基于CT三维重建的注水煤岩体裂隙扩展规律研究

针对煤层注水防尘过程中注水压力设置不合理、注水渗流效果差等问题,采用CT扫描技术与RFPA软件相结合的方法,构建了可以表征注水煤岩体内部孔裂隙结构的三维细观非均匀渗流损伤数值模型。通过对经过CT三维重构的煤岩模型进行不同注水压力的渗流损伤模拟,研究了煤层注水压力对煤样的渗流破坏、渗透率演化及声发射特性变化的影响;并通过对重构的煤岩模型进行缩放处理,研究了煤岩尺寸对煤样的渗流破坏和声发射变化的影响。研究结果表明：在煤样微观裂隙扩展过程中,随着注水压力的递增,煤样损伤单元数、渗流运动的渗流场分布范围、渗透率、声发射数目和能量总体呈上升趋势,局部范围内有波动发生,发生波动的原因是由于渗流运动的渗流场与煤样裂隙内部应力场发生临界反应,致使煤样破坏单元位置发生改变;煤样渗透率由3.82×10−5 μm2上升至0.314 μm2,孔隙率由5.45%上升至48.45%,揭示了煤岩体裂隙总体上随注水压力增大而不断扩展贯通,局部上随注水压力增大而扩展趋势有所下降的影响规律;随着煤样尺寸的增加,注水破坏后煤样的孔隙率呈现先下降后逐渐平稳的趋势,声发射特性变化趋势正好与之相反,表明煤样的尺寸对注水煤岩渗流破坏有显著影响,但当煤样尺寸超过40 mm时,煤样尺寸对注水煤岩渗流破坏的影响趋于稳定。CT扫描技术与RFPA软件相结合的方法能够有效模拟注水煤岩的裂隙渗流扩展行为。     

不同围压下致密砂岩破裂过程声发射特征研究

揭示致密砂岩的破裂机制对致密油气储层压裂设计和压裂缝网改造具有重要的指导意义。本文采用鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长6储层致密砂岩试样,开展了不同围压下的常规三轴压缩试验,分析了围压对岩石力学性质的影响。采用声发射定位技术研究了试样破裂过程,分析了不同围压下声发射定位事件的信号特征及其时空演化序列。此外,对破裂后试样进行了CT扫描,基于CT切片图像观测了试样内部破裂特征。得到以下几点认识:（1）不同围压下,声发射时空演化差异主要表现在压密阶段。随着围压的增加,声发射事件主要发生时段后移。（2）围压对声发射特征参数累计振铃计数的影响主要表现在压密阶段,其他阶段累计振铃计数呈相似变化趋势。不同围压下均可将累计振铃计数快速增加的瞬间作为岩石即将破裂的标志。（3）随着围压的增加,岩石破裂形态趋于简单化,由拉张破裂为主的复杂形态逐渐转变为单一的剪切破裂形态。（4）CT扫描切片直观地反映了试样的破裂形态,与声发射定位所得试样整体破裂形态相吻合,并且在声发射定位的基础上进一步刻画了裂纹分布情况与各裂纹相互作用过程。采用声发射定位技术与CT扫描双重方法,研究试样破裂过程,对于深入研究岩石破裂机制具有一定的意义。     

中高温三轴应力下鲁灰花岗岩热破裂声发射特征的试验研究

在中高温三轴应力作用下岩石内部物理化学性质和结构特性将发生变化,随着岩石内部结构的变化会引发一系列的声发射现象。通过试验研究了大试件花岗岩在三轴压力状态下声发射随温度的变化规律。试验研究表明：①随着温度升高,岩石的声发射现象是间断发生的;②花岗岩存在一个开始发生热破裂的门槛值温度,其值为120 ℃左右;③试验温度范围内花岗岩热破裂的声发射现象可分为5个阶段,即岩石原生裂隙整合阶段、热破裂前声发射静默阶段、热破裂声发射阶段、大规模热破裂后声发射静默阶段、二次热破裂开始阶段。     

