2022年门源MS 6.9地震序列特征及强余震判定

2022年1月8日青海门源发生M_S 6.9地震,基于青海地震台网对此次地震序列时空演化特征进行分析。结果表明,门源地震序列的空间展布整体上呈西段NWW、东段SE向的带状分布,且序列衰减较缓慢。另外,基于同一构造历史地震类比、h值、等待时间法等进行分析,认为门源M_S 6.9地震序列为主—余型;根据祁连地震带中东段5级以上地震最大余震发震时间统计和震级差特征分析认为,门源M_S 6.9地震的最大余震已经发生,即2022年1月12日18时20分的M_S 5.2地震。     

日本内陆地震活动的迁移与扩散

本文研究了日本内陆及其外围海域发生大地震后的地震活动迁移现象。在所研究的6个震例中,一个共同的特点是,地震活动的迁移总是沿着地壳内的活动地质构造带发生。有时可以根据地震活动的迁移来进一步确定活动构造带的存在。把板块边缘地区的地震活动类比为沿着力学偶合平面迁移和扩散,我们可以认为,岛上的活动构造带对应着地壳块体的力学相互作用边界。地震迁移的形式可能不只一种。在我们所研究的震例中发现了以下特征:地震迁移速度约为几km/年;大地震震源区之间存在着地震空区;在每一条地震带上有一定的地震活动周期。地震迁移的一种可能机制是:由于地壳块体的相对运动,在其边界上的凹凸不平区造成了构造应力集中,这些凹凸不平区相继地发生破裂,形成了地震迁移。     

新疆南部构造区带与地震活动状态研究

以地震活动为主线并依据新疆地质构造运动、地壳缩短速率、断裂活动、局部应力场及历史强地震活动特征等的研究,将新疆南部地区初步划分为南天山东段、柯坪块体、喀什—乌恰交汇区及西昆仑地震带4个地震构造区带。利用新疆1900年以来的地震记录,在不同强度地震记录完整性分析的基础上,通过计算上述各构造区带年应变能释放均值、折合震级、不同震级下限的地震年发生率、b值和应变加速释放模型参数m值等参数,对各构造区带中地震活动状态进行了定量分析,进而提取了各构造区带地震活动状态的特征指标,为地震趋势分析和判定提供了定量的依据。     

昆仑构造带强震活动的特点

分析了昆仑构造带的强震活动后认为，昆仑地震带强震活动在时空分布上具有轮回性、等间距性及由西向东的迁移特点；昆仑地震带强震震级西弱东强，而强震发震频次西高东低；西昆仑构造带帕米尔结点的强震活动对大陆地震活跃幕有前兆意义。     

基于InSAR技术的阿尔金断裂带东段震间形变监测

正阿尔金断裂带是亚洲大陆内部一条长期活动的巨型走滑断裂带,该断裂带是青藏高原与塔里木盆地之间的Ⅰ级块体边界构造带,晚第四纪以来活动强烈,具有发生高震级地震的构造条件。在阿尔金南缘断裂与阿尔金北缘断裂相互重叠的二百多公里区域内(即拉配泉北至肃北段),史上无高震级地震记录,形成了明显的5级地震空段。此外,小震精定位结果显示,该地区自2002年出现了小震活动增强的现象,累积应变释放也呈现加速特征。阿尔金断裂带东段     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震后青藏高原北部地区地震活动初步研究

利用相关震例分析了昆仑山口西8．1级地震后青藏高原北部地区未来1～3年地震活动特征．结果表明,沿东昆仑构造带及邻近地区发生Ms≥7．0地震后青藏高原北部地区中强地震活动有增强的趋势,祁连山地震带和东昆仑地震带的地震活动具有交替发生的特征,未来1～3年中强地震主体活动区为大型走滑活动断裂上应力转换部位和挤压会聚构造区,如东昆仑断裂带中东段和祁连山地震带中东段和西段。     

中国大陆大震迁移及其成组活动

8级地震分布图显示,空间域存在500km以上的间距性、空性及沿大构造带的有序迁移现象,迁移时间为1,4,7年.由此判断,未来1～7年8级左右地震有可能沿东昆仑山构造带、阿尔金构造带,与这两个构造带相交遇的构造带及交汇区跳迁发生(董志平,2003).     

北天山中段微震活动检测及其活动性和孕震构造分析

北天山地震带地处中国大陆强震高发区, 孕震构造复杂, 近年来陆续发生了2016年呼图壁M_S6.2地震和2017年精河M_S6.6地震。 由于测震台网相对比较稀疏, 该区域微震监测能力较弱。 本文主要采用波形模板扫描法对北天山中段(43.5°N~44.5°N; 85°E~87.5°E)进行微震事件检测, 并反演精细的一维速度结构, 重新定位地震; 深入分析该区域的地震活动性和孕震构造特征。 经过微震检测, 得到该地区2014年1月至2018年9月期间57902个地震事件, 是原地震目录的10倍, 完备震级从1.2降至0.5。 结果显示, 北天山中段地震十分活跃, 主要分布在北天山山前霍尔果斯—玛纳斯—吐谷鲁背斜带南翼的浅部和南玛纳斯—齐古背斜带深部, 呼图壁地震震后地震活动性有增强的趋势。 研究期间沿背斜构造带走向地震分布不均, 霍尔果斯—玛纳斯—吐谷鲁背斜带西段地震活动多于东段, 南玛纳斯—齐古背斜带东段地震活动显著强于西段。 经过重定位, 发现研究区的地震事件主要发生在褶皱内部的“盲断层”上, 这些隐伏断裂与区域活动断裂和背斜构造共同组成的断层系孕育了北天山山前活跃的地震活动, 并可能成为未来强震的发震构造。     

我国东北地区地震时空演变特征及其动力学研究

本文分析了我国东北地区中强地震空间分布特征和地震构造及震源机制特点,探讨了日本海俯冲带大地震迁移方向对中国东北地区中强地震空间分布的影响。结果表明:东北地区中强地震发震构造以NW向为主,Ms≥5 0的地震NW向发震构造约占67%,Ms≥5 8的地震NW向发震构造约占91%;日本海俯冲带大地震迁移方向对中国东北地区浅震的空间分布产生重要影响,当迁移方向与郯庐断裂带夹角较大时(α≥70°),地震主要发生在松辽盆地及其周边;当迁移方向与郯庐断裂带夹角较小时(α<70°),地震主要发生在郯庐断裂带附近。     

青藏块体及邻区强震活动特征分析

结合1900~2013年的历史地震目录,对青藏块体及其邻区不同震级段地震的发生频率进行计算分析,得出如下结论:1900年以来,青藏块体及邻区仅5年未发生M≥5.5地震,有16年未发生M≥6.0地震,有36年未发生M≥6.5地震,即M≥5.5、M≥6.0及M≥6.5地震年发生概率分别为0.956、0.86及0.68。对该区域历史有记载的地震进行分震级段的b值计算,得出5.5≤M≤7.0震级段地震的b最低为0.59,最高为0.899,M≥7.1震级段的b值均大于1.0,M≥7.5震级段的b值明显低于相邻震级段,表明未来存在发生7.5级左右地震的可能。最后对2000年以来研究区M≥6.5地震的空间迁移规律进行分析,得出青藏块体内部地震存在顺时针迁移的特征的结论。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.