A mesoscale model used in the Polar regions： modification and verification

1 IntroductionChina has been carrying out 23 field experiments over the Antarctic since 1984 andmany observations on the aspect of oceanography were conducted. The changes of tempera-ture and precipitation in the polar regions have effecton global climate…     

Effect of sea spray on the numerical simulation of super typhoon ‘Ewiniar’

To study the potential effect of sea spray on the evolution of typhoons,two kinds of sea spray flux parameterizationschemes developed by Andreas (2005) and Andreas and Wang (2006) and Fairall et al.(1994) respectively are incorporated into theregional atmospheric Mesoscale Model version 3.6 (MM5V3) of Pennsylvania State University/National Center for AtmosphericResearch (PSU/NCAR) and the coupled atmosphere-sea spray modeling system is applied to simulate a Western Pacific super ty-phoon Ewiniar in 2006.The simulation results demonstrate that sea spray can lead to a significant increase in heat fluxes at theair-sea interface and the simulated typhoon's intensity.Compared with the results without sea spray,the minimum sea level pressurereduces about 8hPa after taking account of sea spray by Fairall et al.'s parameterization (1994) and about 5hPa by Andreas' (2005)and Andreas and Wang's (2006) parameterization at the end of the model integration,while the maximum 10m wind speed increasesabout 17% and 15% on average,respectively,through the entire simulation time period.Taking sea spray into account also causessignificant changes in Tropical Cyclone (TC) structure due to an enhancement of water vapor and heat transferred from the sea sur-face to the air; therefore,the center structure of the typhoon becomes more clearly defined and the wind speed around the typhooneye is stronger in numerical experiments.The simulations show that different sea spray flux parameterizations make different modifications to the TC structure.     

Decadal variability shown by the arctic ocean hydrochemical data and reproduced by an ice-ocean model

The Arctic is experiencing a significant warming trend as well as a decadal oscillation. The atmospheric circulation represented by the Polar Vortex and the sea ice cover show decadal variabilities, while it has been difficult to reveal the decadal oscillation from the ocean interior. The recent distribution of Russian hydrochemical data collected from the Arctic Basin provides useful information on ocean interior variabilities. Silicate is used to provide the most valuable data for showing the boundary between the silicate-rich Pacific Water and the opposite Atlantic Water. Here, it is assumed that the silicate distribution receives minor influence from seasonal biological productivity and Siberian Rivers outflow. It shows a clear maximum around 100m depth in the Canada Basin, along with a vertical gradient below 100 m, which provides information on the vertical motion of the upper boundary of the Atlantic Water at a decadal time scale. The boundary shifts upward （downward）, as realized by the silicate reduction （increase） at a fixed depth, responding to a more intense （weaker） Polar Vortex or a positive （negative） phase of the Arctic Oscillation. A coupled ice-ocean model is employed to reconstruct this decadal oscillation.     

A coupled regional Arctic sea ice-ocean model: configuration and application

A regional sea ice-ocean coupled model for the Arctic Ocean was developed, based on the MITgcm ocean circulation model and classical Hibler79 type two categorythermodynamics-dynamics sea ice model. The sea ice dynamics and thermodynamicswere considered based on Viscous-Plastic (VP) and Winton three-layer models, respectively. A detailed configuration of coupled model has been introduced. Special attention has been paid to the model grid setup, subgrid paramerization, ice-ocean coupling and open boundary treatment. The coupled model was then applied and two test run examples were presented. The first model run was a climatology simulation with 10 years (1992?002) averaged NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data as atmospheric forcing. The second model run was a seasonal simulation for the period of 1992?007. The atmospheric forcing was daily NCAR/NCEP reanalysis. The climatology simulation captured the general pattern of the sea ice thickness distribution of the Arctic, i.e., the thickest sea ice is situated around the CanadaArchipelago and the north coast of the Greenland. For the second model run, themodeled September Sea ice extent anomaly from 1992?007 was highly correlated with the observations, with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.88. Theminimum of the Arctic sea ice area in the September of 2007 was unprecedented. The modeled sea ice area and extent for this minimum was overestimated relative to the observations. However, it captured the general pattern of the sea ice retreat.     

