Evolution of hydrothermal fluids of HS and LS type epithermal Au–Ag deposits in the Seongsan hydrothermal system of the Cretaceous Haenam volcanic field,South Korea

The Haenam volcanic field was formed in the southern part of the Korean peninsula by the climactic igneous activity of the Late Cretaceous. The volcanic field hosts more than nine hydrothermal clay deposits and two epithermal Au–Ag deposits. This study focuses on the relationship between hydrothermal clay alteration and epithermal Au–Ag mineralization based on the geology, alteration mineralogy, geochronology, and mineralization characteristics.These clay and epithermal Au–Ag deposits are interpreted to have formed by the same hydrothermal event which produced two distinct types of mineral systems: 1) Au-dominant epithermal Au–Ag deposit and 2) clay-dominant hydrothermal clay deposit. The two types of mineral systems show a close genetic relationship as suggested by their temporal and spatial relationships. The Seongsan hydrothermal system progressively evolved from a low-intermediate sulfidation epithermal system with Au–Ag mineralization and phyllic alteration to an acid–sulfate high-sulfidation system with Au–Ag mineralization and/or barren advanced argillic/argillic alteration. The Seongsan system evolved during post volcanic hydrothermal activity for at least 10 Ma in the Campanian stage of the late Cretaceous.The Seongsan hydrothermal system shows the rare and unique occurrence of superimposed high to low (intermediate) sulfidation episodes, which persisted for about 10 Ma.     

Geochemical characteristics of igneous rocks associated with epithermal mineral deposits—A review

Newly synthesized data indicate that the geochemistry of igneous rocks associated with epithermal mineral deposits varies extensively and continuously from subalkaline basaltic to rhyolitic compositions. Trace element and isotopic data for these rocks are consistent with subduction-related magmatism and suggest that the primary source magmas were generated by partial melting of the mantle-wedge above subducting oceanic slabs. Broad geochemical and petrographic diversity of individual igneous rock units associated with epithermal deposits indicate that the associated magmas evolved by open-system processes. Following migration to shallow crustal reservoirs, these magmas evolved by assimilation, recharge, and partial homogenization; these processes contribute to arc magmatism worldwide.Although epithermal deposits with the largest Au and Ag production are associated with felsic to intermediate composition igneous rocks, demonstrable relationships between magmas having any particular composition and epithermal deposit genesis are completely absent because the composition of igneous rock units associated with epithermal deposits ranges from basalt to rhyolite. Consequently, igneous rock compositions do not constitute effective exploration criteria with respect to identification of terranes prospective for epithermal deposit formation. However, the close spatial and temporal association of igneous rocks and epithermal deposits does suggest a mutual genetic relationship. Igneous systems likely contribute heat and some of the fluids and metals involved in epithermal deposit formation. Accordingly, deposit formation requires optimization of source metal contents, appropriate fluid compositions and characteristics, structural features conducive to hydrothermal fluid flow and confinement, and receptive host rocks, but not magmas with special compositional characteristics.     

印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛马塔比(Martabe)浅成低温热液型金-银矿床的地质特征与找矿标志

马塔比矿床位于印度尼西亚北苏门答腊省,是印度尼西亚近年确认的一处世界级高硫浅成低温热液型金-银矿床。文章在梳理前人研究的基础上,对其成矿地质特征与找矿标志进行了总结,以丰富该类型矿床实例,指导找矿实践。该矿床金银矿化呈现典型的高硫型浅成低温热液系统蚀变分带特征,由内而外依次发育硅化带、高级泥化带、泥化带、青磐岩化带。赋矿英安岩的锆石U-Pb 定年结果为（3.8±0.5）Ma,热液变质成因明矾石的Ar-Ar 坪年龄分别为（3.3±0.11）Ma 和（2.14±0.10）Ma,表明成岩与成矿间隔时间较短,且可能存在两期高级泥化蚀变作用。成矿作用既有岩浆热液又有大气水的参与,后期地表风化作用使金和银进一步富集。马塔比矿床具有高硫型浅成低温热液矿床的典型特征,总结其找矿标志包括构造环境标志、岩性标志、蚀变标志和化探标志。     

