新形势下煤矿绿色开采技术及应用

随着当前科学技术的不断创新发展,作为当前重要能源的煤矿资源,其在开采过程的所采用的开采技术受到越来越广泛的关注,而想着绿色开采的技术目标出发,能够开采出更多的煤矿资源,并促进其可持续发展。本文对煤矿绿色开采技术及其应用进行探讨,分析新形势下煤矿绿色开采中存在的一些问题,着重分析绿色开采技术的应用,为新形势下煤矿的绿色开采技术提供有用的参考,从而促进绿色开采技术的发展。     

注蒸汽开采冻土区天然气水合物数值计算与野外应用

试开采研究是天然气水合物从理论研究走向商业化开采的必经之路。提出的注蒸汽开采是一种综合开采方法,是在降压开采的基础上,往孔内注入热蒸汽对水合物目标开采层进行激振往复式热激发。注蒸汽开采能够避免“自保护效应”,促进水合物进一步分解,理论上能够扩大开采范围、提高产气量。利用FLUENT数值模拟软件对蒸汽加热水合物层动态过程进行数值计算,通过模拟计算结果对比分析,在满足开采要求的前提下确定最佳的注蒸汽功率为20 kW,注热时长为38 h。在青海木里盆地天然气水合物试采项目中,注蒸汽开采进行了5.2 h开采试验,产气量为3.25 m3。     

广东省矿山越界开采遥感调查与监测研究

根据越界开采定义,提出矿山越界开采技术方法和技术路线。通过开展2012年度广东省矿山越界开采遥感调查,获取较为真实的矿山越界开采最新状况,且根据近三年广东省矿山越界开采遥感动态监测所获得的数据,得出矿山越界开采,呈日益严重的趋势。通过遥感调查与监测,指出广东省矿山越界开采存在的主要问题,并提出有益的建议和对策,希望遥感能够作为技术支撑更好地为矿政管理服务。     

带(水)压开采安全评价技术及其发展方向

随着煤矿开采深度的不断增加,将面临高承压水的严重威胁,带压开采已成为深部煤炭资源开发的主要开采方式,与此相适应,带压开采安全评价工作显得尤为重要.面对深部煤炭资源开采中带压开采评价技术的挑战,应该在完善双系数(突水系数和带压系数)评价体系的基础上,在带压安全开采可靠性分析、三维地质建模技术及其可视化、数据仓库及数据挖掘技术与突水规则的知识获取等方面,发展带压开采安全评价技术,以期实现在奥灰高承压水威胁下安全采煤的目标.     

煤炭条带式充填开采采场覆岩运动演化规律

充填开采是一项方兴未艾的煤炭开采技术,它可有效控制采场覆岩运动而减轻开采衍生灾害。为了探究技术和经济可行的充填开采技术,利用数值方法计算分析了多工况下的条带式充填开采采场覆岩运动规律。结果表明,条带式充填开采可有效控制岩层移动和应力分布,形成稳定且半径较小的应力拱,使冒落带发育高度缩小,有效减轻岩层破坏程度,限制开采扰动对覆岩的影响范围。另外,充填条带间距是控制充填效果的重要影响因素。根据文中设置的开采和充填条件,充填条带宽度和间距约为1:1时,充填开采可实现技术上可行且经济的效果。     

急倾斜煤柱开采后对巷道影响的数值模拟

为提高煤炭的回收率和经济效益,针对长沟峪煤矿4槽煤柱,应用ANSYS有限元软件对-230～-310水平的煤柱开采前后进行数值模拟,得出:(1)煤柱开采以后,煤岩体总体下沉,但对-140水平巷道影响较小。(2)开采后,煤柱的中间部位是转折区,煤柱中部以上主应力减小,属于安全区域;煤柱中部以下主应力增大,随深度的增加,主应力增大;-320水平附近煤柱采后的主应力是采前的2倍多,是煤柱开采后主应力最大的地方,所以开采此区域为相对重点注意区域。(3)煤柱开采后-140水平的煤柱附近主应力增大,是没开采前的1.6倍,也是煤柱开采后主应力较大的地方,开采前要适当对-140水平煤柱附近进行加固。数值模拟得出结果和实际开采吻合较好,因此急倾斜煤柱开采后对巷道影响的数值模拟对开采有一定的指导意义。     

库捷尔泰铀矿床室内渗透性样品采集及应用

库捷尔泰矿床是典型的水成铀矿床,赋矿主岩为砂岩,矿体呈卷状,两翼矿石局部地段难以开采,因此开采评价时,必须区分矿体与围岩的渗透性,以确定开采有利地段,便于确定开采方法及布置开采工程.本文从该区A号勘探线含水层渗透性测试结果入手,对整个含水层各细层逐一解剖,划分出该勘探线开采有利地段,为地浸法开采铀矿资源提供了地质依据.     