Response of the Dominant Modes of Atmospheric Circulation in the Northern Hemisphere to a Projected Arctic Sea Ice Loss in 2007

This study revisits the Arctic sea ice extent(SIE) for the extended period of 1979-2015 based on satellite measurements and finds that the Arctic SIE experienced three different periods: a moderate sea ice decline period for 1979-1996, an accelerated sea ice decline period from 1997 to 2006, and large interannual variation period after 2007, when Arctic sea ice reached its tipping point reported by Livina and Lenton(2013). To address the response of atmospheric circulation to the lowest sea ice conditions with a large interannual variation, we investigated the dominant modes for large atmospheric circulation responses to the projected 2007 Arctic sea ice loss using an atmospheric general circulation model(ECHAM5). The response was obtained from two 50-yr simulations: one with a repeating seasonal cycle of specified sea ice concentration for the period of 1979-1996 and one with that of sea ice conditions in 2007. The results suggest more occurrences of a negative Arctic Oscillation(AO) response to the 2007 Arctic sea ice conditions, accompanied by an North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO)-type atmospheric circulation response under the largest sea ice loss, and more occurrences of the positive Arctic Dipole(AD) mode under the 2007 sea ice conditions, with an across-Arctic wave train pattern response to the largest sea ice loss in the Arctic. This study offers a new perspective for addressing the response of atmospheric circulation to sea ice changes after the Arctic reached the tipping point in 2007.     

The role of Pacific water in the dramatic retreat of arctic sea ice during summer 2007

A model study is conducted to examine the role of Pacific water in the dramatic retreat of arctic sea ice during summer 2007. The model generally agrees with the observations in showing considerable seasonal and interannual variability of the Pacific water inflow at Bering Strait in response to changes in atmospheric circulation. During summer 2007 anomalously strong southerly winds over the PaCific sector of the Arctic Ocean strengthen the ocean circulation and bring more Pacific water into the Arctic than the recent （2000-2006） average. The simulated summer （3 months ） 2007 mean Pacific water inflow at Bering Strait is 1.2 Sv, which is the highest in the past three decades of the simulation and is 20% higher than the recent average. Particularly, the Pacific water inflow in September 2007 is about 0.5 Sv or 50% above the 2000-2006 average. The strengthened warm Pacific water inflow carries an additional 1.0 x 1020 Joules of heat into the Arctic, enough to melt an additional 0.5 m of ice over the whole Chukchi Sea. In the model the extra summer oceanic heat brought in by the Pacific water mainly stays in the Chukchi and Beaufort region, contributing to the warming of surface waters in that region. The heat is in constant contact with the ice cover in the region in July through September. Thus the Pacific water plays a role in ice melting in the Chukchi and Beaufort region all summer long in 2007, likely contributing to up to O. 5 m per month additional ice melting in some area of that region.     

2008年“威马逊”台风期间海上大气波导时空特征

结合 MM5数值模拟结果、天气图和卫星云图,系统分析了2008年“威马逊”台风引起的大气波导特征.本次台风过程中发生的大都为悬空大气波导,位于台风涡旋之外的西北部,台风越近波导高度、强度、厚度越大;同时数值模拟表明陆地地形对海上本次大气波导形成具有一定影响.利用大气波导这一特殊大气层结可以很好的评估和预测电磁波传播和海上探测通信系统     

格点同化对大气波导数值模拟的影响

利用NCEP再分析资料为背景场及常规的探空资料和地面资料,以2005年6月2日出现在黄海海域的大气波导为例,运用中尺度数值模式MM5,设计了2种初始场不同的数值模拟试验:1)NCEP资料;2)NCEP资料和常规探空资料。研究结果表明:格点同化能够改善大气波导的MM5数值模拟结果,提高MM5的大气波导参数模拟精度;在大气波导分布上,格点同化对陆地大气波导影响较大,对于海上的模拟区域分布几乎没有影响。     

