基于滑面分区段力学模型的高速滑坡运动过程能量转化研究

高速滑坡具有运动速度快、波及范围广的灾害特征,因此对滑坡启动、加速和静止整个运动过程进行研究很有必要.基于滑面力学特性将滑面分为弹性介质区和应变弱化区,构建了高速滑坡二维力学模型,提出了滑坡启动动能计算公式和滑坡运动过程的能量计算公式;以千将坪滑坡为例,采用启动动能计算公式得出滑坡的启动速度为2.35 m/s;依据滑面...     

剧冲式高速滑坡全程动力学机理分析

剧冲式高速滑坡是具有剧动启程,高速运行,碰撞解体及冲击成坝的高速岩质滑坡。本文根据高山峡谷区大型滑坡坝的形成过程,分析了高速岩质滑坡的临床峰残强降加速机理,滑体势动转化加速机理,空气动力擎托持速机理及滑坡坝冲击夯实机理,论述了其运动学特征。     

剧冲式高速滑坡及滑坡坝演化过程分析

剧冲式滑坡是具有剧动启程、高速运行,碰撞解体及冲击成坝的高速岩质滑坡。本文以川西青衣江上游宝兴河大板桥滑坡为典型研究对象,论述了剧冲式高速岩质滑坡地质特性及滑坡坝的形成演化过程,为利用滑坡体构筑大坝提供科学依据。     

四川茂县新磨村滑坡高速启动机理研究

2017年6月24日,四川省茂县新磨村发生的大型高速远程岩质滑坡,在约2 min的时间内,水平运动距离超过了2500 m。为了研究滑坡的高速启动机理,通过详细的现场地质调查,将滑坡的全程运动过程划分为高速启程、抛射“飞行”、高速铲刮和减速堆积4个阶段。基于物理模型试验,研究了新磨村滑坡的破坏失稳模式。试验过程中,监测得到的加速度数据显示,在锁固段岩体破裂瞬间,滑坡体受到了指向临空面方向的震动力,并由此产生了高达0.94g的瞬时加速度。模型试验结果表明,处于滑源区的锁固岩体,在破裂瞬间的弹性应变能释放,产生了强烈的震动效应,直接作用于滑坡体的瞬时震动力对滑坡的高速启程起到重要作用。计算表明,受到强烈震动的滑坡体,将以0.98g的瞬时加速度沿与水平面成15.5°的抛射角加速启程。采用Rockfall数值计算方法,模拟分析了滑坡体在不同启程速度下(0, 10,20, 30, 40和50 m·s^-1)的高速运动特征,结果表明,当滑体的初始速度达到30 m·s^-1时,剧动失稳的滑体可以直接撞击到地面的铲刮区,由此估算出新磨村滑坡的主滑时间约为60 s,...     

三峡库区千将坪滑坡高速滑动机制研究

2003年7月13日,三峡水库初期蓄水至135 m高程30 d之际,在三峡库区秭归县发生了三峡库区的第一个水库滑坡,滑坡方量达1 500万m3,最大滑速达16 m/s,最高涌浪达24.5 m。滑坡造成10人死亡,14人失踪,摧毁129间民房以及4个工厂,致1 200人无家可归。千将坪滑坡发生后,为了预测三峡库区及世界其它水库工程可能发生的同类高速滑坡,持续数年研究千将坪滑坡的高速滑动机制,通过理论分析及数值模拟,探索了千将坪滑坡的高速滑动机制,认为千将坪滑坡具有孕育高速滑坡的典型结构特征,滑坡滑带的峰残强降差是滑坡高速启动的根本原因,高陡边坡蕴藏的高势能及滑带液化是滑坡加速高速滑动的主要原因。     

斜坡临滑形变能释放与滑体起程速度关系的探讨

斜坡内聚集的巨大剪切形变能在临滑时释放,坡体能量释放率具有力的量纲,在坡体能量释放率幅值大于锁固段潜滑带抗剪强度幅值的情况下,坡体临滑释放的形变能将大于潜滑带岩体破裂需要的能量,所大于的部份将转变成滑体动能,滑动为剧动式滑坡;反之,则为缓动式滑坡。剧动式滑坡横截面上的弹冲速度与该点切应力的大小成正比。潜滑面附近坡体介质的切应力和切应变能密度最大,滑动时获得的弹冲速度也最大。导得蕴涵丰富信息量的斜坡弹性势能变化率曲线及其表达式,通过解析及Matlab图解形式对坡体的形变能聚集、临滑形变能释放量及其与滑体启动速度、启动方式进行了阐述。     