菲律宾拉拉布金矿床围岩蚀变与成矿作用

从"景"、"场"、"相"、"床"4个等级体制观点出发,阐述了该金属成矿省成矿内部组成,观点新颖。金矿赋存于中新世-更新世马林丹群火山岩中,该群火山岩呈零星岛状散布于斯丹岗-哥塔巴托-大姑玛线性构造活动带(SCDL)的东部,并受到后期安山玢岩的侵入。安山玢岩具有埃达克岩性质,它的侵入对于后期的围岩蚀变和成矿作用起到重要的控制作用。拉拉布矿床的安山岩具有明显的热液蚀变,属于冰长石-绢云母型金矿化,认为金是在PH值近中性的浅表环境中由于热液沸腾并伴随流体的混合沉淀而成,通常富集于标高30~200m之间。围岩蚀变强度大,并有明显的分带规律,制约着金矿的形成。金的富集与下列地质事件相关:(1)形成角砾岩之前的围岩蚀变作用;(2)热液角砾岩的形成;(3)形成角砾岩后的围岩蚀变作用;(4)金矿形成。     

吉林延边地区浅成热液金(铜)矿床的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar激光探针测年与成矿时代讨论

延边地区是中国东北部陆缘浅成热液金铜矿床发育的地区之一,广泛发育着浅成热液金矿床、中温热液金(铜)矿床和中深成中高温热液富金铜矿床(类斑岩型);富金铜矿床的成矿时代发生在105～102 Ma,为了进一步确定浅成热液金矿床与中深成中高温热液富金铜矿床的成矿动力学背景,采用流体包裹体的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar激光探针定年法,对该区典型浅成热液金矿床进行了精细的年代学测定,获得刺猬沟金矿床、五星山金矿床和杜荒岭金矿床的脉石矿物石英流体包裹体的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar等时线年龄分别为(141±7)Ma、(123±7)Ma和(107±6)Ma,其中刺猬沟金矿床((141±7)Ma)和五星山金矿床((123±7)Ma)的脉石矿物石英流体包裹体含有过剩放射性成因~(40)Ar,而杜荒岭金矿床((107±6)Ma)的脉石矿物石英流体包裹体几乎不含或含极少量过剩放射性成因~(40)Ar。结合最新获得的相关地质体的精细年代学成果,认定该区浅成热液金矿床成矿作用均发生在早白垩世晚期,或发生在早白垩世晚期火山喷发、浅成岩浆就位之后,其形成环境与富金铜矿床一致,为古太平洋板块向亚洲大陆正北向俯冲转入Izanagi-Farallon板块西向俯冲的构造转换期。     

安徽沙坪沟斑岩钼矿床赋矿岩体钾质交代作用及其微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素响应

以沙坪沟钼矿主要的赋矿岩石——石英正长岩和花岗斑岩为对象,通过对比不同蚀变强度岩石的岩相学、岩石地球化学和同位素特征,研究该矿床的钾质交代作用-矿化特征,探讨不同热液蚀变的元素组合、蚀变过程中的元素迁移和Sr-Nd同位素的变化及其成因、不同蚀变的物理化学条件差异及其与矿化的关系,进而揭示蚀变-成矿热液流体的特征和起源。研究表明,石英正长岩和花岗斑岩的地球化学特征总体相似,显示其属同源岩浆演化产物,二者均受到钾质蚀变,但蚀变强度相差较大。钾质蚀变岩石的化学成分表现为高K_2O、Rb和低Na_2O、CaO、Sr、Ba,不同蚀变强度的岩石Rb/Sr和Sr同位素组成差别较大,花岗斑岩样品数据更显离散,甚至出现异常低的锶同位素初始值,表明热液蚀变强烈改造了Rb-Sr同位素体系,而Sm-Nd体系基本保持稳定。这一现象在东秦岭-大别钼矿带中典型的斑岩钼矿床也有出现,显示该成矿带具有相似的蚀变类型、热液起源和演化特征。而且钾长石化后期至黄铁云(绢)英岩化阶段也是最主要的钼成矿期,表明这期间流体系统pH值的降低致使Mo元素从流体中沉淀成矿。对比斑岩铜、铜-钼矿床和钼矿床的蚀变特征及其过程中元素和同位素的变化可以发现,这3种矿床均发育碱质交代作用,但蚀变强度、热液的Rb-Sr分异程度及其对原岩的改造程度存在较大差异,这暗示了各自特有的成岩、成矿物质和流体来源及大地构造背景。     

The physical and chemical evolution of low-salinity magmatic fluids at the porphyry to epithermal transition: a thermodynamic study

