城市化进程对近地层大气风温结构的影响

利用北京325 m气象塔不同阶段(第一阶段:1991-1995年;第二阶段:2004-2008年)风温梯度观测,北京地区气候站长期观测(1971-2008年,20站)和城市社会经济发展指标(1978-2008年),从城市化进程不同阶段对比的角度,分析研究北京近地层大气风温结构变化特征.结果表明,北京城市化进程已经导致该地区近地层大气特征发生明显变化.主要表现为:地面和近地层温度增加,热岛强度增强;地面风速和近地层低层风速明显减小;近地层低层(63 m以下)风向变得更为紊乱;近地层温度垂直递减率增加;近地层大气风温结构特征的变化表明:2004-2008年325m气象塔,在63 m以下基本反映的是城市冠层流场特征,即气象塔周边地区城市冠层厚度约为63 m.     

茂名地区海雾含水量的演变特征及其与大气水平能见度的关系

2008年3月16—19日,在广东茂名博贺海洋气象科学试验基地,利用美国DMT公司生产的FM-100型雾滴谱仪,连续观测了海雾的雾滴谱、数浓度等微物理量。在此基础上分析了海雾液态含水量的演变特征,并结合同期的气象观测与分析数据,进行了海雾中低能见度成因的天气学分析。研究表明,海雾发展过程中含水量有着上下起伏变化的特点;直径10μm以上雾滴的增多是含水量增大的主要原因;随着含水量的增大,雾滴谱分布有向大雾滴方向增宽的趋势,其峰值高度也不断增大。在相同的含水量区间,不同的大气能见度样本表现出明显不同的谱分布特征;在相同高数浓度区间的情况下,导致大气能见度降低的主要原因是含水量的增大。而海雾过程中低能见度的出现,是众多天气因素共同影响的结果:地面天气图上的均压场范围更大,大气低空及地面风速小,大气低层处于弱不稳定状态,以及高湿度层主要在近地层等等。     

东南极Princess Elizabeth冰盖近地层大气参数的年变化特征

利用2002年东南极Princess Elizabeth冰盖自动气象梯度观测点获得的近地层气象资料,分析了冰盖上的感热通量、潜热通量、大气稳定度、整体输送系数及有关气象要素特征,并与中山站同期的的气象要素进行了对比分析.结果表明,由于两站的海拔高度及地理位置的差异,LGB69站的年平均气温为-25.6℃,比中山站低16.4℃,进入内陆每10km,海拔高度上升约110m,温度下降约1℃.南极内陆冰盖的湍流热通量具有明显的年变化,感热通量年平均值为-17.9W/m2,潜热通量为-0.9W/m2,年平均冷源强度(Q_h+Q_e)为-18.8W/m2,表明地表从大气吸收热量.LGB69站近地层大气以近中性层结为主,中性层结下的整体输送系数为2.6×10-3,当风速大于8m/s后,整体输送系数趋于常数.LGB69站是南极地区典型下降风区,年平均风速比中山站大2.0m/s,其下降风出现的风向频和风速均大于中山站.     

第七次南极考察中山站越冬海洋气象考察报告

1991年中山站越冬海洋气象考察,主要是对南极中山站气温、气压、云量、风向风速,大气湿度和日照时间,进行日常地面气象观测,取得每日四次现场观测资料,对各种气象要素进行分析统计,并与前二年气象资料进行了对比,得出了1991年中山站地区,风暴多,风速大,气温比前年高的气象特点。在越冬期间还对中山站海冰、湖冰厚度进行测量,掌握沿岸海冰各月分布变化情况。1991年中山站最大风速达46.2m/s,这是中山站建站以来所观测到的最大风速。冬季最低气温为-28.6℃也是建站以来最高一年。     

山东一次持续性平流辐射雾过程特征及成因分析

2017年1月1—5日,山东出现了一次大范围的平流辐射雾过程。利用山东地区自动气象站观测资料、青岛探空站资料、风廓线雷达资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过分析此次连续大雾过程的大尺度环流背景场、温湿场特征,地面、高空气象要素条件,揭示了其形成原因、维持机制和消散机理。结果表明:中高纬度平直的大气环流、静稳的垂直结构是此次大雾形成的背景条件;水汽输送阶段变化造成的低层水汽浓度变化是大雾阶段变化的原因;两次弱低槽冷锋过程显著增加了雾的强度和范围,也使雾的性质由平流雾变为辐射雾。当低层水汽持续减少,中低层东风气流增强并破坏了大气的稳定层结时,大雾逐渐消散。     

城市草地对局地气象环境影响的个例分析

在青岛市规划局2008年发布的城市总体规划(2006-2020年)的基础上,利用城市尺度边界层大气数值模式模拟在有无城市草地和在不同城市草地面积条件下青岛环胶州湾地区气温、风速的变化特征及其对大气环境的影响.数值分析表明:城市草地的设置将使城市气温降低,缓解城市热岛效应;使地面风速增大,从而增强区域的大气扩散能力,减小...     