酸雨对重庆武隆鸡尾山滑坡滑带页岩物理力学性质的影响

为了研究酸雨对重庆武隆鸡尾山滑坡滑带页岩物理力学性质的影响,在鸡尾山滑坡滑源区滑面向下游延伸处取样,制成粉末和块体试样,在实验室内使用pH为3的稀盐酸溶液浸泡,测试其物质成分的变化。结果显示:页岩与稀盐酸溶液作用的过程中有较为明显的钙质出溶现象,这一反应在粉末中发生的速率更快。测试从鸡尾山滑坡坡脚流出的泉水的离子成分,结果显示相对于酸雨,泉水中钙离子浓度显著增高,进一步证实滑带在酸雨作用下钙质出溶现象较为显著。钙质页岩中方解石成分的溶出,导致滑带强度减小。     

强震触发大光包巨型滑坡运动特征研究

文章主要研究了在强震触发下大光包滑坡在不同下滑阶段的运动特征以及响应速度问题。强震作用触发大光包滑坡体启程剧冲,继而在重力作用下沿滑面加速下滑,而后又与山体碰撞转化为碎屑流,整个运动过程中有明显的岩体抛射、前缘岩体反翘超覆以及岩块"推挤出槽"等现象。根据其运动特征,将滑体运动过程分为三个阶段,分别为主体滑动阶段、次级滑动阶段、碎屑流运动阶段,并运用静力分析法、能量法、碎屑流运动理论等对各个运动阶段的速度进行了研究。理论计算得到滑体剧冲速度为8.9m/s,主体滑动段末速度为37.0m/s,最大速度大于96.3m/s,碎屑流沿黄洞子沟和川林沟流动,分别运移了1.6km和1.3km后停止。     

世界三大典型水库型顺层岩质滑坡工程地质比较研究

通过对瓦依昂滑坡、塘岩光滑坡、千将坪滑坡滑坡三大滑坡工程地质比较研究,找出了其地形地质条件、诱发因素、变形特征的基本规律和共性,揭示了库水浮托与滑带浸泡软化及二者耦合的滑坡诱发机制; 提出了水库顺层岩质滑坡的基于易滑地质结构的空间预测模型; 初步总结了水库顺层岩质滑坡短期及临滑变形特征。     

汉源二蛮山高速滑坡启程阶段孔隙水压力效应分析

高速滑坡在启程滑动时锁固端突然剪断,剪应力释放导致滑带附近孔隙水压力突然增大,从而大大降低了有效应力,使滑坡具有很高的初始速度。以二蛮山滑坡为例,采取现场调查、室内试验与理论研究相结合的方法展开工作,分析了滑带土粒子破碎程度对孔隙水压力的影响,给出了滑坡启动时产生高孔隙水压力的条件; 在理论研究的基础上,通过实地勘察,验证了二蛮山滑坡具备产生高孔隙水压力的条件。运用土力学和材料力学理论,导出了高速滑坡启程阶段孔隙水压力表达式,计算了二蛮山滑坡启程阶段的孔隙水压力,进一步研究了滑坡启程阶段的孔隙水压力效应。     

重庆武隆鸡尾山滑坡视向滑动机制分析

重庆武隆鸡尾山山体为典型的斜倾厚层灰岩山体,其破坏模式不同于常见侧向崩塌-堆积层滑坡,属于真倾向滑移变形转为视向整体滑动的特殊失稳模式。在现场地质调查的基础上,从地层岩性、岩体结构、岩溶及地下水作用、软弱夹层等影响因素分析重庆武隆鸡尾山滑坡形成原因;根据滑坡破坏机制,基于关键块体控制理论,对鸡尾山滑坡进行三维稳定性极限平衡分析;利用三维离散元软件模拟鸡尾山滑坡的初始变形破坏过程,分析了鸡尾山滑坡不同影响因素条件下的视向滑动形成机制和变形破坏特征,并探讨了节理化和溶蚀岩体的参数取值。结果分析认为,在重力的长期作用下,鸡尾山山体初始沿真倾向方向滑移,沿岩溶发育的陡倾节理裂隙逐渐产生后缘及侧向裂缝,形成块状后部驱动块体,由于地下水等因素使软弱夹层软化,驱动块体下滑力增大,前缘阻滑关键块体内部应力积累,并最终沿强度较低的岩溶发育带发生剪切破坏,从而导致整体滑动;在进行滑坡稳定性极限平衡分析时,考虑实际的滑坡机制,将滑体分为驱动块体和关键块体分别进行力的解析,并以关键块体的安全系数代表滑坡的安全系数更加合理。数值模拟显示,软弱夹层强度降低、岩溶发育带剪切破坏后,滑体进入大变形阶段,表明关键块体控制和阻滑作用明显,软弱夹层强度降低是滑坡发生的关键因素。采矿形成的采空区对山体的影响主要是使上覆岩体压应力增大,但对滑体的变形无影响。     

Mechanism on apparent dip sliding of oblique inclined bedding rockslide at Jiweishan, Chongqing, China

