着加载应力和水合物饱和度的提高，蠕变应变不断增加；修正的Singh-Mitchell蠕变模型可以较好预测不同应力水平和水合物饱和度下粉黏土的蠕变特性。     

焊接节点低温疲劳试验与低温主S-N曲线的构建

为了拓展主S-N曲线法,使之更好地适用于低温、极地环境下船舶与海洋工程结构物的疲劳评估,进行了EH36材料T型焊接接头的低温疲劳性能试验,收集了国内外多个焊接节点低温疲劳数据,建立了疲劳试验试件的有限元模型,运用等效结构应力法,计算焊接节点的等效结构应力,构建低温环境下焊接节点的主S-N曲线。使用该曲线,预测低温疲劳试验的寿命,并与疲劳试验结果、常温主S-N曲线、常温中值D曲线的预测结果进行了比较,结果表明,所提低温主S-N曲线预测方法具有较高精度,可用于低温环境下船舶与海洋结构物疲劳寿命的预测。     

含水合物粉细砂的三轴试验及模拟

利用水饱和法制备含天然气水合物试样,进行等向压缩试验和不排水三轴试验.采用天然气水合物临界状态(M HCS)模型同时预测排水条件和不排水条件下的三轴试验,并进行变动参数分析.不排水条件下,密实纯砂发生应变硬化,而相近密实度的含水合物试样出现应变软化,峰值偏应力随水合物饱和度和围压增大.通过与排水和不排水三轴试验结果的对...     

基于参考压缩线的砂土压缩模型

等向压缩线不唯一及V-lgp空间内非线性变化是砂土压缩模型构建过程中存在的两大问题。通过分析砂土的等向压缩曲线变化特征,结合其力学特性提出了与临界状态线在0点相交并与其它等向压缩线在高压下相互汇聚的等向压缩线作为参考压缩线。采用ln(V-Vmin)-(p/pa)ξ空间内线性函数来描述参考压缩线与临界状态线。利用当前体积到参考压缩线的距离构建状态参量并建立修正函数以获取其它体积下的压缩曲线斜率。参考压缩线及弹性变形规律。基于参考压缩线建立的砂土压缩模型不仅表现出砂土在低应力段的小变形特征及高压下的近似线性关系,而且能够描述极限体积附近的低压缩性特征。模型预测与Toyoura砂等向压缩试验及循环压缩试验、弯曲元试验及共振柱试验对比结果表明,提出的砂土压缩模型不仅能够很好地描述Toyoura砂的压缩特性,而且能够较为可靠地预测砂土弹性变形趋势。     

土体修正剑桥模型p′:q:υ关系的归一化分析

修正剑桥模型是基于临界状态理论下提出的一种描述黏土体应力-应变行为的弹塑性本构模型,具有形式简单、参数少并具有明确的物理意义,易采用试验确定,能够比较准确的描述黏土的应力-应变行为等优点。修正剑桥模型在描述土体力学行为时,需要表达土体有效应力p′,剪切力q和体积比υ的三者关系,这就要求将3个变量呈现在1个三维图表或者2个二维图表上。本文采用两种方法对模型中的3个变量进行归一化处理,通过对修正剑桥模型的屈服面方程进一步的推导和转化,将三者之间的关系用1个二维图形表示出来。与此同时,通过编写程序模拟土体三轴排水和不排水试验中的应力路径并将结果表现在二维图形中,发现模拟结果与常规方法一致,从而验证了该归一化处理的有效性和准确性。     

Development of structural modeling techniques for evaluating HDPE plastic net pens used in marine aquaculture

