核岛结构设计地基场地及计算基底效应研究

针对新型核电工程结构AP1000核岛结构设计地基中的5类非坚硬岩场地,即硬岩场地、软岩场地、上限软-中等土场地、软-中等土场地和软土场地,采用一维土层场地模型开展场地土和计算基底条件对设计地震动影响计算分析。分析中,场地模型的计算基底剪切波速分别取为700、1 100、2 438 m/s,计算基底输入地震动分别选择基于核电建设相关技术文件和规范规定的反应谱RG1.60谱、AP1000谱和HAD101/01谱（5个阻尼比）合成的人工地震动时程。计算分析表明：非坚硬岩场地会导致场地地震动峰值加速度及频谱特性显著变化,场地越软影响程度越显著;除软土场地外,场地对地震动峰值加速度和反应谱的影响均为放大作用,软土场地对地震动较低频段反应谱有放大作用,但对峰值加速度和较高频段反应谱具有强烈的减小作用;对于各类场地,计算基底及其剪切波速的变化均会导致地表地震动峰值及频谱特性明显甚至显著变化,其影响程度与计算基底剪切波速成正比;随着场地由硬变软,计算基底剪切波速的变化对场地地震动的影响程度大为减小,至软土场地几乎不产生影响。考虑到场地类型及计算基底选取对场地地震动的显著影响,我国核电厂建设引用AP1000标准设计时应合理分析场地的适宜性。     

单孔法波速测试在宿州市区建筑场地类别划分的应用及该区特征研究

建筑场地的不同类别反映不同场地条件对基岩地震震动的综合放大效应,建筑场地类别是根据土层等效剪切波速和覆盖层厚度进行划分的。这里介绍了单孔法波速测试在计算土层等效剪切波速度,划分建筑场地类别上的应用,以及通过对宿州市区40个建筑场地的201个土层等效剪切波速数据Vse20和场地类别划分结果进行统计分析、研究,得出该区域类似地层条件的土层等效剪切波速近似呈正态分布特征,估算范围在195.89m/s～222.46 m/s,推测建筑场地类别为Ⅲ类。     

基于标贯试验的岩土剪切波速多因素公式分析

剪切波速是建筑场地类别判定的重要依据.剪切波速Vs在岩土工程设计中应用广泛,如划分建筑场地土类型和场地类别、液化判别、建(构)筑物地基地震反应分析等.《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 50011—2010)中明确提出"建筑的场地类别,应根据土层等效剪切波速和场地覆盖层厚度划分为四类."准确地得到土体剪切波速才能够准确地进行建...     

土层剪切波速不确定性对场地刚性判断的影响

岩土工程中的不确定性是工程风险的重要来源。在我国7个主要地区的20个工程场地上开展了国内外首次大范围现场剪切波速不确定性专项试验,共由47家单位用11种工程常用仪器采用单孔法完成,获取了600组土层剪切波速Vs实测数据。依据实测结果拟合了场地时间平均剪切波速Vs, z的变异系数COV与计算深度Z的对应公式,揭示了土层剪切波速不确定性对场地刚性判断的影响,进而分析了我国场地分类的可能潜在误判区域。结论如下：在目前我国现场剪切波速测试水平下,Vs, z的变异系数与深度负相关——在近地表处达到极大值15%,并随着深度增加明显减小;地表至10 m深度区间内,Vs, z的变异系数迅速减小;10～20 m深度区间内,Vs, z的变异系数减小趋势变缓;超过20 m深度后,Vs, z的变异系数小于5%且基本不变;我国III、IV类场地分类采用的等效剪切波速Vse和欧美场地分类指标Vs, 30的变异系数基本相等;依据我国建筑抗震设计规范GB50011－2010,对I类场地以及覆盖层厚度小于5 m或等效剪切波速接近500 m/s的II类场地分类时需考虑剪切波速不确定性的潜在影响,其他类型的II类场地、III类和IV类场地在分类时基本可忽略其影响。     