渤海湾北岸海陆风及湍流强度特征分析

利用渤海湾北岸祥云岛岸基站2017—2018年观测数据和两座梯度测风塔2011—2013年观测资料分别分析了当地海陆风和湍流强度特征,并重点对不同天气系统所致大风条件下的湍流强度特点做了剖析。结果表明:渤海湾北岸海陆风特征明显,昼夜风向主要由SSW向ENE转变,夏季昼夜风向转换尤为显著。整体而言,风速和湍流强度随高度增大分别呈增大、减小趋势,且近海面层湍流强度小于近地层湍流强度。湍流强度具有显著的季节性特征,夏季大、冬季小、春秋季变化不明显,且近海面层湍流强度相对近地层变化平缓。近海面层70 m及以下湍流强度在偏东大风条件下反而比近地层湍流强度大,雷雨大风期间近海面层和近地层均出现湍流强度随高度增大而增大、风速随高度增大而减小的特殊情况,台风靠近风塔时各层风速显著增大、湍流强度变化不明显,但台风中心到达时湍流强度迅速增至峰值,二者时间一致并早于风速最小值出现时间约1 h。近海面层和近地层有8%～10%样本的湍流强度超出了IEC-61400设计标准,建议渤海湾北岸风力发电风机抗湍流参数调整至0. 43～0. 49。     

一种港口塔吊水平风荷载预报模型的设计和实现

利用2012-06—2013-05渤海湾北岸曹妃甸港100m风能塔风观测资料,研究了空气动力学粗糙度z0的月变化特征及其和地面10m风速之间的关系,并针对港口安全运营调度精细化气象服务保障需求,设计了一种港口塔吊定点、定量水平风荷载的预报模型。结果表明:受海陆风和周围环境的季节性变化影响,渤海湾北岸z0具有明显的月变化特征;通过拟合确立了z0和地面10m处10min平均风速在海-陆风和陆-海风两个方位上的粗糙度方程,梯度风速计算试验显示方程稳定可用;基于以上结论建立了定点、定量风荷载预报模型,预报试验和程序开发结果表明,基于上述结论所建立的港口塔吊水平风荷载计算模型正确可行,更适用于风险预报业务。     

辽东湾西岸海陆风特征分析

从葫芦岛气象站5年历史地面观测资料的统计分析中获得158个海陆风个例,对每个海陆风个例的初始和最大海风时刻、风向、风速和初始海风到最大海风的时间差、风速差及转海风前后的湿度变化进行了统计和分析,并与内陆站、海上站的观测资料进行了对比分析,揭示了该地区海陆风环流的统计特征和季节变化规律。     

台风“妮妲”(1604)登陆期间近地层风特性分析

利用深圳350 m气象梯度观测铁塔获取的台风"妮妲"(1604)登陆期间近地多层风观测资料,分析"妮妲"登陆期间风场和阵风系数等变化特征。结果显示:"妮妲"登陆期间,近地面风速随时间呈增强—减弱—增强—减弱的"M"型特征,风向由西北方向转为南东南;风速随高度增加而增加,其中风速垂直变化最大的时段为"妮妲"后风圈经过期间;垂直方向上,"妮妲"前外围向前风圈过渡期间风向多变,而其他时段风向随高度基本不变;在"妮妲"前外围、前风圈和眼区经过期间,350 m高度以下的风速随高度的变化遵循对数关系,而在"妮妲"后风圈和后外围时段仅适用于150 m以下高度;在"妮妲"登陆过程中,铁塔观测的粗糙度长度约为0.52 m;阵风系数随高度增加而减小,"妮妲"登陆前和眼区的阵风系数较大;另外,阵风系数与风速呈负相关关系,随着风速增加而减小,尤其是风速小于10 m/s时。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.