基于3D-DIC的砂岩裂纹扩展及损伤监测试验研究

裂纹监测对岩石损伤演化的认识至关重要。为研究岩石裂纹扩展及损伤变形特性,开展了含不同倾角（0°～90°）预制裂隙的标准细黄砂岩样的单轴压缩试验。利用三维数字图像相关技术（3D-DIC）获取岩样三维空间坐标下的应变分布,并结合声发射从光学与声学的角度监测了裂纹的扩展演化。由此提出了一种裂纹主应变的计算方法,定量表征岩石劣化的损伤变量D值。最后,探讨了由声发射与损伤变量D值确定岩样特征强度的影响因素。结论如下：（1）裂纹主应变反映了岩样受荷过程中同源裂纹在时间上的变化速率与空间上的扩展趋势,能较好地表征岩石的开裂行为;（2）声发射适用于确定岩样的起裂应力,不适用于损伤应力的确定,损伤变量D值所确定的起裂应力滞后于声发射,但适用于损伤应力特征值的确定;（3）结合声发射与DIC技术确定的归一化起裂应力范围为0.63～0.94、归一化损伤应力的范围为0.83～0.99;（4）预有裂隙会影响岩石的材料力学性能。随着倾角的增加,岩石的起裂应力、损伤应力及峰值应力呈增长的趋势,由于难以形成局部应变场聚集,裂纹的萌生与起裂更加困难。结果表明,3D-DIC技术的利用可以提高对岩石开裂行为的理解,对岩石的损伤监测与判识更有重要的意义。     

On the role of joint roughness on the micromechanics of rock fracturing process: a numerical study

The deformation process and failure mechanism of rock mass with increased joint roughness subjected to unconfined compression are investigated in this study using discrete element method. A numerical model is developed using soft-bonded particle and validated to realistically replicate the mechanical response of the rock mass. The micro-parameters of the rock material are first determined, and the effects of the joint roughness on the macromechanical response and fracture growth mechanism are then investigated. Analyses are also performed to examine the tensile and shear crack distributions, acoustic emission (AE) characteristics, coordination number, and crack anisotropy to advance the current understanding of the role of joint roughness on the mechanical behavior and deformability of rock mass. The results show that strength and deformability of the jointed rocks are highly dependent on the joint orientation and roughness. Joint roughness is found to restrain the propagation and coalescence of microcracks and AE events from the interlocking of asperities. In addition, the spatial distribution of the contact forces allows for better understanding of the effect of joint inclination angle on the response of the investigated rock samples.

     

Numerical analysis of the failure process around a circular opening in rock

Damage and fracture propagation around underground excavations are important issues in rock engineering. The analysis of quasi-brittle materials can be performed using constitutive laws based upon damage mechanics. The finite element code RFPA2D (Rock Failure Process Analysis) based on damage mechanics was used to simulate a loading-type failure process around an underground excavation (model tunnel) in brittle rock. One of the features of RFPA2D is the capability of modeling heterogeneous materials. In the current model, the effect of the homogeneous index (m) of rock on the failure modes of a model tunnel in rock was studied. In addition, by recording the number of damaged elements and the associated amount of energy released, RFPA2D is able to simulate acoustic activities around circular openings in rock. The results of a numerical simulation of a model tunnel were in very good agreement with the experimental test using the acoustic emission technique. Finally, the influence of the lateral confining pressure on the failure mechanism of the rock around the model tunnel was also investigated by numerical simulations.     

风化花岗岩声谱特征分析

岩石材料可视为声波的天然低通滤波器 ,声波在不同力学性质岩石材料中传播时 ,由于岩石对声波吸收程度不等因而高频声波滤除状况也不同。接收波中频率丰富程度与岩 石 的力学性质密切相关,岩石力学强度愈高,声谱中高频成分就愈丰富。反之,声谱中主要为 低频,高频分量因衰减而缺失。实验采用全数字化DB4型多波参数分析仪和计算机,对波形 数据进行FFT分析,通过接收谱和频率响应的特征来研究岩石的力学性质。声衰减研究可为 岩石、岩体强度和综合评价提供更多、更可靠的信息,是解决工程地质风化岩问题研究的一 种可行方法。     

An Integrated Study of the Dynamics of Electromagnetic and Acoustic Regimes During Failure of Complex Macrosystems Using Rock Blocks

