湖北省三道河水库底栖动物的初步研究

2007年8月至2008年4月,在湖北省三道河水库6个采样点调查底栖动物,共采集到底栖动物17种,其中水生昆虫11种,均为摇蚊科;寡毛类6种,均为颤蚓科,春季优势种为前突摇蚊,夏季优势种为小摇蚊、流水长跗摇蚊和前突摇蚊,秋、冬季优势种为霍甫水丝蚓,底柄动物种类数、密度和生物量随季节变化明显,种类数夏季＞冬季＞秋季＞春季,密度和生物量春季＞冬季＞秋季＞夏季,周年密度和生物量分别为366.42±102.93ind/m2和0.5649±0.1779g/m2,属贫营养型水库,现存量自坝前向库尾逐步递增,Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均在夏季最高,秋季最低,4次调查中寡毛类密度均未超过1 000ind./m2,水质属轻度污染.     

福建省富营养化水库沉积物磷形态及对水体的贡献

2003年7月至2004年4月,每季度对武汉市南湖大型底栖动物进行定量和定性的采样分析,共发现大型底栖动 物30种;优势种为霍甫水丝蚓和刺铗长足摇蚊,均呈聚集分布;大型底栖动物的年均密度和生物量分别为4437 ind/m~2和 17．79 g/m~2,其密度和生物量春季最高,Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数和 Margalef 多样性指数的年均值分别为1．515和 1．123．比较分析了南湖大型底栖动物组成的历史变化,对水环境进行了生物学评价,并提出了南湖大型底栖动物合理利 用的建议．     

湖北道观河水库大型底栖动物的群落结构及物种多样性

1999年对湖北道观河水库大型底栖动物进行6次采样,共检出大型底栖动物17种,隶属4门16属.其中软体动物3种,环节动物5种,节肢动物8种,线形动物1种.密度和生物量分别为142ind/m2和0.99g/m2.优势种类为大红德永摇蚊和霍甫水丝蚓.密度季节变化顺序为春季>冬季>秋季>夏季;生物量季节变化为春季>冬季>夏季>秋季.密度和生物量的水平分布为上游>库湾>中游>下游.生物量与水深呈负相关关系;与水温、底泥TN、TP无显著相关关系.应用Goodnight-Whitley生物指数等对水质进行评价,结果显示该水库受到中等污染.提出在深水水库中不宜用Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数等多样性指数评价水质.     

湖北浮桥河水库底栖动物的群落结构及生物多样性

1997年 4月至 1998年 1月 ,在浮桥河水库 14个采样点调查底栖动物 ,共获 4 7种 .其优势种类为霍甫水丝蚓 (Limnodrilushoffmeisteri)、中国长足摇蚊 (Tanypuschinensis)、前突摇蚊属 (Procladiussp .)和摇蚊属 (Chironomussp .) .水库底栖动物的Shannon指数和Margalef指数偏低 ,上游的指数值最高 .从种类相似性来看 ,底栖动物的季节变化不明显 ;在水平分布上 ,上游与库汊的种类相似性最低 ,库汊与下游的种类相似性最高 .浮桥河水库底栖动物的平均密度为5 2 9.1ind/m2 ,平均生物量为 35 34.1mg/m2 ,均以水生昆虫占优 ,其时空变化主要受水生昆虫控制 .能量估算法估算出浮桥河水库底栖动物的渔产潜力为 1.5× 10 4 kg/a .     

江苏省水库底栖动物调查及其综合评价

于1998年5月-1999年5月对江苏省48座大中型水库底栖动物进行了调查．鉴定的底栖动物计75属种,优势种类为尾鳃蚓属（Branichiura）、水丝蚓属(Limnodrilus）、管水蚓属（Aulodrilus)、长足摇蚊属（Pelopia)、隐摇蚊（Cryptochironomus）等5属．底栖动物密度为288．4ind．／m^2,变动范围43．2-928．2ind．／m^2;生物量为8．753g／m^2,变动范围0．235—61．884g／m^2．北部、中部、南部水库各类底栖动物的季节变化呈现较大的差异．用Goodnight ＆ Whitley生物指数和Wright寡毛类密度法评价水库水质,除少数水库有轻度污染外,水质状况总体良好．用能量估算法估算水库底栖动物的平均渔产潜力为5．8kg/hm^2。     

南四湖底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了解南四湖大型底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系,于2010年对南四湖15个采样点的底栖动物和生态环境进行4次调查研究.结果表明:共检出底栖动物23种,栖息密度和生物量为311.57 ind./m2和44.39 g/m2;群落物种优势度指数较高,优势种集中于羽摇蚊幼虫(Chironomus plumosus)和霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri),分别占个体总数的77.45%和11.39%;水生植物生物量为1613 g/m2,盖度为33%,存在显著季节变化与空间差异,但底栖动物群落特征与之无显著相关性;南四湖水域主要污染物为氮,其次为磷,最后为高锰酸钾指数;2010年度除底栖动物物种数与水体CODMn含量呈显著负相关以及栖息密度与水体相关加权综合营养状态指数呈显著正相关外,其余底栖动物群落特征与水生植物、水质理化指标及营养状态间均未表现出显著相关性;依据底栖动物Goodnight-Whitley生物指数和水质相关加权综合营养状态指数评价结果,南四湖除局部区域受到严重的外源污染外,总体为清洁-中度营养类型.     