表层土剪切波速的不确定性对地表设计谱平台值的影响

土层剪切波速对地表反应谱有重要的影响。选取构建了不同场地类别的235个场地地震反应模型,人工合成了12条强弱及频谱特性不同的加速度时程,运用一维土层地震反应的等效线性化波动方法,研究了不同地震动输入下表层土剪切波速的不确定性对设计谱平台值的影响,统计给出了表层土剪切波速的变异率与地表设计反应谱平台值间的经验公式。结果表明:地表设计反应谱平台值与表层土剪切波速的变异率呈负相关关系,即随表层土剪切波速变异率的增大而减小;不同地震波输入条件下各类场地类别地表设计谱平台高度与表层土剪切波速变异率的数学模型为一阶指数函数。     

以剪切波速与地表峰值加速度为依据的地震液化确定性及概率判别法

剪切波速作为土性的基本参数,为评价土体抵抗地震液化的能力提供了一种方法。回顾了以剪切波速和地表峰值加速度为依据的场地地震液化判别方法的演化历史,依据他人收集的现场液化资料,合计49次地震、618例液化/不液化场地数据,提出了确定液化临界曲线的基本原则,给出了基于修正剪切波速与地表峰值加速度的液化临界曲线,验证了液化临界曲线的位置对细粒含量、有效上覆压力、震级等因素取值变化的合理性,分析了估计土层循环应力比CSR的剪应力折减系数、震级标定系数、有效上覆压力修正系数等因素的不确定性对液化临界曲线的敏感性。结果表明：液化临界曲线对各种影响因素具有很好的适用性。利用Monte Carlo模拟、加权最大似然法和加权经验概率法,给出了建议的液化临界曲线的名义抗液化安全系数与液化概率的经验关系式及概率等值线,并对核电厂Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类抗震物项地基,分别建议了相应的液化临界曲线。该方法以丰富的现场液化数据为依据,具有广泛的应用前景。     

黄河三角洲地区剪切波速特征分析

本文介绍了悬挂式剪切波速测试仪测试原理,利用XG-I剪切波速测井仪,将测得的黄河三角洲地区0m~100m深度范围内土层剪切波速资料进行统计分析,探讨了该地区剪切波速的分布范围、剪切波速随深度变化的规律,给出了剪切波速在不同深度段、0.95和0.75置信度下的置信区间。土层剪切波速随深度变化规律符合多项式关系,并给出了多项式的a、b、c系数及相关系数。统计分析结果可在工程实践中参考使用。     

基于互相关函数的单孔法波速测试优化算法

土的剪切波速是岩土工程领域的一个重要参数。建筑场地类别划分、地基饱和砂土液化判别、地震反应分析等都依赖于剪切波速,由于其重要性,对它的测定技术和精确程度应重点研究。针对工程中广泛采用的单孔法剪切波速测试,提出了一种基于互相关函数计算土层剪切波速的优化算法。克服了传统数据处理方法中经常遇到的负波速、波速数值明显过大或过小和同一土层各测点波速差别较大等4种不合理因素,提高了数据分析的精度和效率。     

攀枝花地区典型地层剪切波速与埋深间的统计关系

基于攀枝花地区工程场地地震安评工作中收集整理到的338个测点的剪切波速资料,利用线性拟合v_s=a+bH、乘幂拟合v_s=cH~d和多项式拟合v_s=e+fH+gH~2,对该地区分布较为广泛的昔格达粘土岩和昔格达粉砂质泥岩的剪切波速进行了统计分析,得到了此二类土剪切波速沿埋深变化的经验公式。该结果可为攀枝花地区场地土类别的划分和城市防震减灾规划中土层地震反应计算提供依据。     

场地类别分类方案研究

基于性能的抗震设计,要求工程师设计出具有预期抗震性能的结构,一个关键因素是地震作用的确定,这在很大程度上取决于局部场地条件。通过收集和分析北京、苏州和唐山城区956个钻孔资料,建立地表20 m和30 m深土层走时平均剪切波速VS20和VS30的关系式;现场钻探获取北京城区深105 m的典型钻孔原状土样,试验给出各类土体动剪切模量和阻尼比曲线;建立北京城区170个钻孔的场地反应计算模型,采用Nakamura提出的HVSR法和陈国兴等提出的弱震法估算场地基本周期TS值,结合国内外现行抗震规范的场地分类及一些学者对场地分类的研究成果,提出两种新的场地分类建议方案：基于等效剪切波速VSE和覆盖土层厚度H（地表至剪切波速VS ≥ 500 m/s的基岩深度）的双指标场地分类方案及基于VSE、H和TS的三指标场地分类方案。提出的场地分类方案对我国现行抗震规范场地分类方法的改进有参考价值。     