The development of the failure process in complex macrosystems using large rock samples subjected to biaxial compression has been studied by means of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and acoustic emission (AE). In order to increase the stage of macrofailure development, a special procedure of rock loading was used to reveal regularities of nucleation and evolution of electromagnetic and acoustic structures. The synchronised measurements of EMR and AE allowed the control of the stress–strain state in the rocks and the structural developments of fracturing. Non-homogeneous distribution of the rock spatial crystalline structure subject to load leads to a mosaic distribution of EMR and AE characteristics. As a result, the crack scale effect may be observed in the EMR and AE structure behaviours. The EMR and AE following the failure at different levels behave differently according to the difference in the scale and type of cracks. Intense high-frequency EMR pulses were recorded during the initial stage of microcrack generation occurring prior to major failure of material. This was not the case for AE. The nucleation and development of the macroscopic progressive failure evolution caused an alternation in energetic and frequencial properties of electromagnetic and acoustic events. It has been detected that the tensile cracks were more efficient than shear cracks in capacity of EMR generation. The analysis of self potentials allowed reaching the maximum of registered anomalous variations in the stage of microcracking interaction. This stage showed an increase in the EMR activity, which implies the nucleation of microcracks in various regions of rock interfaces. The gradual accumulation of these defects led to weakening some parts of the rock along with a disintegration of electric anomalies, increase of AE and a significant fluctuation in the rate of EMR. When crack concentration attains its critical value, which results in the formation of dangerous macroscopic failure of higher level, AE shows an intense activity as well as an EMR lower frequency. The hierarchical development of rock failure using the ratio of the average crack size and the mean distance between cracks as a statistical concentration criterion is used to control the boundary of the transition from small dispersed cracks accumulation to gradual crack merger and the formation of the main macrofailure. These results could be transferred into larger scale levels to forecast dynamic events in the earth crust.     

Mechanical response of surrounding rock of tunnels constructed with the TBM and drill-blasting method

There are two kinds of excavation methods in underground engineering: the tunnel boring machine (TBM) and the drill-blasting method. A large number of studies have shown that the deformation and failure, the degree of disturbance, the stability and the reinforcement measures of surrounding rock using the TBM and drill-blasting method vary from each other. To accurately master these macroscopic damages, it is necessary to focus on the investigation of the micro-mechanical responses of the surrounding rock. Scanning electron microscopy tests, acoustic emission tests and tunnel acoustic detection tests were carried out to analyze the mechanical response of surrounding rock of tunnels, which were excavated in marble by, respectively, the TBM and the drill-blasting method. The tests results showed that most of the rock fractures cut by TBM is wipe along the crystal, and the failure mechanism is mainly cutting, while most of the rock fractures induced by the TBM coincide with crystal planes, its mechanism is mainly tensile. The stress–strain curves of rocks cut by the TBM method are rather flat around the peak strength, which means a strong resistance to deformation around the peak load. The response of AE for the rock cut by the TBM method appears after larger strains than the response of the rock constructed by the drill-blasting method. This suggests that the resistance to damage is higher under TBM excavation conditions. The relaxation depths of the tunnel excavated by the drill-blasting method are larger than the tunnel excavated by the TBM method. The research can provide more insight into tunnel failure mechanisms and provide a framework for reinforcement measures.     

声发射预报地震的岩体力学分析

岩体受压破坏是由于岩体内裂纹扩展及新的宏观裂纹产生不断积累的结果,大规模岩体受压破坏前会发生局部岩体的先前断裂破坏。裂纹起裂、快速扩展和止裂会产生声发射现象,局部岩体断裂破坏会产生强烈的声发射现象,通过对岩体声发射的监测分析可以预报受压岩体破坏的时间。因此,通过对地壳岩体声发射的监测分析,可以进行地震的短期和临震预报。通过对岩体受压应力分布规律的分析,得出通过监测地壳浅部地应力和地形变预报地震是没有实际意义的结论。     

声波技术在工程岩体测试中的初步应用

引言尽管地震法用于工程地质勘测已有相当年代的历史,但一般仅局限于风化层及松散覆盖层的探查。近年来,在工程岩体稳定的研究中,根据弹性波在岩体中的传播特征,进行岩体物理力学性质及状态的测试和评价,有相当的进展,弹性波测试技术的应用也愈加广泛。岩体弹性波测试技术包括在岩体中激发弹性波,以及进行波速及波幅检测的手段。     