Formation of well-mixed warm water column in central Bohai Sea during summer: Role of high-frequency atmospheric forcing

The influence of high-frequency atmospheric forcing on the formation of a well-mixed summer warm water column in the central Bohai Sea is investigated comparing model simulations driven by daily surface forcing and those using monthly forcing data. In the absence of high-frequency atmospheric forcing, numerical simulations have repeatedly failed to reproduce this vertically uniform column of warm water measured over the past 35 years. However, high-frequency surface forcing is found to strongly influence the structure and distribution of the well-mixed warm water column, and simulations are in good agreement with observations. Results show that high frequency forcing enhances vertical mixing over the central bank, intensifies downward heat transport, and homogenizes the water column to form the Bohai central warm column. Evidence presented shows that high frequency forcing plays a dominant role in the formation of the well-mixed warm water column in summer, even without the effects of tidal and surface wave mixing. The present study thus provides a practical and rational way of further improving the performance of oceanic simulations in the Bohai Sea and can be used to adjust parameterization schemes of ocean models.     

Hydro-hypsometric analysis of tropical river basins,Southwest Coast of India using geospatial technology

The key aspect in planning and management of water resources is to analyze the runoff potential and erosion status of the river basin. For the detailed investigation of hydrological response, freely available Cartosat-1 (IRS-P5) data was used for the preparation of digital elevation model (DEM). The runoff potential and type of erosive process of 22 river basins originating in the global biodiversity hotspot of Western Ghats, was inferred through hypsometric analysis. Several parameters like Hypsometric integral (HI), maximum concavity (Eh), coordinates of slope inflection point (I) given by a* and h* and normalized height of hypsometric curve (h) were extracted from the hypsometric curves and used for understanding the hydrological responses. From the hypsometric curves, the landform evolution processes were inferred. Contribution of diffusive and fluvial processes in slope degradation of the river basins was understood. Basins with lesser area (<100 km²) were found to have a positive correlation between hypsometric integral and basin area, whereas for large basins no such correlation exists. Based on the study, river basins can be prioritized for the appropriate conservation measures.     

Vertical characteristics of ozone variation over the Arctic Chukchi Sea region in 1999

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Modeling Arctic Ocean heat transport and warming episodes in the 20th century caused by the intruding Atlantic Water

This study investigates the Arctic Ocean warming episodes in the 20th century using both a high-resolution coupled global climate model and historical observations. The model, with no flux adjustment, reproduces well the Atlantic Water core temperature （AWCT） in the Arctic Ocean and shows that four largest decadalscale warming episodes occurred in the 1930s, 70s, 80s, and 90s, in agreement with the hydrographic observational data. The difference is that there was no pre-warming prior to the 1930s episode, while there were two pre-warming episodes in the 1970s and 80s prior to the 1990s, leading the 1990s into the largest and prolonged warming in the 20th century. Over the last century, the simulated heat transport via Fram Strait and the Barents Sea was estimated to be, on average, 31.32 TW and 14.82 TW, respectively, while the Bering Strait also provides 15.94 TW heat into the west- ern Arctic Ocean. Heat transport into the Arctic Ocean by the Atlantic Water via Fram Strait and the Barents Sea correlates significantly with AWCT （ C = 0.75 ） at 0- lag. The modeled North Atlantic Oscillation （NAO） index has a significant correlation with the heat transport （ C = 0.37 ）. The observed AWCT has a significant correlation with both the modeled AWCT （ C =0.49） and the heat transport （ C =0.41 ）. However, the modeled NAO index does not significantly correlate with either the observed AWCT （ C = 0.03 ） or modeled AWCT （ C = 0.16 ） at a zero-lag, indicating that the Arctic climate system is far more complex than expected.     