Synthetic uniform-hazard site specific response spectrum

A stochastic model, nonlinear site response computations, and Monte Carlo statistics are incorporated into a process which is used to synthesize the uniform-hazard site specific response spectrum. This procedure, termed the SvE procedure, uses the Monte Carlo process for simulating the seismicity in the seismic areas neighboring the investigated site and to quantify the source parameters of the earthquakes in the simulated catalogues.Stochastic simulations are then applied to each of the listed earthquakes to generate the synthetic S-wave ground accelerations. For sites which are composed of thick layers of soil, each of the synthesized accelerograms is corrected for the nonlinear response of the site. The synthetic free surface S-wave accelerations are used to compute the response spectra for a given damping.Simple statistical analysis of the obtained spectral amplitudes is applied to determine the response spectrum where each of its determined spectral amplitudes has the same prescribed probability of being exceeded.The SvE procedure is demonstrated by determining the uniform-hazard response spectrum of an arbitrarily chosen site in Israel to which hypothetical, yet realistic, soil properties have been assigned.     

竖向地震动对斜坡场地非线性地震反应的影响

国内外规范中推荐或强制规定竖向地震动取为剪切反应谱的1/2～2/3,但该规定如何改进使其更合理已成为一重要课题。首先,对其研究现状简单总结,给出了可处理辐射阻尼、地震动相位特性、计算高效的二维波动显式有限元等效线性化程序ELPSV编制的必要性,然后进行了分析。初步研究表明,竖向地震动强度对周期在0.3 s以下的地表剪切反应谱有一定的影响,而高于0.3 s部分影响轻微。竖向地震动强度对斜坡场地的竖向地震反应及地表竖向反应谱影响显著,按规范的取值将偏于不安全。受地形条件影响,坡顶剪切地震反应会比坡脚反应要大,而竖向地震反应并不明显。土层边界面的地震反应要比周围反应要低,交界面效应明显。软斜坡场地地震反应特性除场地竖向地震反应自下而上先增加后减小的规律外,其他情形与硬斜坡场地的规律基本一致。该结果定量反映了竖向地震动的影响程度,为斜坡场地上考虑竖向地震动的建（构）筑结构的抗震设计提供了有益的基础。     

巨厚沉积土夹火山岩场地非线性地震反应特性

地震基岩深度和土体动力本构模型的选取对核岛场地地震效应评价结果的合理性具有重要影响。以拟建某沿海核电厂深度470 m沉积土夹火山岩层场地的3个钻孔剖面为研究对象,采用一维等效线性波传分析（ELA）法、基于Matasovic本构模型和Davidenkov-Chen-Zhao（DCZ）本构模型的一维非线性分析（NLA）法,选取不同剪切波速的5个岩土层作为地震基岩,研究了输入地震动特性、地震基岩深度和土体动力本构模型的选取对巨厚沉积土夹火山岩层场地非线性地震反应特性的影响。结果表明：（1）以浅层硬岩夹层或深部土层作为地震基岩,NLA法计算的5%阻尼比的地表谱加速度SA的短周期部分较之ELA法的计算值大,但两者计算的地表SA谱的长周期部分几乎一致;（2）基于Matasovic模型和DCZ模型的NLA法计算的地表SA谱谱形和峰值加速度随深度的变化趋势基本一致;（3）从NLA法计算的地表峰值加速度和累积绝对速度而言,以剪切波速约2 500 m/s的浅层硬岩夹层作为地震基岩是适宜的。     