Because of the existence of a front stable rockmass barrier, the failure pattern of an oblique inclined bedding slope is conventionally recognized as a lateral rockfall/topple, and then a transformation into a rockfall accumulation secondary landslide. However, the Jiweishan rockslide, Wulong, Chongqing, which occurred on June 5, 2009, illustrates a new failure pattern of massive rock slope that rockmass rapidly slides along apparent dip, and then transforms into a long runout rock avalanche (fragment flow). This paper analyzes the mechanism of the new failure pattern which is most likely triggered by gravity, karstification, and the processes associated with mining activities. A simulation of the failure processes is shown, using the modeling software, FLAC^3D. The results show that there are five principal conditions for an apparent dip slide associated with an oblique inclined bedding slope are necessary: (1) a block-fracture bedding structure. The rockmass is split into obvious smaller, distinct blocks with several groups of joints, (2) an inclined rockmass barrier. The sliding rockmass (i.e., the rockslide structure before movement) exists along a dip angle and is barricaded by an inclined stable bedrock area, and the subsequent sliding direction is deflected from a true dip angle to an apparent dip angle; (3) apparent dip exiting. The valley and cliff provide a free space for the apparent dip exiting. (4) Driving block sliding, which means the block has a push type of effect on the motion of the rockslide. The “toy bricks” rockmass is characterized by a long-term creeping that induces the shear strength reduction from peak to residual value along the bottom soft layer, and the sliding force is therefore increased. (5) The key block resistance and brittle failure. The pressure on the key block is increased by the driving rockmass and its strength decreases due to karstification, rainfall, and mining. The brittle failure of the karst zone between the key block and the lateral stable bedrock occurs instantaneously and is largely responsible for generating the catastrophic rockslide–rock avalanche. If there was not a pre-existing key block, the failure pattern of such the inclined bedding rockmass could be piecemeal disintegration or small-scale successive rockfall or topple. The recognition of catastrophic failure potential in such inclined bedding slopes requires careful search for not only structures dipping in the direction of movement, but also key block toe-constrained condition.     

Physical Modeling of Landslide Mechanism in Oblique Thick-Bedded Rock Slope: A Case Study

The Jiweishan landslide illustrates the failure pattern of an apparent dip slide of an oblique thick-bedded rockslide. Centrifugal modeling was performed using a model slope consisting of four sets of joints to investigate the landslide initiation mechanism. Crack strain gauges pasted between the slide blocks and the base failed in sequence from the rear to the front as the centrifugal acceleration increased. When the acceleration reached 16.3g, the instantaneous failure of the key block in the front triggered the apparent dip slide of all blocks. The physical modeling results and previous studies suggest that the strength reduction in the weak layer and the failure of the key block are the main reasons for the Jiweishan landslide. The centrifuge experiment validated the previously proposed driving-blocks–key-block model of apparent dip slide in oblique with inclined bedding rock slopes. In addition, the results from limit equilibrium method and centrifuge test suggest that even though the failure of the key block in the front is instantaneous, a progressive stable–unstable transition exists.     

高速远程滑坡运动堆积过程中的能量传递机制

高速远程滑坡往往引发灾难性事故,开展运动堆积过程定量研究,对于探究滑坡发生机理及预测致灾范围具有重要意义.基于室内物理模型试验,通过PIV技术分析高速摄像机在试验过程中拍摄的照片,获取了运动过程中滑体颗粒的水平速度、竖直速度与位移等运动参数.从滑体颗粒群和不同位置处单体颗粒角度,分析高速远程滑坡的运动演化规律.结果显示:（1）滑体颗粒前端出现高速区,该高速区随着滑坡停止具有一定的保持性.颗粒间存在明显的碰撞现象;（2）从不同位置单体颗粒来看,前部颗粒位移量最大,速度波动频繁,碰撞频次最高,能量多次补充;中部颗粒位移量其次,速度有波动过程,但不及前部频繁;后部颗粒位移量最小,速度基本呈递降趋势,能量逐渐减小.结合重庆鸡尾山滑坡以及Black Rapids Glacier滑坡实例分析,揭示了高速远程滑坡运动堆积过程中滑体颗粒间存在碰撞及能量传递现象,从而进一步探究高速远程滑坡形成机制,在监测预防、灾害治理等方面具有现实指导意义.      

Experimental study on the brittle failure of the locking section in a large-scale rock slide

A locking section is a conceptual model employed to analyze large-scale rock slides, of which the role was commonly found governing the mechanism of such mass movements. The physical experimental study presented herein is designed to study the failure mechanism of the locking section by measuring its basic characteristics. Dataset on the magnitude of the energy release, stress state, and displacement near and within the locking section are obtained by acoustic emission sensor, strain gauge, and micrometer gauge. The study captured the continued stress and energy accumulation at the locking section under increasing loads and the final brittle shear failure, which depicts the comprehensive deformation and failure processes occurred at the locking section. The concurrence of the locking section failure is the abrupt intensive energy release that results in the occurrence of the high-speed rock sliding. In conclusion, the experiment aims at investigating the initiation mechanism of large-scale rock slides governed by a locking section.     