七五井田内房裂现象分析

为查明七五井田范围内村庄房裂现象与井下采煤的关系,应用开采沉陷计算法确定开采影响范围。在与邻近矿区进行地质条件、开采方法综合比较、分析的基础上,确定了合理的计算参数;并将所求得的开采影响边界与其它方法所确定的开采影响边界相互校核,得到了最终开采影响边界。结果证明,房裂与井下开采无关。其主要原因是区域地质构造活动、工程地质条件及房屋建筑质量不佳。      

海洋天然气水合物勘探与开采研究的新态势(二)

3海底水合物开采的数字模拟近几年来,数字模拟(numerical simulation)广泛应用于天然气水合物的研究,特别是水合物开采的数字模拟方法已成为水合物勘探和开采不可缺少的手段.海底天然气水合物是一种赋存于海底沉积层中的特殊能源矿产,其开采方法不同于一般固体矿产,开采技术也更加复杂和困难.因此,海底水合物的开发和开采是科技界面临的一种新挑战.海底水合物矿层无法直接接触、深海钻探测试费用昂贵以及最初开采尝试的成功机率不大,这些因素迫使科学家去寻找和研究一种合理的替代方法,用以进行开采前的先期评估,这就是近几年发展起来的数字模拟方法.数字模拟功能强大,方法灵活,与实地开采试验和实验室研究相比,成本也较低廉,因此,它在评估水合物开采的潜力和制定开采设计方面起着重要作用.该方法能够提供矿区和实验室勘测工作的设计,提供无法观测的物理化学参数,回答开采过程中各种参数的演变趋势等诸多疑难问题.更重要的是,它可以帮助鉴定和选择水合物开采的靶区和"富矿带".已经在加拿大冻土带Mallik地区天然气水合物的试验开采中证明了数字模拟的有效性和实用性.     

黄陵矿区富油煤对流加热原位转化开发效果数值模拟

有效开发富油煤提取石油对缓解我国油气紧张具有重要的现实意义,地下原位开采对流加热技术是富油煤有效开发的主要技术之一。以黄陵矿区延安组富油煤层为例,将高温蒸汽和氮气作为加热介质,采用地下原位转化开采对流加热的技术手段,分别研究2种加热介质在不同注入压力下的开采效果与能量回报率。结果表明：当注入气体的温度为400℃时,注蒸汽开采的加热效率更高,相同注入压力下注蒸汽开采将地层干酪根开采完所需要的时间小于注入高温氮气,二者比例为0.52～0.68,节省时间效果明显,注蒸汽开采与注氮气开采的天然气总产量比例为1.07～1.11,油总产量比例为0.82～0.85,二者差值随注入压力的增加而逐渐减小。注蒸汽开采与注氮气开采的能量回报率比例为1.754～2.363,注蒸汽开采注入压力为6 MPa时能量回报率在4.99 a达到峰值1.796,注氮气开采均未达到能量正收益。无论哪种加热介质,增加注入压力都能够缩短加热反应时间,有利于提高注蒸汽能量回报率。注氮气开采的地层流体有效渗透率较高,利于油气在地层中流动。注蒸汽开采在富油煤清洁开采方面具有优越性,为富油煤清洁开采的具体生产过程提供一定的数据参考依据。     

Water inrush and environmental impact of shallow seam mining

Shallow seam mining is very common in China for enhancing coal recovery. However, this may cause a series of severe problems in environment and mining safety in some cases, because the alluvium aquifers are directly above the shallow coal seams. Some typical water and sand inrush incidents resulting from shallow mining in China are analyzed. Based on in-situ observation, the mining-induced strata failures are investigated. The height of the fractured zone decreases as the size of the outcrop pillar or mining depth decreases. The spatial distributions of the failure zones in the shallow mining have specific features compared to the deep mining. These provide an advantageous condition for the shallow mining under alluvial aquifers. Optimal designs for outcrop pillar sizes are also given in different hydrogeological conditions for environment friendly and production-safe mining at shallow depths. According to in-situ mining experiments in several coalfields, technical measures for shallow mining are presented. These primarily include the lift mining for thick seams and reduction of the thickness of extraction in the first lift, short-wall mining, and detection of faults and other potential hazards prior to mining.     

浅议矿业权市场

我国矿业权市场机制正在逐步形成,各种矿业公司不断涌现。矿业权流转形式多样、矿业中介市场初步建立,矿业技术服务市场活跃。江西矿产资源丰富而潜力大,为建设富有活力的矿业权市场提供了坚实的物质基础。强化矿业权市场管理,培育中介机构规范市场行为,加强地勘成果管理和资源信息沟通,深化地勘工作管理体制改革,矿业权转进一步市场化,以科技为动力开发优势矿产,培育委发展矿业权市场势在必行。     

中国矿业权市场的现状与发展趋势

矿业权管理制度与矿业权市场对促进矿业经济健康发展具有十分重要的意义，本对矿业权及其价值进行了界定，分析了中国矿业权市场发展现状，矿业权及矿业权市场的特性，在此基础上，对中国矿业权市场未来发展提出了建议。     

Gate road layout design for two-seam longwall mining

Summary Results of instrumentation, test mining and computer aided stability analyses were combined to design the most stable gate road layout for two-seam longwall mining at the Plateau Mining Company. Five layouts were evaluated; these layouts used a combination of yield and/or large pillars with either three-entry or two-entry development systems.A layout which used a yield pillar within a two-entry development system resulted in the most stable gate roads for two-seam mining. Another layout using a yield and large pillar was shown to be most stable for single-seam mining of the top seam, but it was unsuitable for two-seam mining because of seam interaction problems.The size of the yield pillar was determined by satisfying several design requirements, as well as by limited test mining; test results showed good, medium-term stability for the yield pillars, with a possible need for rib control. It was shown that the yield pillars might be effective in controlling the floor heave, and could minimize interaction problems in two-seam mining.     

