安康牛山火山岩区基础地质及金银铜的成矿条件

安康牛山地区的海相火山岩构成安康隆起的主体。经两年的研究取得了如下认识和成果:①火山岩岩石学、岩石地球化学研究表明,郧西群火山岩可分为上、下两个岩性段,岩石类型计有石英角斑岩、钾石英角班岩及其同质火山碎屑岩;耀岭河群为细碧岩、钠长辉绿岩及其同质火山碎屑岩,火山岩组合为石英角斑岩-细碧岩,缺失中性角斑岩类,前者为钙碱性系列,后者为拉斑玄武岩系列,含钙碱性系列分子。火山岩具双模式特点,为裂谷环境产物。加里东晚期或华力西早期侵位的酸性侵入岩为岛弧环境产物。②首次研宄并划分出七条韧性剪切带,在空问上呈近南北,和南东-北西两组方向,推测其为共轭韧性剪切带组合。③论述了恒河以东,付家河以西地段的线性构造和环形构造,并在此基础上论证了猴子崖-牛山主峰一带为一大型构造穹窿。④本区火山变质岩的变质矿物有七种组合类型和两个变质相。⑤本区首次发现了高压变质相系的蓝片岩(钠钙闪石绿片岩)。这对阐明安康隆起、平利降起,乃至整个秦岭造山带的构造演化具有重要的大地构造意义。⑥基于Ma区和Pan区铜银矿点和矿化地段的发现和金银铜矿化特征、成矿条件的分析,初步认为本区已知的火山热液脉型和火山变质热液脉型铜矿不具备形成工业矿床的地质条件,金矿产成矿因素较为复杂,其成矿前景尚欠明确,银矿产尚有一定的成矿潜在前景。笔者等确立的找矿指导思想是以银为主的金银铜综合找矿。     

苏北海州群细碧角斑岩系的成因

海州群的变质火山岩地层，以石英角斑岩为主，细碧岩次之，角斑岩类稀少，属于细碧岩—石英角斑岩组合类型，且以普遍含钾偏高为特点。根据该岩系的岩相、岩石化学、稀土元素含量情况分析，它是元古代晚期在张性条件作用下产生陆内裂谷一海州裂陷槽，并形成海底火山喷发活动的产物。其中细碧岩和石英角斑岩分别来源于上地幔碱性玄武岩和硅铝地壳偏碱性流纹岩浆，所以具有双峰模式的组合特点。海州群沉积之后，曾多次发生区域性中一高压绿片岩相变质作用，分布上可划分为兰闪石绿片岩相、低绿片岩相、高绿片宕相等三个变质带，显示了递增变质的规律性变化。     

吉林省洮南市闹牛山铜矿床(吉林段)地质特征及成因探讨

闹牛山铜矿位于吉林与内蒙古交界处,矿体主要赋存于闹牛山火山机构边部和西侧次火山岩中的构造裂隙中,通过分析矿体的赋存状态和矿床成因,认为闹牛山铜矿在火山机构的外侧,矿化主要受断裂裂隙构造控制,属于次火山热液成因,在火山机构边部铜矿化在深部表现为斑岩型矿化特征,为以后在该地区的找矿提出了新的思路。     

甘肃白银厂矿田的描述性地质模型

白银厂矿田产在北祁连下古生界优地槽岛弧带中，４０年代以来，普遍流行的观点是，白银厂矿田属火山—沉积成因，与黑矿成矿模式可对比。通过详细研究前人取得的大量地质资料并进行大量的野外调查，提出了白银厂矿田次火山热液成因的观点，建立了描述性地质模式，以图在白银地区进行矿床预测和勘察。白银厂矿田的含矿建造主要由细碧—角斑火山岩组成，其中产有发育良好的次火山岩。次火山岩主要由次石英角斑岩组成，其次有次角斑岩和次细碧岩。一定构造背景的块状酸性次火山岩是成矿有利地区，白银厂矿田的５个矿床均产在酸性次火山杂岩中。次火山岩具有多次侵入特点。卫星影象、重磁模式表明，成矿杂岩分布在具放射状线性构造的环形构造中心，具低密度低磁特点。因此，具上述特征的次火山岩分布区应该是今后找矿的有利地段     