Finite-element modeling (FEM) techniques are developed to determine the structural capabilities of net pen flotation structures made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The modeling approach uses shell elements and localized failure criteria to predict critical loading conditions. Finite element modeling simulations were performed using values for the modulus of elasticity for weathered HDPE determined from a series of tensile tests. Poisson's ratio and yield stress used with the approach were obtained from standard manufacturers values. To investigate the method, a series of experiments were performed in the laboratory by testing circular sections of HDPE pipe to localized failure (“kinking”). The same test was replicated with the FEM using localized failure techniques. Laboratory and model results were within 16%. A FEM was then built to represent the complex geometry of a net pen flotation structure deployed at an operational fish farm located in Eastport, ME, USA. Simulations were performed using attachment line tension values measured at the site. The goal was to assess flotation pipe stress levels for typical operational conditions. Simulations were also performed to investigate the maximum capabilities of the net pen structure with different attachment line configurations. Quantifying the operational limits will become more important as these systems are considered for more exposed, energetic environments.     

Numerical Analysis of Factors Influencing Implosion

-By using gas-liquid two-phase flow theory, a modified mathematical model based on the computational fluid dynamics method SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations) is introduced to investigate implosion phenomena in high pressure chambers systematically. A theoretical simulation-prediction method, which is independent of experimental data, is developed in the paper and great improvement has been made on the topic. In the paper, various implosion situations have been simulated and predicted. Effects of a series of factors influencing implosion results and methods of reducing implosion danger have been analysed. The analysis results are of importance to underwater engineering practice.     

影响内破裂因素的数值分析研究

根据气－液两相流理论，引入并改进了计算流体动力学方法（ＳＩＭＰＬＥ），对压力筒内的内破裂现象进行了系统的研究，本研究发展了一套不依赖于试验结果的预报方法，较之以前的理论研究结果有了长足的进展，所采用的模型与假设能用于多种内破状况的模拟与预报。本文对多种状态的内破裂进行了数值预报，对于一系列影响内破裂的因素及降低内破裂危险性的方法进行了分析研究，分析结果对海洋水下工程实践有重要意义。     

Fluid-Filled Passive Sonar Calibration Spheres: Design, Modeling, and Measurement

Hollow spheres have long been used as simple underwater targets for testing acoustic projector systems. While spheres offer a mathematically simple shape with a resolvable scattering strength, their usage as a passive target has been less successful due to the complicated manner in which a hollow sphere scatters energy from its exterior and interior as a function of frequency and temperature. Furthermore, a sphere's aspect independent scattering requires a surface area that is physically much greater than a wavelength which in turn requires mechanical support systems that are also large, often with target strengths that rival that of the test target itself. This paper discusses the development of several thin-walled spheres, ranging in diameters from 0.1524 to 0.4953 m, filled with a high-density fluid, to be used collectively as calibrated underwater sonar targets in the 5–50-kHz frequency range and an additional 0.4953-m diameter sphere tested over the range of 5–120 kHz. The combination of the spherical shape and focusing effects of the fluid enhances the acoustic scattering strength of the sphere and produces a significantly greater backscattered response than a rigid sphere. A simple theoretical model is presented to compare several fill fluid possibilities and is then used to compare the chosen fluid, fluorolube, against measured data for each sphere.      

Numerical Analyses of Bearing Capacity of Deep-Embedded Large-Diameter Cylindrical Structure on Soft Ground Against Lateral Loads

1 .IntroductionThe large-diameter cylindrical structure for coastal and offshore engineering has been widely usedin China .Thistype of structureis composed of a steel or reinforced concrete cylindrical thin-wall shellplaced partlyintothe ground by a speci…     

设计相关动载荷作用下的水下耐压结构拓扑优化

常规耐压结构拓扑优化设计研究主要集中于静水压条件下的设计相关载荷拓扑优化理论及方法。但是,在深海环境下,耐压结构可能面临内爆所产生的冲击载荷,其载荷呈现高频率的周期性变化。为研究载荷变化对耐压结构优化设计的影响,在BILE模型的基础上,结合修正的SIMP插值模型,开展不同频率、设计相关动载荷作用下的水下耐压结构拓扑优化理论及方法研究。设计相关动载荷的难点在于不仅载荷的作用位置和方向在优化过程中发生变化,且其大小也随优化过程进行而发生变化,这是与常规设计相关静载荷本质的不同。通过经典的拱形结构优化算例验证BILE模型在动力学拓扑优化中的可行性,进而研究设计相关动载荷作用下的水下耐压结构的最佳拓扑形式。研究表明,在低频时,圆环型耐压结构无明显变化,但多球交接耐压结构在交接处会出现明显材料聚集;高频时,两者均发生明显变化,得到耐压结构新形式。关于设计相关动载荷作用下的水下耐压结构拓扑优化研究,将对新型水下耐压结构的探索具有一定的工程应用价值。     