Fluid-phase relationships and thermodynamic reaction modelling based on published mineral solubility data are used to re-assess the Cu–Au-mineralising fluid processes related to calc-alkaline magmatism. Fluid inclusion microanalyses of porphyry ore samples have shown that vapour-like fluids of low to intermediate salinity and density (~2–10 wt% NaCl eq.; ~0.1–0.3 g cm^–3) can carry percentage-level concentrations of copper and several ppm gold at high temperature and pressure. In epithermal deposits, aqueous fluids of similar low to intermediate salinity but liquid-like density are ubiquitous and commonly show a magmatic isotope signature. This paper explores the physical evolution of low-salinity to medium-salinity magmatic fluids of variable density, en route from their magmatic source through the porphyry regime to the near-surface epithermal environment, and investigates the chemical conditions required for effective transport of gold and other components from the magmatic to the epithermal domain. Multicomponent reaction modelling guided by observations of alteration zonation and vein overprinting relationships predicts that epithermal gold deposits are formed most efficiently by a specific succession of processes during the evolution of a gradually cooling magmatic–hydrothermal system. (1) The low-salinity to medium-salinity fluid, after separating from the magma and possibly condensing out some hypersaline liquid in the high-temperature porphyry environment, must physically separate from the denser and more viscous liquid, and then cool within the single-phase fluid stability field. By cooling under adequate confining pressure, such a vapour will evolve above the critical curve and contract, without any heterogeneous phase change, to an aqueous liquid of the same salinity. (2) High concentrations of gold, transported as stable Au bisulphide complexes supporting >1 ppm Au even at 200°C, can be maintained throughout cooling, provided that the fluid initially carries an excess of H₂S over Cu+Fe on a molal scale. This condition is favoured by an initially high sulphide content in a particularly low-salinity magmatic fluid, or by preferential partitioning of sulphur into a low-salinity vapour and partial removal of Fe into a hypersaline liquid at high temperature. (3) Acid neutralisation further optimises gold transport by maximising the concentration of the HS^– ligand. This may occur by feldspar destructive alteration along pyrite±chalcopyrite±sulphate veins, in the transition zone between the porphyry and epithermal environments. An alternative acid/base control is the dissolution of calcite in sediments, which may enable long-distance gold transport to Carlin-type deposits, because of the positive feedback between acid neutralisation and permeability generation. The three physical and chemical transport requirements for high-grade epithermal gold mineralisation are suggested to be the common link of epithermal gold deposits to underlying magmatic–hydrothermal systems, including porphyry-Cu–Au deposits. Both mineralisation types are the result of gradual retraction of isotherms around cooling hydrous plutons in similar tectonic and hydrologic environments. As magmatic fluid is generated at increasing depths below the surface the importance of vapour contraction increases, leading to the typical overprinting of potassic, phyllic and advanced argillic alteration and their related ore styles.Editorial handling: B. Lehmann     

Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn-Ag-Au成矿系统的地质特征及其研究意义

CuˉMoˉPbˉZnVAgˉAu成矿系统是最常见的热液矿床的成矿元素组合之一,在世界上广泛分布。其成矿作用通常表现为不同矿种和不同类型的矿床在一定的范围内共生组合,构成成矿系列,并具有较好的分带性。成矿系统的形成多与高钾钙碱性岩浆作用有关,是同一成矿流体体系随时间演化或不同成矿流体体系在同一空间叠加的产物。该成矿系统的研究对于深入了解成矿作用的动力学和矿产资源评价都具有重要的意义。     