TRMM及GPM降水数据在高寒内陆河流域的准确性评估

降水数据的准确性和时空分辨率成为水文过程模拟的关键。卫星遥感降水资料的日益丰富为资料缺乏区的水文模拟带来了新的突破。本研究拟在资料缺乏、下垫面复杂,观测难、建模难的柴达木盆地高寒内陆河流域—巴音河中上游,基于近5年的TMPA 3B42、GPM IMERG V5及GPM IMERG V6逐日降水数据和气象站点观测数据建立SWAT模型,采用流域出口径流数据及不同的参数化方案分别率定4个模型,比较和探究不同数据在巴音河流域的适用性。结果表明：① 在月、年尺度上,实测降水数据及TMPA 3B42 V07对应的SWAT模型径流模拟效果较好,前者模拟精度较后者仅高6%~12%,且二者对于流域水量平衡的刻画均较准确。说明TMPA 3B42数据对应的径流模拟结果误差相对较小,可直接用于高寒内陆河流域水文模拟;② GPMIMERG V5数据对应的那什系数N_SE值为0.13（月）、-1.58（年）,误差百分数P_BIAS值为41.2%（月、年）,均方根误差与标准误差比率R_SR值为0.93（月）、1.61（年）,其径流模拟误差较大,模拟效果不可信,说明GPMIMERG V5数据集并不适用于巴音河流域水文模拟;③ GPMIMERG V6-F对应的月径流模拟结果明显优于GPMIMERG V5-F,前者模拟精度较后者提高4倍,但其模拟的年径流对应的N_SE值为-0.12,R_SR值为1.09。该研究可为资料缺乏的高寒内陆河流域生态水文过程模拟提供参考。     

Analyses of structure of planetary boundary layer in ice camp over Arctic ocean

The vertical structure of Planetary boundary layer over Arctic floating ice is presented by using about 50 atmospheric profiles and relevant data sounded at an ice station over Arctic Ocean from 22 August to 3 September,2003.It shows that the height of the convective boundary layer in day is greater than that of the stability boundary layer in night.The boundary layer can be described as vertical structures of stability,instability and multipling The interaction between relative warm and wet down draft air from up level and cool air of surface layer is significant,which causes stronger wind shear,temperature and humidity inversion with typical wind shear of 10 m/s/100 m,intensity of temperature inversion of 8 ℃/100 m.While the larger pack ice is broken by such process,new ice free area in the high latitudes of arctic ocean.The interactions between air/ice/water are enhanced.The fact helps to understanding characteristics of atmospheric boundary layer and its effect in Arctic floating ice region.     

Numerical simulation of the impact of underlying surface changes on Arctic climate

Using a regional atmospheric model for Arctic climate simulation, two groups of numerical experiments were carried out to study the inlfuence of changes in the underlying surface (land surface, sea sur...     

Results of recent Pacific-Arctic ice-ocean modeling studies at the Naval Postgraduate School

Summary of results from a high - resolution pan - Arctic ice - ocean model are presented for the northern North Pacific, Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas. The main focus is on the mean circulation, communication from the Gulf of Alaska across the Bering Sea into the western Arctic Ocean and on mesoscale eddy activity within several important ecosystems. Model results from 1979 -2004 are compared to observations whenever possible. The high spatial model resolution at 1/12o （or -9 - km） in the horizontal and 45 levels in the vertical direction allows for representation of eddies with diameters as small as 36 km. However, we believe that upcoming new model integrations at even higher resolution will allow us to resolve even smaller eddies. This is especially important at the highest latitudes where the Rossby radius of deformation is as small as 10 km or less.     

融合土地覆盖和土壤水分产品的近地表空气温度空间化方法

空气温度是评价人居环境的重要指标,与人类的生产生活息息相关;其观测对于水文、环境、生态和气候变化等方面的研究具有重要意义。传统的大范围空气温度观测数据一般通过气象站点获取,但由于气象观测站点空间分布离散稀疏的特点,所获取的数据不能精确描述空间连续的空气温度变化情况。因此,实现基于遥感数据的近地表空气温度精准估算具有重要的现实意义。本研究基于精细的地表覆盖类型、空间连续的土壤水分、地表温度（LST）数据,并结合其他辅助数据,构建了近地表空气温度空间化模型,并对近地表空气温度影响因子进行评估,发现地表覆盖类型对近地表空气温度的影响最大,土壤水分为最活跃的影响因素,经验证,模型精度较高,R²接近0.85,RMSE为0.5℃。本研究获取的精确空间连续的近地表空气温度信息,能够充分表达其空间异质性,为农业气象灾害灾变过程监测、农作物生长过程模拟、区域气候变化分析等研究提供良好的近地表空气温度数据支撑。     