局部重力场球冠谐分析中的导数计算及应用

在建立局部地区的地球重力场模型中,球冠谐分析是一种有效的方法。在球冠坐标系下建立重力场模型时,仅涉及到重力位的垂向分量,不必进行关于极角的微分运算,所以仅用单个正交基来建模,但若要在球冠坐标系下对重力场作进一步分析,如类似于平面处理的导数运算,来突出地质体的边界,要计算极角的微分,利用单个正交基表示则不易收敛,且误差较大。本文中作者采用两个正交基函数在球冠坐标系下对重力场建模,推导计算了径向导数和曲面导数模,并利用棱柱体正演模型进行检验,结果表明双基函数建模更适合曲面上的位场表示。最后计算了冲绳海槽地区卫星测高重力异常数据的曲面导数,径向导数清晰划分了东海陆架上大构造单元,曲面导数梯度带显示了东海陆架外缘隆起带,也指示了陆架盆地内的一些局部构造。这表明双基函数的球冠谐分析是一种有效的曲面位场建模方法。     

A pseudo-coupled analytic fluid-structure interaction method for underwater implosion of cylindrical shells

Underwater implosion, the rapid collapse of a structure caused by hydrostatic pressure, is a fully coupled, highly dynamic and nonlinear fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problem. The primary motivation behind studying implosion is the short-duration, high-pressure pulse generated in the surrounding water. This paper presents a simplified analytic method to estimate the energy in the pressure pulse, based on potential flow theory. The method accounts for the varying fluid pressure and accompanying FSI. The focus is on long, thin, unstiffened metallic cylindrical shells that collapse in mode 2. The implosion pulse energy is shown to be equal to the maximum system kinetic energy developed during collapse. The kinetic energy is calculated using an energy balance approach and analytic solutions for plastic energy dissipation and energy required to compress the internal air. The time-varying fluid pressure, and subsequently the work done by the fluid on the cylinder, is found using a novel explicit time-stepping methodology. The result is a pseudo-coupled analytic solution for the fluid pressure time history and implosion pulse energy. Solutions for pulse energy agree with RANS numerical simulations within 5%.     

Shear Behavior of Sand–Silt Mixtures: A Laboratory Investigation of Coastal Silty Sand Soils of Mostaganem

In recent years, interest in understanding the mechanisms of mechanical instability of porous media, leading to catastrophic failure has been continuously revised to include, new porous media parameters generating the phenomenon of liquefaction under static or dynamic loadings. Results from experimental test programs have concluded too many physical concepts based on material intrinsic properties, initial states, and other characteristics. Despite the great progress on the subject, these concepts do not allow a unified treatment of such porous media. The assessment of critical shear strength of sandy soils as porous media under undrained conditions is a major challenge in stability analysis. Such strength serves to evaluate the occurrence of flow deformation under liquefaction phenomena. The determination of the critical undrained strength is essentially fundamental for the design of soil structures such as earth dams, bridge supports, building foundations as well as soil densification process to avoid catastrophic failure due to soil instability manifested by failure or large displacement such as settlement. In this work, experimental program on reconstituted loose and medium dense specimens of terrigenous silica sands with different specified fine contents was carried out to analyze its mechanical behavior under undrained conditions. The present article is an attempt to experimentally describe mechanical behavior and theoretically justify such response of loose and medium dense sand by means of critical state soil parameters.