西南天山中新生代盆地成矿流体运移规律

乌拉根铅锌矿床和萨热克铜矿床是西南天山中新生代盆地最有代表性的两个层控砂砾岩型矿床,乌拉根铅锌矿床产于下白垩统克孜勒苏群第五岩性段(K₁kz5)的粗砂质细砾岩中,后期经历了弱的构造改造作用;萨热克铜矿床产于上侏罗统库孜贡苏组上段(J₃k2)杂砾岩中,其北矿段后期经历了强烈的构造改造作用,南矿段可见岩浆热液蚀变作用后的褪色化及叠加成矿作用。为了研究成矿流体和岩浆热液在岩石中的运移规律,分别对上述两个矿区以沉积作用、构造改造作用和岩浆作用为主的代表性岩石测定了孔隙度和渗透率。测试结果表明乌拉根矿区岩(矿)石的孔隙度和渗透率总体比萨热克矿区岩石的孔隙度和渗透率要小;乌拉根铅锌矿区和萨热克铜矿区北矿段矿石的孔隙度和渗透率均小于下盘围岩的孔隙度和渗透率;萨热克铜矿区南矿段经历了岩浆热液蚀变,岩石的孔隙度和渗透率明显小于未受岩浆作用的岩石孔隙度和渗透率,且辉绿岩脉下盘岩石的孔隙度和渗透率明显小于上盘。同时通过岩(矿)石组构分析,上述岩(矿)石在成岩和成矿后孔隙度和渗透率的变化均与成矿流体或岩浆热液的作用密切相关。在西南天山中新生代层控型矿床中,当成矿流体沿切层断裂上升后会优先选择孔隙度和渗透率高的岩层进行渗滤、扩散、充填和交代作用。岩石中的砾石砾径越大,砾石间隙越大;岩石的硬度越大,其在后期构造变形中越容易形成构造裂隙,对成矿越有利,这也是造成萨热克铜矿北矿带中的金属硫化物颗粒明显大于乌拉根铅锌矿中金属硫化物的重要原因。上述结果表明沉积盆地中成矿流体或岩浆热液的成矿作用越强,岩石受其影响在成岩成矿后的孔隙度和渗透率越会变小,从岩石的孔隙度和渗透率可间接反映成矿过程中成矿作用的强弱,为寻找富矿体提供理论依据。      

Metal deposits in the Da Hinggan Mountains,NE China: styles,characteristics, and exploration potential

The Da Hinggan Mountains mineral province (DHMP), northeastern China, is divided into three tectonic units and corresponding metallogenic belts. The tectonic units of the Da Hinggan Mountains are the Erguna fold zone on the northwest, the Hercynian fold zone on the north, and the Hercynian fold zone on the south. The corresponding metallogenic belts are the Erguna Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Mo-Au belt of the NW DHMP, the Cu-Pb-Zn-Mo-Fe-Au belt of the northern DHMP, and the Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Sn-Fe-Mo belt of the southern DHMP. Distinct ore bodies, mostly associated with Mesozoic granites and volcanics, comprise (1) hydrothermal vein deposits including Pb-Zn-Ag-(Cu) and W‐Sn-Cu, (2) exhalative (Pb-Zn-Ag, Cu) deposits, (3) porphyry (Cu, Au, Mo), (4) skarn (Fe, Zn, Cu), and (5) epithermal Au-Ag deposits. The hydrothermal veins are hosted by a range of different rock types, whereas the exhalative ores are confined to Permian strata. The porphyry deposits occur within granite porphyries. The epithermal deposits are related to Mesozoic volcanic-subvolcanic rocks and occur within superjacent igneous structures. The first type, represented by the Bairendaba deposit, shows many characteristics of hydrothermal deposits. The second type occurs in a Permian clastic-chemical sedimentary sequence. Most Fe-Zn-Cu deposits related to granites and granodiorites are skarns. Granodiorite and granite-related deposits are typical porphyry ores, formed during Hercynian and Mesozoic time. Promising metallogenic conditions and the recent discovery of many large metal deposits indicate that this mineral province has a great exploration potential.     

江南过渡带东至查册桥金矿床~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar年代学及成矿条件研究

查册桥金矿是近年来在江南过渡带发现的一个金多金属矿床,本文对该矿床与矿化有关的蚀变花岗闪长斑岩中绢云母进行了~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar年龄测试,获得蚀变岩金矿石绢云母坪年龄156.9±1.6 Ma,等时线年龄152±28 Ma和矿化强蚀变花岗闪长斑岩绢云母坪年龄142.1±1.3 Ma,等时线年龄137±13 Ma。程檀矿段与牛头高家矿段流体包裹体均一温度为160℃左右,氢氧同位素特征显示成矿热液以岩浆热液为主。结合本区及邻近矿区相关研究成果,本区金矿主要为浅成、低温型,成矿物质和热液具有多来源特征,原生金矿以微细粒浸染型为主,具类卡林型金矿矿化特征,其年龄值分别对应于燕山期不同阶段构造活动和成岩成矿作用时代,其成矿过程经历了中侏罗世韧-脆性挤压构造变形和蚀变、矿化,晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期与岩体侵入相关的金多金属矿化,以及早白垩世中、晚期浅成低温热液成矿作用。     