The Afternoon Creek rockslide near Newhalem, Washington

A series of mass wasting events occurred above a Washington, USA, highway in the Cascade Mountains in November and December 2003. The largest event was a rockslide involving approximately 750,000 m³ that occurred on November 9, 2003. The source zone for this event was located at the crest of a ridge. Most of the debris fell to the east of the sharp ridge and was deposited in the relatively shallow sloping Afternoon Creek without causing damage to the highway. Lesser amounts of debris fell to the west of the ridge, sliding 600 m down the steeper Falls Creek and impacting the road. There is an evidence of one or more historical rock avalanches at this location. Displacement of reference points, ground vibration, crack extension, and tilting are being monitored due to concerns that future slope failures or remobilization of debris might again damage or block the highway.     

陕西山阳特大型滑坡视向滑移-溃屈破坏力学分析

陕西山阳滑坡为典型的陡倾层状斜向岩质斜坡,其破坏模式不同于常见的顺倾层状岩质斜坡溃屈破坏模式,也不同于斜倾层状山体的视向滑移-剪切破坏模式,更不同于陡倾顺层岩质斜坡的倾倒、倾倒-滑移破坏模式,属于视向滑移-溃屈破坏模式。在实地调查的基础上,从斜坡结构特征、结构面组合特征以及剪出口特征分析了滑坡的破坏模式,进而分析了山阳滑坡的视向滑移-溃屈破坏机制;以梁板理论、层状板裂结构岩体弯曲-溃屈破坏的力学模型为基础,结合斜倾层状岩质滑坡的视向滑动机制研究,建立了基于斜坡自重、地下水静水压力、侧向摩阻力以及斜坡岩体厚度变化作用下的陡倾层状斜向岩质斜坡视向滑移-溃屈破坏力学模型,进行力学分析,推导了溃屈段长度条件方程,并以山阳滑坡为例验证了长度条件方程的正确性。     

Insights into the dynamic and thermal characteristics of rockslide motion: a model experiment

Acta Geotechnica - Experiments were carried out to study the dynamic and thermal characteristics of rockslide motion using a model slope with sliding blocks of varying parameters. A high-speed...     

端部岩桥直剪破坏试验及断裂条件

以重庆鸡尾山岩质滑坡为代表的前缘“关键块体”型滑坡具有较强的隐蔽性,研究“关键块体”前缘锁固段岩桥的破坏性质对滑坡预警具有重要意义。以鸡尾山滑坡地质条件为基础,在岩样端部预制不同长度边缘裂缝,填入软弱材料,形成软弱夹层节理,在不同法向压力下进行直剪试验,分析了前缘端部岩桥的裂纹扩展规律、块体剥落特征信息和岩桥断裂条件,提出了临滑阶段剪应力变化率k值。试验结果表明：软弱夹层节理长度对岩桥破坏模式和块体剥落剧烈程度有重要影响,且端部岩桥越长,破坏前临滑阶段剪应力增速k值越小。端部岩桥破坏模式为剪切破坏、拉剪破坏和张拉破坏,且不同破坏模式决定了相同节理岩桥块体剥落的剧烈程度。岩桥块体剥落点与破坏点剪应力比值百分数平均值为79.5%～92.2%,且端部岩桥临滑阶段时间快慢依次为短节理慢、中间节理居中和长节理快。端部岩桥3种破坏模式满足一定断裂条件,且呈现出3个阶段和裂纹稳定扩展。通过本直剪试验研究揭示的端部岩桥破坏特征信息和断裂条件,可对前缘“关键块体”锁固段型岩质边坡失稳破坏评价提供理论依据。     

高速远程滑坡超前冲击气浪三维动力学分析

为研究沟谷多级折射高速远程滑坡超前冲击气浪的特征,以牛圈沟滑坡三维地形形态为原型,采用CFD软件,引入Voellmy准则定义运动阻力,在反演碎屑流运动全过程的同时,对其冲击气浪的流场特征进行了数值模拟,分析其形成的动力学机制。结果表明：(1) 牛圈沟滑坡从启动到停止历时为119 s,最大速度出现在滑体内部靠近前缘处,峰值分别为14 s的52 m/s、27 s的55 m/s和50 s的49 m/s。(2) 气浪速度的最大值50 s时为38 m/s,其压强的最大值达657 Pa,相当于11级暴风。(3) 当碎屑流前方出现高大的障壁时,来不及扩散的高压气流产生极为明显的压强梯度;当其前方遇跌坎或翻越山脊冲向山坡下方在其速度瞬间增大的同时,强烈压缩前方空气并导致其压强值局部出现陡增。