秦岭、祁连细碧岩—石英角斑岩建造成因新观点——壳幔双层混合模型

1.岩石地球化学特征经研究,秦岭、祁连细碧岩-石英角斑岩建造存在C和A(或A1、A2)类地球化学趋势,这些趋势代表不同的岩浆演化系列。北秦岭早古生代二郎坪群和丹凤群细碧岩-石英角斑岩建造具有A+C类基性火山岩+C类角斑岩、石英角斑岩共生组合,A类属拉斑玄武岩浆系列。扬子地台北缘中、晚元古宙细碧岩-石英角斑岩建造具有A1±A2类基性火山岩+C类角斑岩、石英角斑岩组合,其中A1类属拉斑玄武岩浆系列,A2类属碱性玄武岩浆系列。祁连早古生代细碧岩-石英角斑岩建造具有±A1±A2±C类基性火山岩+C类角斑岩、石英角斑岩组合,A1、A2类属拉斑玄武岩浆系列及碱性玄武岩浆系列。秦岭、祁连细碧岩-石英角斑岩建造的共同特点为:(1)呈近东西向的线形带状分布,     

苏北海州群细碧角斑岩系的成因

海州群的变质火山岩地层，以石英角斑岩为主，细碧岩次之，角斑岩类稀少，属于细碧岩一石英角斑岩组合类型，且以普遍含钾偏高为特点。根据该岩的岩相、岩石化学、稀土元素含量情况分析，它是元古代晚期在张性条件作用下产生陆内裂谷－海州裂陷槽，并形成海底火山喷发活动的产物。其中细碧岩和石英角斑岩分别来源于上地幔碱性玄武岩和硅铝地壳偏碱性流纹岩浆，所以具有双峰模式的组合特点。海州群沉积之后，曾多次发生区域性中－高压     

浙江中岙古火山热液金矿多阶段成矿及金的富集规律

本矿产于元古界浅变质火山岩中,受断裂构造控制明显,为浅成中温古火山热液金矿.矿化富集于火山热液期,成矿具多阶段性,并有明显叠加造成金的富化.金的富集具一定规律,对找矿有重要指导意义.     

赣东南地区火山地质、矿产特征及找矿方向

赣东南火山岩区主要发育侏罗纪中、晚世中酸性火山碎屑岩－火山熔岩，其中以爆溢相产出的流纹质晶屑凝灰溶岩分布最广；火山构造主要发育破火山口、岩穹、隐爆角砾岩筒等构造，且与成矿关系；与成矿关系密切的次火山岩广泛发育。区内主要矿化类型为斑岩型、（次火山）隐爆层间裂隙带型、蚀变花岗岩型、隐爆角砾岩型，矿床成因均为与火山活动期后次火山（隐爆）活动有关的岩浆期后高－中温热液交代－充填型矿床。同时，矿床类型上具相互穿插性，隐爆层间裂隙带型、隐爆角砾型等矿床类型往往可以看作是斑岩型矿床的延伸；矿床空间分布上往往具有“一体多型”的特征。新矿化类型是赣南中生代火山岩找矿的重要方向。     

南秦岭碧口群海相火山岩岩石学研究

中晚元古代碧口群海相火山岩分布于扬子古板块西北缘,本文通过火山岩岩相学及微量元素研究,对该群火山岩的岩浆系列,岩浆作用以及产出地质构造环境等一系列问题进行了论述。碧口群海相火山岩由火山相细碧岩、角斑岩、石英角斑岩及次火山相的钠质辉绿岩组成,岩相学资料表明本区细碧-角斑岩系是由偏富钠的细碧岩浆直接结晶形成,可借用“海底热卤水与岩浆混染”成因模式来说明细碧岩浆成因。火山相细碧角斑岩属钙碱岩浆系列,次火山相钠质辉绿岩属拉斑玄武岩浆系列,它们与产于火山岩系中的超基性岩组成蛇绿岩套,产于岛弧环境,按都城(1975)分类属I类蛇绿岩。该蛇绿岩组合为橄榄拉斑玄武岩浆深部分异序次喷发-侵入的产物。     

南秦岭碧口群海相火山岩岩石学研究

中晚元古代碧口群海相火山岩分布于扬子古板块西北缘,本文通过火山岩岩相学及微量元素研究,对该群火山岩的岩浆系列,岩浆作用以及产出地质构造环境等一系列问题进行了论述。碧口群海相火山岩由火山相细碧岩、角斑岩、石英角斑岩及次火山相的钠质辉绿岩组成,岩相学资料表明本区细碧-角斑岩系是由偏富钠的细碧岩浆直接结晶形成,可借用“海底热卤水与岩浆混染”成因模式来说明细碧岩浆成因。火山相细碧角斑岩属钙碱岩浆系列,次火山相钠质辉绿岩属拉斑玄武岩浆系列,它们与产于火山岩系中的超基性岩组成蛇绿岩套,产于岛弧环境,按都城(1975)分类属I类蛇绿岩。该蛇绿岩组合为橄榄拉斑玄武岩浆深部分异序次喷发-侵入的产物。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.