巢湖流域不同水系大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因素

2013年4月对巢湖流域8个水系147个样点的大型底栖动物进行调查,分析其群落结构及与环境因子的关系.共采集到大型底栖动物213种,隶属于3门7纲22目76科177属.8个水系大型底栖动物物种数差异较大,在杭埠河发现172种,而在十五里河仅发现10种.大型底栖动物密度组成呈现出显著的空间差异.南淝河和十五里河的寡毛纲相对密度均超过96%,派河的寡毛纲和摇蚊幼虫的相对密度分别为47.8%和41.1%.裕溪河、白石天河、柘皋河和杭埠河的腹足纲相对密度最大.杭埠河的水生昆虫相对密度达30.6%,是水生昆虫相对密度最大的水系.相似性分析结果表明,8个水系特征种差异明显,霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)是十五里河和派河的最主要优势种,而铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)是兆河、裕溪河、杭埠河、白石天河和柘皋河的最主要优势种,铜锈环棱螺和霍甫水丝蚓是南淝河贡献率较大的两种优势种.生物多样性结果表明,Shannon-Wiener、Simpson及Margalef指数在8个水系间具有显著差异,Pielou指数在8个水系间差异不明显.典范对应分析结果表明,影响大型底栖动物群落结构的主要因素为水体营养状态和底质异质性.高营养盐浓度导致南淝河、派河和十五里河的耐污种密度高、生物多样性低,而相对较高的底质异质性维持了杭埠河大型底栖动物的高多样性和敏感型物种的生存.     

长江中下游湖泊大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性

2007年10月至2008年4月,对长江中下游地区四种不同类型(草型、天然养殖、施肥养殖以及城市湖泊)的10个湖泊的大型底栖动物群落结构和多样性进行研究,并分析其与水体营养状态之间的关系.研究结果表明,不同类型湖泊底栖动物的密度、生物量、多样性及特征种类均存在显著差异.草型湖泊具有最高的生物量和多样性,但密度最低,其特征种类为腹足纲动物.天然养殖湖泊生物量也较高,物种多样性处于中间水平,特征种类为河蚬、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕及苏氏尾鳃蚓.施肥养殖湖泊和城市湖泊底栖动物密度较高,并呈现出最低的物种多样性,特征种类主要是耐污能力较强的颤蚓类和摇蚊科幼虫.相关性分析表明湖泊营养状态指数与底栖动物密度呈显著正相关,而与生物量呈显著负相关,说明随着营养水平的增加,底栖动物群落逐渐被小个体的耐污种类所主导.Margalef丰富度指数及Pielou均匀度指数与营养状态指数亦呈显著负相关,反映目前长江中下游湖泊随营养水平增加底栖动物群落趋于简单化的演替趋势.     

太湖大型底栖动物群落结构与水环境生物评价

于2014年冬季和夏季调查太湖全湖116个样点的大型底栖动物,分析其群落结构及与环境因子的关系.共记录底栖动物55种,隶属3门7纲18目27科52属,底栖动物的平均密度和生物量分别为405.5 ind./m2和146.6 g/m2.优势度分析表明,河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)、霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、太湖大螯蜚(Grandidierella aihuensis)、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephtys oligobranchia)和拟背尾水虱属一种(Paranthura sp.)是太湖大型底栖动物的优势种.基于环境因子聚类分析,可将全湖分为3个区:敞水区、水生植被区和富营养区.方差分析表明各湖区间环境因子差异显著.统计分析表明,3个区底栖动物群落结构相似性低,差异显著.典范对应分析表明,水深、总氮、总磷、铵态氮、水生植物、溶解性有机碳和沉积物中值粒径与大型底栖动物群落结构显著相关.K-优势曲线、物种多样性指数显示,从水生植被区→敞水区→富营养区,营养水平增加,底栖动物多样性逐渐降低,生物量逐渐升高.研究结果表明营养水平、底质类型以及水生植被的分布是决定太湖大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性的关键因子.     

武汉市南湖大型底栖动物的时空分布和氮磷评价

通过对南湖大型底栖动物的时空分布研究表明,南湖中现在的优势种主要为耐污性强的种类,其季节分布:霍甫水丝蚓以5月份密度最大,8月份密度最低;刺铗长足摇蚊和红裸须摇蚊的幼虫均以11月份密度最大.水平分布:霍甫水丝蚓密度依次为V＞Ⅲ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅳ;刺铗长足摇蚊幼虫密度依次为Ⅱ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅳ＞V.垂直分布:寡毛类和摇蚊幼虫最大分布深度为25cm,主要集中在0-20cm深度范围内,此深度范围内的生物量占到30cm柱样中同类总量的99%以上.软体动物在湖心区已很难采到活体标本,但在岸壁上能采到一些腹足类.南湖寡毛类生物量鲜重为176759.35 kg,摇蚊幼虫为46810.30kg,腹足类为899.34 kg;其所含的TN量和TP量分别为3463.61 kg和350.91 kg.研究表明,利用大型底栖动物转移或清除南湖中的N和P是一条重要途径,但与南湖目前巨大的外源性和内源性营养盐来源相比,对N、P的清除量是有限的.     

琼中地震台重力仪记录同震响应特征分析

2013年2月6-8日圣克鲁斯群岛发生6次强震,琼中地震台的重力仪记录都有同震响应出现。本文从重力仪记录的面波的延迟时间、最大变形幅度、同震持续时间3个方面研究了6次强震的同震响应特征。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.