生态需水理论与方法研究进展

生态需水研究是近年来国内外广泛关注的热点,涉及生态学、水文学、环境科学等多个学科.本文系统回顾了国内外生态需水的研究进展,较为全面的介绍了生态需水的概念、特征和分类,并在将区域生态需水的定量计算分为河道内和河道外两部分的基础上,总结并介绍了河道内(包括河流、河口、湖泊)和河道外(包括植被、动物、湿地、城市和回补超采地下水)生态需水的各种计算方法.特别是对国内外河流生态需水计算方法的基本思想、优缺点及其适用范围做了重点介绍,并分析了国内外计算方法存在差异的原因.通过对过去生态需水研究的总结与分析认为,我国研究目标多集中在水资源供需矛盾突出以及生态环境相对脆弱和问题严重的干旱、半干旱和季节性干旱的湿润区,且以河流生态系统的需水作为主要研究对象.但由于起步晚,在这方面的研究还不是很成熟,生态需水的概念、内涵和外延均未有统一的定义;同时,在借鉴国外生态需水各种计算方法来进行我国的生态需水研究时,应考虑是否符合我国国情以及气候水文特征,不能机械照搬.再者,笔者认为:①在考虑各种方法联系机制的前提下,对其进行合理耦合,取长补短,并进一步加强3S等新技术的应用;②加强对水资源虽相对丰沛,但由于水污染严重而存在水质性缺水的湿润地区,如华南珠江流域的生态需水研究等,将成为今后的发展方向.     

《CT理论与应用研究》总目次(2010年第19卷)

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欢迎投稿和征订

《CT理论与应用研究》是中国地震局地球物理研究所和同方威视技术股份有限公司共同主办的专业性学术刊物,1992年创刊,主要报道CT理论与应用方面的创新性研究成果,反映国内外CT科技的前沿和进展。期刊设有CT理论与方法、地球物理CT、工业CT、医学     

欢迎投稿和订阅

《CT理论与应用研究》是中国地震局地球物理研究所和同方威视技术股份有限公司共同主办的专业性学术刊物,1992年创刊,主要刊登CT理论与应用方面的创新性研究成果反映国内外CT科技的前沿和进展。期刊设有理论与方法、地球物理CT、工业CT,医学GT,综述和信息等栏目,是从事CT理论与应用研究方面的科技人员及大专院校师生进行学术交流的园地,也是图书、情报等部门的信息来源。     

欢迎投稿和订阅

《CT理论与应用研究》是中国地震局地球物理研究所和同方威视技术股份有限公司共同主办的专业性学术刊物,1992年创刊,主要刊登CT理论与应用方面的创新性研究成果,反映国内外CT科技的前沿和进展。期刊设有理论与方法、地球物理CT、工业CT、医学CT、综述和信息等栏目,是从事CT理论与应用研究方面的科技人员及大专院校师生进行学术交流的园地,也是图书、情报等部门的信息来源。     

欢迎订阅《中国体视学与图像分析》

《中国体视学与图像分析》是经国家出版署批准,中国科学技术协会主管、国家一级学会——中国体视学学会主办,全面反映中国体视学理论和图像应用技术研究的学术性和技术性综合刊物。主要报道国内外有关三维结构与图像的定量分析和表征的最新理论与方法,内容涉及体视学、图像分析、三维视觉、三维建模、三维成像与可视化、相关图像的获取(如各种显微镜、CT、物种摄影技术)和处理技术,相关数学原理的研究(如几何概率、分形理论、数学形     

An Overview of the Study on Stress Magnitude

Crustal stress field holds an important position in geodynamics research, such as in plate motion simulations, uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and earthquake preparation and occurrence. However, most of the crustal stress studies emphasize particularly on the determination of stress direction, with little study being done on stress magnitude at present. After reviewing ideas on a stress magnitude study from geological, geophysical and various other aspects, a method to estimate the stress magnitude in the source region according to the deflection of stress direction before and after large earthquakes and the stress drop tensor of earthquake rupture has been developed. The proposed method can also be supplemented by the average apparent stress before and after large earthquakes. The stress direction deflection before and after large earthquakes can be inverted by massive focal mechanisms of foreshocks and aftershocks and the stress drop field generated by the seismic source can be calculated by the detailed distribution of the earthquakes rupture. The mathematical relationship can then be constructed between the stress drop field, where its magnitude and direction are known and the stress tensor before and after large earthquakes, where its direction is known but magnitude is unknown, thereby obtaining the stress magnitude. The average apparent stress before and after large earthquakes can be obtained by using the catalog of broadband radiated energy and seismic moment tensor of foreshocks and aftershocks and the different responses to stress drops. This relationship leads to another estimation of stress magnitude before a large earthquake. The stress magnitude and its error are constrained by combining the two methods, which provide new constraints for the geodynamics study.     

