两种杜氏藻对硝酸盐利用模型的比较研究

研究了NaNO3对两种杜氏藻Dunaliella salina和Dunaliella parva生长速度、色素积累的影响和NaNO3的吸收规律,结果表明,NaNO3浓度为1.5mmol/L时,D.salina生长最快,最高密度76.4×104cell/mL;对照组为16.3×104cell/mL;低氮有利于D.salinaβ-胡萝卜素积累,β-胡萝卜素最大值105mg/g出现在0.5mmol/L NaNO3的样中,对照组为45mg/g;较高的NaNO3有利于叶绿素a的合成;藻液pH值开始3-5d急剧上升,后在波动中下降。对D.parva来说,NaNO3浓度为2.5mmol/L时生长最快,细胞最高密度为295×104cell/mL,对照组为15×104cell/mL;在实验范围内,NaNO3浓度越高,β-胡萝卜素含量越高,β-胡萝卜素最大值为37.5mg/g,叶绿素最大值为65mg/g;建立了两种杜氏藻对NaNO3利用的动力学方程。     

盐藻生长过程中氮磷利用与色素积累

考察了盐藻在氮浓度3mmol/L和0.59mmol/L两种条件下的生长、氮磷的利用以及色素积累的情况。结果表明氮浓度3mmol/L培养基有利于藻细胞的增值，最终藻体浓度大，稳定期可维持数日；0．59mmol/L培养基有利于细胞胡萝卜素积累，单位细胞胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比值达到12．3，是氮浓度3mmol/L培养基的两倍左右。盐藻细胞在生长初期快速利用氮源，之后即使培养基中仍有较高浓度的氮源，藻细胞也不再利用。两种条件下藻细胞对磷的利用情况相同。两种培养基中盐藻单位细胞叶绿素含量均先增加后减少，胡萝卜素含量均先降低后增加。     

锌离子(Zn2+)对坛紫菜叶状体光合色素含量的影响

采用不同浓度Zn2 处理坛紫菜叶状体,用紫外分光光度法,测定了光合色素的含量。研究了金属Zn2 对坛紫菜叶状体中光合色素:叶绿素a、藻红蛋白、藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白的影响。结果表明:Zn2 在0.5~5.0μmol/L时,有利于光合色素的合成;但在5μmol/L时,叶绿素a含量开始下降,在Zn2 浓度>10μmol/L时各光合色素含量也随浓度的升高而下降,对光合色素产生毒害作用。除去Zn2 后,都表现出向对照组恢复靠近的趋势,但别藻蓝蛋白的恢复较慢。     

有机锡对海洋微藻的生理效应 Ⅰ.三苯基锡和三丁基锡对光合色素含量的影响

于1991年4月－1992年五月，以金藻和扁藻为材料，用室内一次培养法研究三苯基锡（TPTC）和三丁基锡（TBTC）化合物对光合色素含量的影响。结果表明，两种有机锡对两种藻均有影响，在0．2—0．4μg／L的浓度时有轻微毒性；浓度大于0．5μg／L时，能使光合色素明显减少。对于两种藻叶绿素a72hEC50影响结果：TBTC和TPTC对金藻的均为0．59μg／L；对扁藻的，TBTC是0．87μg／L，而TPTC本出现半效应浓度。对于两种藻的类胡萝卜素72hEC50影响结果：金藻，TPTC是0．57μg／L，TBTC是0．49μg／L；扁藻，TBTC是0．89μg／L，TPTC也未出现半效应浓度。认为，两种有机锡对光合色素有明显的破坏作用。     

光照、温度和营养盐对三株盐生杜氏藻生长和色素积累的影响

通过正交试验研究了光照、温度和营养盐对3株盐生杜氏藻株系(BJ,OUC38和OUC8)生长和色素积累的影响,旨在探明适于盐生杜氏藻生长和β-胡萝卜素积累的光照、温度和营养盐条件,并对实验中3株株系生长和β-胡萝卜素积累速率进行了初步的比较。结果表明,盐生杜氏藻生长的最适光照和温度分别是145.3μmol.m-2.s-1和23℃;适于β-胡萝卜素积累的光照和温度分别是218.2μmol.m-2.s-1和23℃;适于生长的营养盐条件是NaNO30.4 mmo/L、尿素0.6 mmol/L和NaHCO318 mmol/L,而当NaNO3、尿素和NaHCO3浓度分别为0,0.2和18 mmol/L时有利于β-胡萝卜素的积累。高光照、低温有利于杜氏藻细胞β-胡萝卜素的积累,在218.2μmol.m-2.s-1光强和15℃条件下藻细胞β-胡萝卜素积累平均值可分别达10.39和12.46 pg/cell。3个株系中OUC38积累β-胡萝卜素的能力高于另外2株,但差异不显著。     

