惯性技术视角下动态重力测量技术评述(一):比力测量与载体动态的影响

重力测量系统中测量的重力,即重力加速度,是一种特殊的加速度,因而重力传感器是一种特殊的加速度计。在动态场合,现代重力仪一般采用基于陀螺仪构建的各种平台为重力传感器提供姿态基准。因此采用加速度计和陀螺仪这些惯性元件的动态重力测量系统可以看做是惯性技术的一种具体应用。从惯性技术的角度对动态重力测量的理论和现状进行了分析。首先介绍了在地球表面附近进行重力测量时涉及的参考坐标系。然后详细推导了动态重力测量的基本理论,即比力测量理论,指出比力方程是动态重力测量和惯性导航的共同基础。最后对不同载体对动态重力测量系统的影响与要求进行了分析。     

惯性技术视角下动态重力测量技术评述(三):惯性导航与重力测量的融合

动态重力仪和惯性导航系统的核心元件都是惯性元件,即陀螺仪和加速度计(重力传感器可以认为是一种特殊的加速度计),因此重力测量与惯性导航具有紧密的联系。从比力测量、物理与数学平台、惯性手段辅助重力测量,以及重力辅助惯性导航等方面分析了重力仪与惯性导航系统的紧密联系。并对惯性导航与重力测量的融合应用进行了分析。     

经验模分解在动态重力测量数据处理中的应用

在动态重力测量中,测量结果会受到各种因素的影响,尤其是载体的动态运动会引起重力测量结果的波动。针对这一问题,研究了经验模分解的方法在动态重力测量中的应用,并利用捷联式重力仪SGA-WZ02的实测数据对经验模分解的方法进行了验证。实验结果表明,通过经验模分解能够消除载体运动对重力测量的影响,重复测线的数据表明了通过经验模分解处理之后重力异常的重复性从0.881m Gal提高到了0.611m Gal。     

SINS/DGPS矢量重力测量系统滤波技术研究

以单通道捷联惯性导航系统的速度误差和姿态误差方程为状态方程,以陀螺仪误差和垂线偏差为过程噪声,以DGPS的速度与捷联惯导的速度之差为观测量,建立Kalman滤波模型,经滤波得到高精度实时导航信息。从导航信息中提取水平重力信息,进而得到垂线偏差。对高精度惯性元件构建的惯导系统进行数值仿真,仿真结果表明,组合系统可以有效提高实时导航和姿态精度,经50s平均后,可以得到精度为2″的垂线偏差。     

水下动态重力数据实时采集仿真技术研究

针对难以通过水下采集真实重力数据对重力辅助惯性导航关键技术、算法模型进行实验验证与优化,基于捷联惯导反演算法和重力动态测量原理,研究构建了捷联式与平台式水下航迹重力数据实时采集仿真系统,并采用两两采样点间的重力异常之差作为新的匹配量以提高匹配量精度.依据现有器件水平,设置陀螺仪随机常值漂移为0.002°/h,加速度计随...     

海洋重力仪稳定平台倒台故障分析与处理

稳定平台是海洋重力仪十分重要的组成部分,在测量中它能够为重力仪提供一个水平基准面,确保重力数据的质量。但在测量中,稳定平台倒台是常见故障,也是十分严重的故障,如不能及时维修,将会导致测量工作的中断。研究稳定平台倒台故障的原因及维修技巧,可为技术人员更好地掌握设备,有效排除仪器故障提供很好的帮助。稳定平台倒台故障的原因很多,以SⅡ型海洋重力仪为例,从介绍稳定平台的结构和工作原理出发,根据多年从事重力测量的工作经验,总结了稳定平台主要部件出现故障可能引起的倒台现象及原因,以及诊断故障的方法和维修技能。经实际应用,这些故障维修方法十分可靠和有效。     

AUV重力测量的运动加速度建模及平台优选

针对适合捷联式重力仪的AUV搭载平台的选型问题,基于国内AUV实际航行数据,分析了多推进器组合、推进器和浮力舱组合、推进器和鳍舵组合等3类AUV的定深航行运动特性;推导了AUV水下航行在3个坐标轴方向上对重力仪产生的运动加速度计算公式,得到运动加速度与AUV水下6个自由度运动要素的解析表达式;基于运动加速度分析,讨论了适用于水下移动重力测量的AUV平台和推进装置设计,进行了AUV搭载平台的优选,并给出了重力仪安装位置建议;选定的AUV实验平台实施移动重力测量验证试验重复线精度达到0.42mGal,验证了搭载平台优选的有效性。     