中国自然铜矿床类型、特征、分布及形成条件

近年来的找矿进展显示,我国至少存在2种以上成因类型的自然铜矿床(矿化带):火山-沉积碎屑岩型和陆相砂页岩型等,其主要分布在扬子地块西南缘和新疆天山地区.以湘西九曲湾(麻阳)铜矿和滇东北沿河铜矿为例,结合国外典型自然铜矿床(矿化带),分析了自然铜的成矿学特征及形成条件.通过对比分析沉积砂岩铜矿(硫化物)与自然铜矿的成矿学特征,认为自然铜成矿必须具备3个条件:①孔隙度丰富而适宜的储矿岩石;②水-岩反应中有利于含铜岩石的萃取和运移的浅成低温热液(卤水);③贫硫富生物有机质的地球化学还原障壁带.研究显示,自然铜形成于碱性贫硫的还原环境中,生物有机质对自然铜的成矿起重要作用,相对封闭的成矿环境、独特的流体性质对自然铜起保护作用.我国南方的自然铜矿床一般显示出层控、浅成低温及生物有机质参与成矿等特点.最后探讨了自然铜矿床在我国的找矿勘探前景.     

中国叠生型铁矿床成矿特征探讨

叠生成矿作用主要是指早期成矿作用被晚期成矿作用叠加、复合和改造。晚期成矿作用的性质常与早期成矿作用不同,也就是说,在早先己有矿床(或矿体、矿源层)的基础上,叠加复合了晚期成矿作用,即成矿时间上有先后、空间产出上有重叠、并对早先形成的矿床进行复杂的复合、叠加和改造,使成矿作用具有多样性、复杂性,并可形成大矿、富矿。铁矿床中叠生成矿作用广泛发育。按矿床或矿体产出和形成的地质特征,中国叠生型铁矿床可分为风化淋滤型、热液叠加改造型和热液叠加复合型3个亚类。风化淋滤型铁矿床在中国分布有限,规模不大,工业利用价值不大,因而中国的叠生型铁矿床主要是指热液叠加改造型和热液叠加复合型两个亚类。热液叠加改造型主要是指早期的铁矿床(或矿体、矿源层)经后期热液叠加改造,使早期的较贫铁矿床(或矿体、矿源层)成为较富铁矿床(或矿体),这是中国BIF型铁矿床中最重要的富铁矿类型,以鞍本地区弓长岭二矿区为典型代表。弓长岭二矿区铁矿,早期在新太古代形成条带状磁铁石英岩(2528 Ma,贫矿石),后期在古元古代,含矿热液交代改造贫铁矿形成富铁矿(1840 Ma)。热液叠加复合型主要是指后期脉型铁(或稀土元素等)矿床叠加在早期(沉积或其他成因)铁等矿床上而形成的矿床,如白云鄂博铁-铌-稀土元素矿床和黔西菱铁矿矿床。白云鄂博铁-铌-稀土元素矿床的形成与火成碳酸岩有关,在中元古代(1.3 Ga)左右,区内火成碳酸岩的侵位,在早期主要形成以岩浆熔离作用为主的铁-铌-稀土元素矿,晚期叠加了加里东期稀土-铌矿化热液脉。古陆边缘构造带或陆内活化带是形成叠生型铁矿床的有利构造空间,较大的地球化学块体,为形成多期、多成因的矿床提供物质来源,叠生型铁矿床的形成明显受构造的控制。叠生成矿是复杂地质过程的一种具体表现。热液叠加改造型和热液叠加复合型的叠生型铁矿床的形成是因中国独特的大地构造环境决定的。叠生成矿作用的研究,尚处在初步阶段。加强对叠生成矿作用的研究,了解其形成的地质背景、成矿机制、作用过程、控矿因素等,对发展矿床学研究,认识区域成矿特征和指导地质找矿具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

福建紫金山铜金矿床类型与环太平洋浅成低温矿床的比较

福建省上杭紫金山铜金矿床是我国大陆发现的首例高硫型浅成低温热液矿床,在矿床深 继发现了斑岩型铜矿、中低温热液型铜矿和低硫浅成热液型银（金、铜）矿。可与环太平洋带上一系列特大型斑岩铜金和低温热液型金（铜）矿对比,它们有若干共同特征,但紫金山矿床与它们的一些不同之处,启示我们开拓找矿的新的时空领域。     