Acute Toxicity of Sodium Nitrite on Channa punctatus (BLOCH) and Mystus (Mystus) vittatus (BLOCH)

This paper deals with the toxicity of sodium nitrite to freshwater fishes, Channa punctatus (BL.) and Mystus (M). vittatus (Bl.) as to determine the acute toxicity. The LC 50 values were obtained by using a static bioassay method for a period of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hour intervals. The LC 50 values of sodium nitrite for C. punctatus were 375, 325, 250 and 200 ppm and for M. (M). vittatus 164, 140, 90 and 64 ppm, respectively. A profuse mucus secretion was evident at higher concentrations as compared to lower ones. The probable causes of mortality of the fishes are also discussed.     

利用~(210)Pb、~(137)Cs和~(241)Am计年法测算云南抚仙湖现代沉积速率

通过对云南抚仙湖沉积物柱芯样品的~(210)Pb、~(137)Cs和~(241)Am测试表明,柱芯剖面上有明显的1963年和1986年~(137)Cs蓄积峰,验证了1975年次级蓄积峰存在的可能性,这些峰形完好的蓄积峰对抚仙湖的现代沉积环境有明显的时标意义。利用~(137)Cs计年法得到抚仙湖沉积物自1963年、1975年及1986年以来到2007年的平均沉积速率分别为0.063g/(cm~2·a)、0.052g/(cm~2·a)和0.039g/(cm~2·a),说明了过去近五十年抚仙湖沉积速率整体上经历了一个由快到慢的过程。借助于~(241)Am的1963年蓄积峰可以提高~(137)Cs计年的准确性。根据~(210)Pb CRS计年模式,计算出每个样品深度所对应的年代,与~(137)Cs计年法比较存在一定的偏差,分析了两种计年方法存在差异性的原因。通过质量深度和年代分析,抚仙湖的沉积速率变化幅度比较大,表明抚仙湖近129年来的沉积环境不稳定,可能与相应历史时期的人类活动有密切的关系。     

Direct scanning tunneling microscope (STM) observation of Cr(III) complexes on hematite (001) surfaces

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is used to observe, at the atomic scale, Cr(III) adsorbed to hematite (001) surfaces from aqueous solution. The Cr(III) adsorbates are relatively immobile, but estimated activation energies for surface self-diffusion are lower than those for water or hydroxyl substitution in aqueous Cr(III). Possible causes are effects of STM imaging (artifacts), high ligand-substitution rates for adsorbed species, or participation of substrate Fe (III) ligand exchange. STM imaging of suitable aqueous surface complexes is shown to be feasible, and constitutes a new way to study the relationships between microscopic and macroscopic chemical behavior of adsorbed species in aqueous systems.     

International Journal of Sediment Research(IJSR)-Order Form(2019)

正Editing Board address:IRTCES, 20 West Chegongzhuang Rd., Beijing 100048, China IJSR is the journal of THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH (WASER) and is edited by the International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation (IRTCES).Main topics:Fluvial and estuarine processes     

Chromium(III) and Chromium(VI) Circulation in Aquatic Biocenoses

The cumulation of chromium(III) and (VI) has been studied in batch cultures of planktonic algae Microcystis incerta, Scedenesmus obliquus, Chlorella kessleri and Chlamydomonas geitleri at different chromium and algal cells concentrations. It has been found that chromium(VI) is practically not cumulated in algae, whereas chromium(III) is very rapidly cumulated in all types of algae investigated. The cumulation factor increases with the decrease of the radius of algae cells and it reaches the value of 10⁶ for Microcystis incerta even after a few hours of contact. The kinetics, the cumulation factors and the capacity of algae to cumulate chromium(III) is practically the same for living as well as for dead cells and therefore it can be concluded that the cumulation of chromium(III) is due predominantly to the chemical sorption on the surface of algal cells.     

(235)U, (238)U, (232)Th, (40)K and (137)Cs activity concentrations in marine sediments along the northern coast of Oman Sea using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry

The natural radioactivity levels in sediment samples of the northern coast of Oman Sea, covering the coastal strip from Hormoz canyon to Goatr seaport, as the first time has been determined. The results of measurements will serve as background reference level for Oman Sea coastlines. Sediments from 36 coastal and near shore locations were collected for analysis. Analysis on the collected samples were carried out to determine (235)U, (238)U, (232)Th, (40)K and (137)Cs using two high purity germanium detectors with 38.5% and 55% relative efficiencies. The concentration of (235)U, (238)U, (232)Th, (40)K and (137)Cs in sediment samples ranged between 1.01 and 2.87Bq/kg, 11.83 and 22.68Bq/kg, 10.7 and 25.02Bq/kg, 222.89 and 535.07Bq/kg and 0.14 and 2.8Bq/kg, respectively. The radium equivalent activity was well below the defined limit of 370Bq/kg. The external hazard indices were found to be less than 1, indicating a low dose.