DWS19微型捷联惯性波浪传感器

惯性波浪传感器在动态波浪环境中的姿态保持,以往多通过机械/电式等稳定结构实现。本文创新性采用捷联姿态解算/补偿的方法实现"数字稳定平台"的功能,可消除波浪传感器对机械/电稳定结构的依赖,实现独立捷联工作,是波浪传感器向小型化、低功耗、低成本方向发展的关键技术突破。文中介绍了DWS19微型捷联惯性波浪传感器的系统硬件组成、捷联姿态解算/补偿、频域数值积分、谱波浪特征反演等关键技术、标准转台及海上测试情况。研究结果表明:(1)捷联姿态校正后的垂直方向加速度和位移均有明显改变;(2)频域数值积分比时域数值积分的精度更高;(3)谱波浪特征反演结果与时域跨零结果基本吻合。经国家海洋标准计量中心波浪转台测试表明,DWS19高度、周期实测精度均达到目前惯性波浪传感器的优秀指标等级。长时间的海上观测应用也验证了DWS19在海洋环境下的可靠性和稳定性,满足工程使用。     

SII型海洋重力仪稳定平台倒台故障分析与处理

SⅡ型海洋重力仪凭借其动态测量精度高、系统可靠性强等优点已日益成为海洋调查中重力测量的重要仪器之一。从SⅡ型海洋重力仪在使用中出现的稳定平台倒台故障着手，分析了平台倒台故障的原因以及处理方法，并对仪器使用中的注意事项以及改进建议作了介绍。     

SII型海洋重力仪稳定平台颤动故障与排除方法

S型海洋重力仪是目前海洋重力测量中较为常用的一种仪器，其产品性能也逐步得到提高。介绍了进行全自动化控制升级后，最新引进的SⅡ型海洋重力仪使用中出现的稳定平台颤动故障现象及排除办法。     

惯性技术视角下动态重力测量技术评述(四):无陀螺惯性导航与重力梯度测量的融合

加速度差分式重力梯度仪与无陀螺惯性导航系统都采用一组在三维空间中布置的加速度计,二者在硬件配置和工作原理层面都具有紧密联系。从比力测量的空间差分公式出发,详细推导了重力梯度测量和无陀螺惯性导航系统共同的工作原理,指出当前对后者的研究中存在的忽略重力梯度的问题,并论述了二者的融合应用。     

基于GNSS方位辅助惯性导航系统的水下地形精密测量技术

多波束测深技术是目前水下地形测量的主要技术手段,测量平台的瞬时姿态及方位是影响多波束测深系统最终成果准确度的重要因素。GNSS方位辅助惯性导航系统,作为目前应用较为广泛的方位、姿态、及位置综合测量系统,不仅能够提供高精度位置信息,同时也能提供测量平台的瞬时姿态及方位数据,而且因为具有GNSS方位辅助测量,使得最终方位测量结果比传统方位测量精度大大提高,这对于多波束最终测量成果精度提高具有重要意义。文中从GNSS方位辅助惯性导航系统原理及技术优势出发,结合Trimble RTX后处理技术,从姿态测量、方位测量及辅助高程测量方面分析了在多波束水下地形测量中的应用,并以实际测量成果来展现其在水下地形精密测量技术方面的优势,结果显示,定位精度可以达到优于2 cm级别,方位精度可以优于0.01°(依赖于双GNSS天线之间的基线长度),该技术对水下地形测量准确度提升作用显著。     

Inertial and hydrodynamic inertial loads on floating units

The analysis of the dynamic behavior of floating units usually employs a coordinate system with origin in the unit's center of gravity, which significantly simplifies the global mass matrix. Hydrodynamic coefficients are then computed considering the same coordinate system. However, to analyze other conditions of mass distribution and maintain the simplicity of a global mass matrix, it is necessary to determine again the hydrodynamic coefficients, thereby reducing the efficiency of the entire process. Another important point is that the geometries frequently used in floating units are such that the cross-terms of an added mass are relatively unimportant when compared with the main terms, and it is, therefore, common to use only some of them to analyze the unit's dynamic behavior. Recently, however, in the search for production systems suitable for water depths greater than 3000 m, other geometries have been considered in technical and economic feasibility studies. It is possible that for these new geometries all terms of the added mass matrix must be included in the analysis. This paper presents the full development used to determine the complete global mass matrix, the inertial and hydrodynamic inertial loads that make use of the added mass matrices considering any coordinate system and the six degrees of freedom, including all cross-terms.     