Assessment of the Excavation-Damaged Zone in a Tall Rock Slope Using Acoustic Testing Method

During slope excavation, high stresses can become concentrated in the rock mass because of stress redistribution. Failure of the rock mass creates an excavation-damaged zone (EDZ) in the slope. The damage reduces the acoustic wave velocity in the rock mass. Results of field tests measuring acoustic wave velocity at the Jinping I Hydropower Station are used here to study the EDZ in a tall rock slope. Two acoustic testing methods were adopted in the field tests: single-hole acoustic testing (SAT) and cross-hole acoustic testing (CAT). The acoustic wave velocity was lower in the EDZ, and the depth of the EDZ increased with decreasing slope elevation. Statistical analysis shows that the acoustic wave velocity obtained by the SAT method is larger than that obtained by the CAT method, and the relative difference between the SAT- and CAT-derived velocities is lower for a high quality rock mass than for a low quality rock mass. The integrity ratio and severity of damage can also be determined by acoustic wave velocity test results, revealing that the integrity ratio and elastic modulus of a rock mass are reduced in the EDZ.     

利用岩石声发射凯塞效应测定岩体地应力

将砂岩在整个变形阶段的声发射信号特征可划分为加载初期、压密阶段、裂纹稳定扩展阶段、裂纹非稳定扩展阶段、砂岩破坏阶段5部分。利用岩样声发射信号的特征,确定出岩石的凯塞效应点与其裂纹稳定扩展阶段的起始点相对应,并进一步得出岩石凯塞效应点的上限为裂纹稳定扩展阶段的终点,裂纹非稳定扩展阶段的起始点。凯塞效应点受岩样两端面的平行度、压机加载速率等有关,岩样端面不平整,在加载初期会有强烈的声发射信号;压机加载速率过大,声发射信号可能显示不出来或被后续更强的声发射信号所掩盖。计算出深度为670m处巷道周围天然应力3个主应力的大小和方向,与在现场用应力解除法和水压致裂法测得的天然应力相比,其数值基本一致,但方向存在一定的偏差。     

Influence of Gas Hydrate on the Acoustic Properties of Sediment: A Comprehensive Review with a Focus on Experimental Measurements

In recent years, natural gas hydrate has attracted increasing attention worldwide as a potential alternative energy source due to its attributes of wide distribution, large reserves, and low carbon. Since the acoustic characteristics of hydrate-bearing reservoirs clearly differ from those of adjacent formations, an acoustic approach, using seismic and acoustic logging, is one of the most direct, effective and widely used methods among the identification and characterization techniques for hydrate reservoir exploration. This review of research on the influence of hydrate (content and distribution) on the acoustic properties (velocity and attenuation) of sediments in the past two decades includes experimental studies based on different hydrate formation methods and measurements, as well as rock physics models. The main problems in current research are also pointed out and future prospects discussed.     

New techniques in rock mass classification: application to welded tuffs at the Nevada Yucca Mountain

Summary Many rock mass classification systems exist to assist the engineer in assessing the rock support requirements for underground design. On-going research in this area is directed at attempting to utilize the fractal dimension and the acoustic emission response of the tuffs at the Nevada Yucca Mountain to further aid in rock mass classification. Acoustic emission response is shown to be correlated with the porosity of the sample. Engineering behaviour of the rock varies dramatically with porosity; events and peak amplitude offer a means to distinguish between fracture porosity and pore porosity and consequently the engineering behaviour of the rock. Fractal dimension is used to characterize the roughness of fracture surfaces. Two fractal dimension calculation methods, one based on the semi-variogram for the surface and the other based on the use of dividers, are applied for this purpose. The divider method is shown to resolve deviation from a straight line; the semi-variogram method is shown to identify statistical similarity to various types of noise.Nomenclature D fractal dimension - AE acoustic emission - b b-value determined from log(frequency) against log(amplitude) plots - (h) semi-variogram function - h lag distance for semi-variogram function - H an exponent term related to fractal dimension asD=2 –H     