Mining Method Selection and Optimization for Hanging-Wall Ore-Body at Yanqianshan Iron Mine,China

In order to smooth ore production during the transition from open pit to underground mining at Yanqianshan Iron Mine, China, it is necessary to select an appropriate mining method to operate simultaneously open-pit mining and underground mining for inner-slope (hanging-wall) ore-body. Based on practical geologic setting of the hanging-wall ore-body, a comprehensive evaluation model for selecting the underground mining method to extract handing-wall ore-body was proposed, which is constituted by 3 sub-systems of safety factors, production factors and technical–economic factors. This evaluation model could be analyzed by the mutation progression method, which based on catastrophe theory and fuzzy mathematics. In addition, the FLAC^3D is employed to simulate the mining process of hanging-wall ore-body, and finally the optimal mining scheme is determined. By using mutation progression analysis and numerical modeling, some useful conclusions for hanging-wall ore-body mining have been drawn, which will be beneficial to mining safety during transitional period from open-pit to underground mining.     

论保水采煤技术体系

保水采煤研究是我国西北部生态脆弱矿区水资源保护与煤炭高质量开发的理论基础和依据。针对西北部生态脆弱矿区高强度开采对含水层及生态系统的影响和损害问题,阐述了保水采煤的发展历程和科学内涵,保水采煤研究经历了萌芽期、形成期、发展期和成熟期4个阶段,目前已经形成较为完善的技术体系,主要表现在保水采煤理念被广泛接受,保水采煤技术广泛推广应用,保水采煤的效果监测体系已经建成,保水采煤的标准规范体系初步形成。研究认为保水采煤的核心目标是保护具有供水或生态意义的目标含水层结构基本稳定。通过研究分析采煤对含水层扰动评价技术、保水采煤地质条件分区技术和导水裂隙带发育高度预测技术等8项综合保水采煤技术的技术原理、适用条件及工程应用效果,构建了保水采煤的技术体系研究基本框架,为我国西部大型煤炭基地绿色开采、科学开采提供理论与技术支撑。     

辽宁某菱镁矿山主要地质灾害及防治对策

辽宁省某菱镁矿山是辽南镁质耐火材料原料主要基地之一。由于分散开采,造成采矿坑道多重叠交叉,地表井口星布,矿山生态环境破坏严重。诱发的矿山地质灾害较为普遍,多处大面积出现岩石崩塌、采空区地面塌陷和地裂缝灾害,致使矿区停采。对资源开发利用的安全构成了极大的威胁,在很大程度上严重制约了镁质耐火材料原料基地的生产和发展,限制了该地区工、农业的可持续发展。矿山脆弱的地质环境条件和高强度、不科学的矿业开发活动是诱发矿山地质灾害的主要因素。文章针对矿山的地质灾害特征进行分析并提出了相应的防治对策,指出了防治矿山地质灾害应贯彻执行的方针政策。     

望儿山金矿生产勘探超前期限与范围合理性的选择和应用

望儿山金矿浅部生产已接近尾声,其生产正向深部转移,但望儿山金矿深部地质条件十分复杂,为使其生产能更好的延续下去,通过对生产勘探的超前期限与范围合理性的研究和探讨,在总结前人经验的基础上,根据望儿山金矿实际,采用价值法的分析,得出其现有生产勘探合理的超前期限与范围.     

GPS/terrestrial 3D laser scanner combined monitoring technology for coal mining subsidence: a case study of a coal mining area in Hebei, China

In order to overcome the shortage that point-based data acquisition techniques cannot retrieve the whole basin subsidence caused by underground mining, and to avoid complex splicing of terrestrial 3D laser scanner (TLS) point cloud data and the errors caused by such splicing, GPS/TLS combined technology is employed for mining subsidence monitoring. The basic idea of the monitoring technology is put forward. In this article, an application of the method to a coal mining area in China is presented. Support vector machine (SVM) model for GPS level conversion in the mining area is established, and a comparative analysis of SVM, BP neural network and polynomial established local quasi-geoid in the mining area is conducted. Ground surface digital elevation model (DEM) of the mining area is established by using TLS point cloud data, and the ground surface dynamic subsidence basin is obtained through a subtraction of two DEMs. The results indicate that the quasi-geoid established by using SVM model features a relatively high level of stability and accuracy and that the established mining surface DEM and subsidence basin can provide the fundamental data for the reconstruction of ecological environment in the mining area. GPS/TLS combined monitoring technology is a new monitoring technology, which entangles the advantages of both GPS and TLS and could offset their disadvantages, thus obtaining complementary advantages. According to analysis on its application in the mining area, we conclude that the technology is feasible and has a great application prospect for the mining area purposes.