四川盆地雷暴动力及微物理模拟参量与地闪关系的研究

为探讨地闪活动与中尺度数值模式输出量之间的关系,利用新一代中尺度数值模式WRF模拟2011年7月23日四川盆地中的一次强雷暴过程,并对比研究模式输出的动力和微物理场量与地闪频数的关系。结果表明,在WRF模式中采用Kain-Fritsch积云参数化方案和Thompson微物理方案的组合方案能较为成功模拟出此次雷暴过程,模式输出的上升气流和冰相粒子与地闪关系密切,500hPa霰和300hPa冰晶含量在时间上比地闪频数超前约15min,300hPa雪晶含量与地闪频数在时间上基本同步;上升气流速度对冰相粒子的分布起关键作用,上升气流速度较大地区附近相应地闪活动比较频繁。     

Impacts of SIS and CICE as Sea Ice Components in BCC_CSM on the Simulation of the Arctic Climate

Sea ice is a sensitive indicator of climate change and an important component of climate system models. The Los Alamos Sea Ice Model 5.0(CICE5.0) was introduced to the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model(BCC_CSM) as a new alternative to the Sea Ice Simulator(SIS). The principal purpose of this paper is to analyze the impacts of these two sea ice components on simulations of basic Arctic sea ice, atmosphere, and ocean states. Two sets of experiments were conducted with the same configurations except for the sea ice component used, i.e., SIS and CICE. The distributions of sea ice concentration and thickness reproduced by the CICE simulations in both March and September were closer to actual observations than those reproduced by SIS simulations, which presented a very thin sea ice cover in September. Changes in sea ice conditions also brought about corresponding modifications to the atmosphere and ocean circulation. CICE simulations showed higher agreement with the reference datasets than did SIS simulations for surface air temperature, sea level pressure, and sea surface temperature in most parts of the Arctic Ocean. More importantly, compared with simulations with SIS, BCC_CSM with CICE revealed stronger Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC), which is more consistent with actual observations. Thus, CICE shows better performance than SIS in BCC_ CSM. However, both components demonstrate a number of common weaknesses, such as overestimation of the sea ice cover in winter, especially in the Nordic Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk. Additional studies and improvements are necessary to develop these components further.     

Assimilating ASAR data for estimating soil moisture profile using an ensemble Kalman filter

Active microwave remote sensing data were used to calculate the near-surface soil moisture in the vegetated areas. In this study, Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar （ASAR） observations of surface soil moisture content were used in a data assimilation framework to improve the estimation of the soil moisture profile at the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China. A one-dimensional soil moisture assimilation system based on the ensemble Kalman filter （EnKF）, the forward radiative transfer model, crop model, and the Distributed Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation Model （DHSVM） was developed. The crop model, as a semi-empirical model, was used to estimate the surface backscattering of vegetated areas. The DHSVM is a distributed hydrology-vegetation model that explicitly represents the effects of topography and vegetation on water fluxes through the landscape. Numerical experiments were con- ducted to assimilate the ASAR data into the DHSVM and in situ soil moisture at the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin from June 20 to July 15, 2008. The results indicated that EnKF is effective for assimilating ASAR observations into the hydrological model. Compared with the simulation and in situ observations, the assimilated results were significantly improved in the surface layer and root layer, and the soil moisture varied slightly in the deep layer. Additionally, EnKF is an efficient approach to handle the strongly nonlinear problem which is practical and effective for soil moisture estimation by assimilation of remote sensing data. Moreover, to improve the assimilation results, further studies on obtaining more reliable forcing data and model parameters and increasing the efficiency and accuracy of the remote sensing observations are needed, also improving estimation accuracy of model operator is important.