Simulation of an Inertial Acoustic Navigation System With Range Aiding for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

This paper presents an integrated navigation system for underwater vehicles to improve the performance of a conventional inertial acoustic navigation system by introducing range measurement. The integrated navigation system is based on a strapdown inertial navigation system (SDINS) accompanying range sensor, Doppler velocity log (DVL), magnetic compass, and depth sensor. Two measurement models of the range sensor are derived and augmented to the inertial acoustic navigation system, respectively. A multirate extended Kalman filter (EKF) is adopted to propagate the error covariance with the inertial sensors, where the filter updates the measurement errors and the error covariance and corrects the system states when the external measurements are available. This paper demonstrates the improvement on the robustness and convergence of the integrated navigation system with range aiding (RA). This paper used experimental data obtained from a rotating arm test with a fish model to simulate the navigational performance. Strong points of the navigation system are the elimination of initial position errors and the robustness on the dropout of acoustic signals. The convergence speed and conditions of the initial error removal are examined with Monte Carlo simulation. In addition, numerical simulations are conducted with the six-degrees-of-freedom (6-DOF) equations of motion of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) in a boustrophedon survey mode to illustrate the effectiveness of the integrated navigation system.     

High precision fiber SINS with spin technology

Fiber strapdown inertial navigation system （FSINS） is presently used in several applications related to marine navigation. However, the absolute position from FSINS contains the error that increases with time, which prevents its long-term use for the ship cruise. In order to improve the performance of FSINS based on our present inertial sensors, the spin technology was proposed in the system to mitigate the navigation errors and a prototype of the proposed system was developed in Navigation Lab. The prototype contains the IMU, temperature controller, rotating configuration, navigation and I/O electronics group, control and display, power supply subsystem and other modules. In the proposed spin technology, the IMU is rotated back and forth in azimuth through four orthogonal positions relative to the ship’s longitudinal axis. Experimental testing was conducted for the prototype in the laboratory and the results showed that the RFSINS’s navigation performance is improved 10 times.     

用于水下潜器的惯性导航系统安装和初始对准技术

水下潜器通常采用捷联惯性导航和多普勒计程仪组合导航系统。为提高惯性导航系统的导航精度,保障水下潜器顺利作业,文章以高性能惯导系统PHINS为例,介绍其安装和初始对准技术。PHINS在安装时须计算其与船体的偏差以及与船体和外部传感器的力臂,尤其与多普勒计程仪组合时应执行传感器自动对准程序;PHINS的初始对准是其精确导航的前提,可在海上或静态时进行;惯导系统的安装误差和初始对准精度对于其导航精度具有决定性的影响。     

重力梯度仪辅助惯导导航的误差分析

研究了重力梯度仪辅助惯导的导航误差方程,计算某区域重力异常、垂线偏差和二阶的扰动重力张量,并在此基础上对扰动重力补偿惯导系统误差进行了仿真计算,与无重力梯度仪辅助惯导的误差进行数值比较,结果表明采用重力梯度仪辅助导航之后,扰动重力引起的惯导误差有了明显的改善。     

Inertial oscillations as deep ocean response to hurricanes

We discuss the deep ocean response to passing hurricanes (aka typhoons), which are considered as generators of near-inertial, internal waves. The analysis of data collected in the northwestern parts of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans in the hurricane season permit us to assess the deep ocean response to such a strong atmospheric forcing. A large number of moorings (more than 100) in the northwestern Pacific have allowed us to characterize the spatial features of the oceanic response to typhoons and the variable downward velocity of near-inertial wave propagation. The velocity of their downward propagation varies in the range 1–10 m/hour. It is higher in the regions of low stratification and high anticyclonic vorticity. The inertial oscillations generated by a hurricane last for 10–12 days. The mean anticyclonic vorticity in the region increases the effective frequency of inertial oscillations by 0.001–0.004 cyc/hour.