Application of Spectral Angle Mapper Classification to Discriminate Hydrothermal Alteration in Southwest Birjand,Iran, Using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Image Processing

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification method for determining the optimum threshold (maximum spectral angle) to unveil the hydrothermal mineral assemblages related to mineral deposits. The study area indicates good potential for Cu-Au porphyry, epithermal gold deposits and hydrothermal alteration well developed in arid and semiarid climates, which makes this region significant for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image processing analysis. Given that achieving an acceptable mineral mapping requires knowing the alteration patterns, petrochemistry and petrogenesis of the igneous rocks while considering the effect of weathering, overprinting of supergene alteration, overprinting of hypogene alteration and host rock spectral mixing, SAM classification was implemented for argillic, sericitic, propylitic, alunitization, silicification and iron oxide zones of six previously known mineral deposits: Maherabad, a Cu-Au porphyry system; Sheikhabad, an upper part of Cu-Au porphyry system; Khoonik, an Intrusion related Au system; Barmazid, a low sulfidation epithermal system; Khopik, a Cu-Au porphyry system; and Hanish, an epithermal Au system. Thus, the investigation showed that although the whole alteration zones are affected by mixing, it is also possible to produce a favorable hydrothermal mineral map by such complementary data as petrology, petrochemistry and alteration patterns.     

Structural genesis of the Eunsan and Moisan low-sulphidation epithermal Au–Ag deposits, Seongsan district, Southwest Korea

The Seongsan district in the Jindo–Haenam basin of southwest Korea comprises Precambrian gneissic basement, overlain and intruded by Cretaceous volcanic (98–71 Ma) and plutonic (86–68 Ma) rocks, respectively. Haenam Formation volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks are the dominant rock type exposed in the district and are the main host to high-sulphidation (82–77 Ma) and low-sulphidation (79–73 Ma) epithermal deposits. The Eunsan and Moisan low-sulphidation epithermal deposits have similar vein mineralogy, zoned hydrothermal alteration mineral assemblages, structural framework and interpreted deformation events. These similarities suggest that they formed by district-scale hydrothermal fluid flow at about 77.5 Ma. At this time, ore fluid movement along subvertical WNW-trending faults was particularly focussed in dilatant fault bends, jogs, and at intersections with N-trending splays. At Eunsan, Au–Ag ore shoots coincide with these areas of structural complexity, whereas at Moisan, narrower ore zones correspond with several parallel, poorly connected veins. A secondary control on the location of ore zones is the intersection between mineralised WNW-striking structures and rocks of the Haenam Formation. The higher permeability and porosity of these rocks, in comparison with mudstones and siltstones of the underlying Uhangri Formation, resulted in the more efficient lateral migration of ore fluids away from subvertical faults and into wall rocks. The intersection between subvertical WNW-striking faults and the gently dipping Haenam Formation imparts a low angle SW plunge to both ore bodies. WNW-striking post-mineralisation faults displace ore zones up to 100 m and complicate the along-strike exploration and mining of WNW-trending ore zones. Future exploration strategies in the district involve the systematic testing of WNW-trending mineralised structures along strike from known deposits, with a particular emphasis on identifying structurally complex areas that experienced local dilation during the mineralisation event. Poorly exposed regions have historically been under-explored. However, based on the proposed exploration model for the Eunsan and Moisan deposits, these areas of poor outcrop are now considered important target areas for hidden ore bodies using ground-based geophysical exploration tools, such as seismic surveys.     

Gold Mineralization in Izu Peninsula,Central Japan,during Crustal Extension in Response to Double Subduction