盐藻过氧化物酶的盐适应性及其与物质积累的关系

实验分析了不同浓度NaCl处理下,培养盐藻的过氧化物酶(POD)活性及其与细胞密度、β-胡萝卜素积累和蛋白质积累的关系.结果表明,盐藻过氧化物酶活性随盐度变化而改变:在适当盐度(60～90g/L)下,过氧化物酶活性很低;在较低盐度(30～60g/L)或较高盐度(90～150g/L)下,盐藻过氧化物酶活性均显著升高,说明盐藻过氧化物酶是一种盐度逆境适应酶.盐藻过氧化物酶活性与盐藻细胞密度及物质积累关系密切:盐藻过氧化物酶活性很低时,盐藻细胞密度大,同时β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质积累也多;随着盐藻过氧化物酶活性升高,盐藻细胞密度、β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质积累均逐渐降低,但盐藻过氧化物酶活性进一步升高时,盐藻蛋白质积累又有增加,可能在盐藻体内有逆境蛋白产生.     

不同光照水平下浮游藻类对氮、磷营养盐添加的响应

2007年11月于长江口邻近海域通过在不同光照强度下往培养水体添加不同量的磷酸盐(或硝酸盐)进行现场培养实验,对培养过程中叶绿素a质量浓度变化以及比生长速率与氮磷浓度之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:无光照下叶绿素 a 没有增加趋势,其他光照下浮游藻类生长有着很长的平台期,且100%光照下叶绿素a终浓度可以为80%、60%、40%、20%光照下的1.5倍、2倍、4倍、15倍;相同光照下,叶绿素 a 质量浓度在不同营养盐水平之间差异不明显,浮游藻类生长主要受光照的限制,而不是营养盐;培养介质中磷酸盐和硝酸盐浓度与浮游藻类比生长速率之间有一个临界点,当氮磷浓度超过阈值时,浮游藻类比生长速率会减小,其中磷酸盐的阈值浓度约为1~2μmol/L,硝酸盐阈值约为20~25μmol/L.     

不同氮源对盐生杜氏藻生长和色素积累的影响

研究了NaNO3、NH4Cl、NH4NO33种氮源对盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)生长和色素积累的影响及3种氮源吸收的规律。结果表明,3种氮源中,NH4NO3对促进D. salina细胞生长、β-胡萝卜素积累和叶绿素a合成效果最好,细胞最高密度为136×104cell/mL;β-胡萝卜素含量最大值为137mg/g;NO3-和NH4 共同存在时,优先利用NH4 ;建立了3种氮源吸收的动力学方程。     

盐藻SOD的盐适应性与物质积累的关系

实验分析了不同NaCl浓度处理下,盐藻SOD活性及其与细胞密度、β-胡萝卜素积累和蛋白质积累的关系.结果表明:在30～120 g/L的盐度范围内,随着NaCl浓度的提高,SOD活性极显著地增强,说明盐藻SOD是一种高盐适应酶.盐藻SOD活性与细胞密度及物质积累关系密切:在SOD活性为0.710×108 cells-1·min-1左右时,盐藻细胞密度、β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质的积累量都最高,而在SOD活性较低或较高时,盐藻细胞密度、β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质的积累量都较低.可能适当盐度下SOD的活动较好地保护了盐藻体内物质积累反应的进行.     

西赤道太平洋暖池区光合色素分布及其对浮游植物群落的指示作用

利用光合色素的生物标志性可以在"纲"水平上表征浮游植物群落结构。依托大洋科学考察第20航次和21航次,通过对西赤道太平洋不同区域5个站位的HPLC藻类色素分析及CHEMTAX程序因子分析,获取了暖池区光合色素及浮游植物群落的垂直分布信息。结果显示在寡营养的暖池区,玉米黄素(Zeaxanthin)及乙二烯叶绿素a(DV Chl a)与叶绿素a浓度呈显著的正相关,浮游植物群落结构以蓝细菌、原绿球藻及定鞭金藻为优势藻纲,按对生物量的贡献率原绿球藻大于蓝细菌大于定鞭金藻的。蓝细菌和原绿球藻分布在真光层不同深度,而在营养盐丰富的次表层优势浮游藻类为定鞭金藻。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.