远场大地震作用下大尺度深软场地的非线性地震效应分析

基于ABAQUS软件自行研制的并行计算显式算法集群平台,针对苏州城区典型地层剖面,建立了大尺度深软场地的二维精细化非线性有限元分析模型,对人工地震波和大地震远场地震动作用下深软场地的非线性地震效应进行了比较研究。研究结果表明：（1）与人工地震波作用时深软场地的地表峰值加速度放大效应相比,大地震远场地震波作用时的放大效应尤为显著,由于土介质的横向不均匀性及其非线性,使不同地表的峰值加速度放大效应存在明显的变异性。（2）深软场地对周期小于0.3 s的高频地震波均具有显著的滤波效应;大地震远场地震波作用时,深软场地对周期0.85～1.65 s的长周期地震波的放大效应非常显著,但对2.5～7.0 s的长周期地震波呈现出明显的滤波效应。（3）地震动峰值加速度PGA值沿土层深度和横向的分布形态呈现出明显的高低起伏现象,在不同成因的土层更迭面附近及土介质横向不均匀性显著的区域,地震波的局部聚焦放大和过滤减小现象尤为明显,且大地震远场地震动作用时,20 m以浅土层的PGA值呈现出非常显著的放大效应。（4）地震波的频谱特性、土层的横向不均匀性对深软场地地表加速度反应谱? 谱的谱形有显著影响;给出了描述加速度反应谱沿土层深度变化特征的三维谱形曲线,可以直观地展示出深软场地中细长地下结构地震反应可能存在类共振现象的土层深度。     

Characterization of site effects in Montreal,Canada

Recent destructive earthquakes have clearly shown that near-surface geological conditions play a major role in the level of ground shaking in urban areas. In Canada, Montreal is ranked second for seismic risk after Vancouver considering its population and regional seismic hazard. The city is largely built on recent unconsolidated marine and river deposits and most of its infrastructure is old and deteriorated. A seismic risk project that includes a combined methodology for site effects zoning in large cities, using microtremor measurements (H/V method) coupled with 1D numerical modelling (SHAKE91), has been initiated. The experimental approach gives good estimates of the fundamental frequency of soft deposits, while the numerical approach provides good estimates of the soil response in terms of amplification factor related to frequency. Main mechanical properties of soft soils were compiled from various data available, and a sample of input rock motions from real and synthetic earthquakes was used to compute soil response. The influence of marine clays on soil response is significant and is well correlated with thickness of these deposits. PGA amplification factors range from 2 to 4 at frequencies from 2 to 7 Hz, with some occasional larger values. The results demonstrate that the methodology used for our study is both fast and efficient to determine the influence of soft soils in urban environments. Such studies are essential for the effective deployment of seismic instrumentation, land-use planning and seismic mitigation.     

Site amplification at Avcılar, Istanbul

Avcılar is the suburb of Istanbul that was most heavily damaged during the August 17, 1999 M_w 7.4 Izmit earthquake. Strong ground motion caused fatalities and damage in Avcılar despite being 90 km from the epicenter. We deployed five portable seismograph stations equipped with Reftek 24-bit recorders and L4C-3D seismometers for 2 months, in order to understand why the local site response was different from elsewhere in Istanbul. A reference station was placed on a hard rock site, and the remaining four stations were placed on other geological units, in areas that had experienced varying levels of damage. We calculated frequency-dependent ground amplification curves by taking the ratios of the spectra at soft and hard rock sites. We obtained similar site response curves for most earthquakes at each site in the frequency range of 0.3–1.6 Hz, and observed no significant site amplification beyond 2.0 Hz at any site. The overall characteristics of the recorded S-waveforms and our modeling of the calculated site amplification curves are consistent with amplification as a result of trapping of seismic energy within a 100–150 m thick, low-velocity subsurface layer. We also review the applicability of microtremor measurements to estimate local site effects at Avcılar. For these data, we used ratios of spectra of horizontal to vertical components to obtain each site response. These results are compared with standard spectral ratios. These microtremor measurements provide consistent estimates of the amplification at most sites at the higher end of the frequency band, namely above 1 Hz. The results from both methods indeed agree well in this part of the frequency band. However, the microtremor method fails to detect amplification at lower frequencies, namely <1.0 Hz.     

Risk-based characterisation of an urban building site

The evaluation of the underground soil stratigraphy is a key aspect in geotechnical site characterisation. However, these means of site exploration are only pinholing subsoil conditions and expert knowledge is needed to understand subsoil conditions in order to build a reliable geological-geotechnical model. This contribution employs a geostatistical simulation methodology for the simulation of random fields representing geological uncertainty. This combines borehole data and expert knowledge via a mathematical framework. Moreover a risk-based site characterisation scheme is developed for urban site characterisation. This novel characterisation scheme offers additional insight into the effects of large-scale, geological spatial variability by using fragility curves to quantify these effects.