Izu Peninsula in central Japan, the northern tip of the Izu‐Bonin arc, hosts numerous epithermal Au–Ag vein deposits of low‐sulfidation style. All have similar vein textures, mineralogy, and alteration. Geochemical data from fluid inclusions in vein quartz, the mineralogy and mineral chemistry of alteration, and stable isotope data indicate that auriferous hydrothermal activity occurred under subaerial conditions. The K–Ar ages of auriferous vein minerals are <1.5 Ma, indicating that the mineralization took place after extensive submarine volcanism for the host rocks. These observations suggest that Au–Ag mineralization was synchronous with the development of an extensional regime of the Izu block after its collision with the Honshu arc after 1.5 Ma. This collision resulted in the shifting of the Izu block far from the trench to the rear position, and the subduction of the Izu block along the Suruga trough to the west and along the Sagami trough to the east. The reararc position of the Izu block and double subduction resulted in crustal extension, upwelling of asthenospheric mantle, and tholeiitic magmatism reflected by mafic dyke swarms and subsequent monogenetic volcanic activity in the Izu peninsula. The timing of the Au mineralization in the Izu Peninsula during the beginning of lithospheric extension is similar to that of the Sado Au–Ag deposit on Sado island in the Japan Sea. Two mineralization events coincide with extensive tholeiitic mafic volcanism and injections of dyke swarms related to the back‐arc opening of the Japan Sea. The geological setting of the Au–Ag mineralization in Izu and Sado is also similar to that of the epithermal Au–Ag deposits in northern Nevada, where mineralization was contemporaneous with crustal extension and tholeiitic mafic magmatism derived from the asthenospheric mantle. This study suggests that epithermal Au mineralization at shallow crustal depths is a product of large‐scale lithospheric evolution.     

Formation conditions of high-grade gold–silver ore of epithermal Tikhoe deposit,Russian Northeast

The Tikhoe epithermal deposit is located in the Okhotsk–Chukotka volcanic belt (OChVB) 250 km northeast of Magadan. Like other deposits belonging to the Ivan’insky volcanic–plutonic depression (VTD), the Tikhoe deposit is characterized by high-grade Au–Ag ore with an average Au grade of 23.13 gpt Au and Au/Ag ratio varying from 1: 1 to 1: 10. The detailed explored Tikhoe-1 orebody is accompanied by a thick (20 m) aureole of argillic alteration. Pyrite is predominant among ore minerals; galena, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, Ag sulfosalts, fahlore, electrum, and küstelite are less abundant. The ore is characterized by abundant Sebearing minerals. Cu–As geochemical specialization is noted for silver minerals. Elevated Se and Fe molar fractions of the main ore minerals are caused by their formation in the near-surface argillic alteration zone. The veins and veinlets of the Tikhoe-1 ore zone formed stepwise at a temperature of 230 to 105°C from Nachloride solution enriched in Mg and Ca cations with increasing salinity. The parameters of the ore-forming fluid correspond to those of epithermal low-sulfidation deposits and assume the formation of high-grade ore under a screening unit of volcanic rocks. In general, the composition of the ore-forming fluid fits the mineralogy and geochemistry of ore at this deposit. The similarity of the ore composition and parameters of the ore-forming fluid between the Tikhoe and Julietta deposits is noteworthy. Meanwhile, differences are mainly related to the lower temperature and fluid salinity at the Julietta deposit with respect to the Tikhoe deposit. The fluid at the Julietta deposit is depleted in most components compared with that at the Tikhoe deposit except for Sb, Cd, and Ag. The results testify to a different erosion level at the deposits as derivatives of the same ore-forming system. The large scale of the latter allows us to predict the discovery of new high-grade objects, including hidden mineralization, which is not exposed at the ore field flanks and beyond them.     

新疆东天山成矿带成矿系统研究现状及存在问题

天山造山带东段的东天山成矿带是中国重要成矿带之一。笔者分析了东天山成矿带的大地构造演化、成矿作用及矿床类型和成矿时代,重点分析了卡拉塔格、阿奇山等VMS型Cu-Zn、土屋—延东斑岩型Cu-Mo(Au)、玉海斑岩型Cu-Mo(Au)、白鑫滩Cu-Ni硫化物等矿床类型和成矿时代。结合石英滩金矿、康古尔金矿、康南金矿(点)、三岔口斑岩型铜钼矿、黄山东Cu-Ni矿等矿床类型和成矿时代,以及这些矿床与康古尔构造带时空演化间的耦合关系,认为应重新审视土屋—延东等斑岩型矿床的矿床类型和成矿时代。维权银及多金属矿床、红云滩铁铜、雅满苏铁(铜、铅锌)矿的早期蚀变特征,与新近发现的阿奇山VMS型Pb-Zn矿床的蚀变特征一致性,反映在这些地区具有与阿奇山型Pb-Zn矿床成矿潜力。航磁资料结果表明,土屋—延东斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床以西地区具有与东部黄山一带基性-超基性岩体引起的航磁异常一致性特征,说明西部地区有基性-超基性岩体的存在。建议在东天山地区加强典型矿床研究,对康古尔剪切带周围的二叠纪花岗质岩石、基性-超基性岩体以及雅满苏成矿带深部进行评价工作。