动态载荷下大理岩断口形貌特征试验研究

为了探究动态载荷下大理岩的断口形貌特征,本文先利用分离式霍普金森压杆对岩样进行不同弹速下的冲击压缩和动态劈裂试验。接着,采用钨丝灯扫描电镜对岩样断口形貌进行细观观察,对比分析了不同试验条件下岩样的断裂模式。最后,引入分形维数定量表征了岩样断口细观形貌及其粗糙程度与冲击弹速间的内在关系。结果表明:在动态载荷下大理岩断口呈脆性特性,其基本断裂模式为沿晶断裂或穿晶断裂;高弹速冲击下,岩样断裂花样变小变密,表面附着岩粉趋多;相对于动态劈裂试验,动态压缩后岩样的破碎程度要高,断口花样中穿晶断裂形式所占的比重较大;随着弹速的增加,动态劈裂和动态压缩断裂模式均由耗能较低的沿晶断裂向耗能较高的穿晶断裂转变,分形维数值相应增大,但动态劈裂试验中分形维数值比动态压缩试验的应变率敏感性更加明显。     

不同损伤程度下岩石力学参数变化的声波测试

声波波速变化可有效表征岩体损伤程度。通过对岩样进行人工预损,利用声波检测标定岩样的不同损伤程度,然后通过三轴压缩试验来研究不同损伤程度下岩石的力学特性,建立了声波速度下降幅度与岩体力学参数变化幅度间的关系。研究表明,当岩样的声波速度下降5%～8%时,黏聚力c值降低15%～25%,内摩擦角? 值则升高14%～32%,因此,用声波速度的下降幅度来描述岩体参数的变化是可行的。根据现场实测的岩体损伤区内的声波速度的变化值,可以从一定程度上估计岩体参数的跌落情况,从而更进一步地说明损伤区内岩体的承载力。     

Impact of Geometric and Petrographic Characteristics on the Variability of LA Test Values for Railway Ballast

The Los Angeles test is one of the few mechanical test methods that provides information on the quality of railway ballast. However, the Los Angeles value is subject to large variability. Since important economic decisions depend on this value, the reasons for its variability are investigated. An extensive series of tests using four types of rock as well as an in-depth analysis of particle geometry and petrography are carried out. The impact of particle characteristics on the test results is investigated. The deviation of the petrographic composition within a given sample turns out to have a considerable impact on the Los Angeles test results, whereas the influence of the respective deviation of particle geometry is relatively small. The latter effect only comes into play in connection with petrographically homogeneous rock types. The distribution of the geometric features is similar in almost all of the rock types investigated. Due to the large deviation in particle shape and angularity, the sample mass of 10 kg (as provided in the standards EN 1097-2 and EN 13450) is not found to be representative. The necessary number of test repetitions in order to exclude the effect of deviation of particle geometry is estimated. The one result parameter according to the standard, the Los Angeles value, does not allow for discriminating between the amount of abrasion and the fragmentation occurring during the test. An additional result parameter for the estimation of the fragmentation rate is therefore proposed.     

岩样密实度对水力压裂特征参数的影响研究

为研究水力压裂在不同致密程度岩样中的压裂效果及其流固耦合作用机理，制作了不同密实度的两种重塑样，利用真密度测试仪、声波测试系统分别测定了两种试样的孔隙比例、声波大小，并结合三轴加载水力压裂监测系统，模拟一定地层压力条件下不同密实度试样的水力压裂试验。分析不同孔隙度下声波试验获得的声波数据得出:试验制得的试样致密程度不同，孔隙大的试样密实度较小，波速大小与试样密实度呈正相关；水力压裂试验中，致密试样的裂缝扩展方向与最大主应力平行。水压曲线变化趋势为:低密实度时，达到峰值压力的时间较峰后段持续时间短，高密实度试样则相反；低密实度试样的破裂压力值低于水力压裂缝内水压曲线的峰值，高密实度试样两压力值相当。结合高、低密实度试样的分析并进行高密实度试样的无围压试验可以得出:较小的流量变化对致密度较大的试样裂缝扩展方向影响较小，说明其渗流作用较弱。应力集中效应在无围压的试样和低密实度试样均表现明显，这说明，水力压裂试验中应力集中现象在低密实度试样中表现明显，这与其渗流作用较强有关，水力压裂渗流作用与注液流量正相关，在低密实度试样表现显著。