注聚合物井井下温度分布数值模拟研究

本文提出了一种计算注聚合物井井下温度分布的方法,该方法视井筒内的聚合物溶液为非牛顿幂律流体,考虑注入流体在井筒中同一截面上的速度变化,根据聚合物溶液在多孔介质中的流变性,依据广义达西定律求取渗流速度,基于能量守恒方程建立柱坐标系下注聚合物井井筒内流体、注入层及围岩的二维温度场模型.通过合理的边界条件,将三部分模型耦合起来,采用交替方向半隐式有限差分法求解建立的井下温度场模型.考查了注入量、注入时间、幂律指数和稠度系数、注入液温度等因素对井下温度场分布的影响,结果表明,当注入的聚合物溶液温度低于注入层的原始温度时,随注入量和注入时间的增大以及粘度的减小,注入层的温度降低;注入聚合物溶液温度与注入层原始温度差越大,注入层处的温度剖面异常越明显.本文数值计算结果可用于指导注聚合物井的井温测井应用.     

用历届吸水剖面和压降资料确定储层大孔道的方法

油田由于长期注水开发,储层的渗透能力明显增强,个别储层已形成了大孔道.识别、治理大孔道是油田进入高含水开发阶段主要工作之一.利用压降法分别计算注水井各个时期的储层渗透率,分析其变化趋势,结合历届关井初期地层压降速度和幅度可以判断注水井大孔道.当储层有效渗透率明显增大,关井初期前5 min内降落幅度是全井降落幅度50%以上,且压力导数双对数曲线中期出现凹型时,注水井存在大孔道.对于存在大孔道的注水井,同位素曲线和流量曲线皆显示的主要吸水层就是大孔道层位;同位素曲线显示不吸水,而流量曲线和井温曲线皆显示的主要吸水层也是大孔道层位,需要对这些层位采取调剖措施.该方法为油田下一步措施、实现储层精细注水提供了依据.     

注聚合物井井下温度分布的若干影响因素分析

温度对聚合物的粘度和稳定性有很大影响。注聚合物井的井下温度分布影响因素分析对改善注聚合物方案和研究注聚合物驱油效果具有重要意义。假定聚合物溶液为非牛顿幂律流体,在柱坐标系中构建了包含井筒、注入层和围岩等3部分介质的二维温度场模型,将模型离散化生成有限差分方程并求解。在对经不同注入时间和停注时间后的二维温度分布模拟计算的基础上,分析了注入聚合物溶液的密度、导热系数、比热容、井筒半径等因素对井下温度分布的影响。分析表明,这些因素对井下温度分布均有不同程度的影响,应注意综合考虑。     

页岩气井产出剖面测井资料分析及应用

产出剖面测井技术是页岩气井生产动态监测及压裂后评估的有效方法,能够认识压裂层段产出、返排规律,了解井下生产动态情况,为完井和生产优化提供依据.目前,国内水平井产出剖面测井工艺相对成熟,但是资料解释多解性强及解释结果应用程度较低是存在的主要问题.针对以上问题,本文首先根据阵列仪器的特点,分析了水平井产出剖面测井资料解释方法,给出了资料解释的一般步骤及需要注意的问题,并对四川地区一口页岩气井的测井资料进行了解释分析,计算出每个压裂段的产量贡献率和连续流量.根据资料解释结果进行了井筒内流型流态识别和动液面分析,进而了解井筒内的生产动态,为后续生产优化提供依据.完成了裸眼井测井数据和压裂施工数据与每段产气贡献率的相关性分析,优选出了裸眼井测井及压裂施工相对产气量的敏感性参数.最后根据测井结果,建立了不规则裂缝试井分析模型,优化了产能预测分析.通过对测井资料的分析及应用,了解了测试井各压裂段的产气情况,分析了各段产量分布不均的主要控制因素,并为后期完井和生产优化提供了合理化建议.     

含气储集层泥浆侵入的动力学特征及其对补偿中子和补偿密度测井响应的影响

根据渗流理论考察了钻井过程中泥浆滤液对含油气储层的侵入过程,研究了不同条件下侵入剖面的特点,计算了各种侵入剖面的补偿密度和补偿中子测井响应,并提出了新的解释模型．研究结果表明,侵入改变了近井区地层的物性参数和地球物理特征,给测井地层评价带来许多问题,但又为储层动态特性研究提供了良好的条件．     

含气储集层泥浆侵入的动力学特征及其对补偿中子和补偿密度测井响应的影响

根据渗流理论考察了钻井过程中泥浆滤液对含油气储层的侵入过程,研究了不同条件下侵入剖面的特点,计算了各种侵入剖面的补偿密度和补偿中子测井响应,并提出了新的解释模型．研究结果表明,侵入改变了近井区地层的物性参数和地球物理特征,给测井地层评价带来许多问题,但又为储层动态特性研究提供了良好的条件．     

温度测井模型分析及在致密气水平井中的应用

温度和压力是水平井产出剖面测井必测的参数,然而利用温度资料进行水平井产出剖面测井解释,具有影响因素较多,多解性强的特点.本文根据热力学守恒定律,建立了温度测井计算模型,进行了压降幅度和热损失系数对温度的敏感性分析,研究了不同参数对热损失系数和温度测井的影响,为水平井温度测井资料解释奠定了理论基础.利用温度测井解释方法,对鄂北一口致密气水平井产出剖面测井资料进行了解释分析,分析了不同压裂段的产出情况,解释结果与持水率计测试结果吻合较好,说明了温度测井解释模型的可靠性.在流速等参数缺失的情况下,通过温度测井能够很好的了解水平井各压裂段的产出情况,为后续完井和生产优化提供依据.     

庐枞盆地科学钻探地球物理测井及深部铀异常的发现

庐枞盆地砖桥科学钻探ZK01孔为深部探测技术与实验研究专项在庐枞盆地施工的钻探验证孔,全井段实施了连续取心和地球物理测井工作.测井工作分三次完成,测井总深度1994.02m.测井项目包括视电阻率、极化率、磁化率、纵波速度、超声成像、自然伽马、密度、井斜、井径、井温、泥浆电阻率、井中三分量磁测等10多种方法,获得了钻孔剖面原位物性参数、钻孔几何形态及井壁超声图像.通过对地球物理测井和钻孔岩心编录等资料的研究,完成了岩性的人工识别与支持向量机判别,建立了钻孔测井解释岩性剖面;通过对矿化地层的测井响应分析,将电阻率和磁化率作为粗安岩矿化的识别标识;根据超声成像测井资料推断本地区深部地层最大水平主应力方向为南北走向.在ZK01孔1500~1900m发现放射性异常,对铀当量大于万分之一的21处异常进行了定量解释,铀矿化段累积厚度93.02m,为庐枞地区深部找铀矿提供了重大线索.     

注水诱发地震的成因及影响因素探讨

根据胜利油田东营凹陷深井注水所监测到的破裂信号特征分析,结合位于同一凹陷内的角7井注水诱发地震特征,对注水诱发地震的成因进行了探讨.注水过程中地层有无先存破裂面对所诱发的地震产生较大影响,认为诱发地震的震级与注采比和注水井的构造位置密切相关.     

井筒声场研究回顾与展望

声波测井是测井学科的三大方法之一,在储层评价中起到了重要作用．随着陆上油气勘探目标趋向孔隙结构复杂、非均质性强的油气储集层,基于地层各向同性介质的测井理论显露弊端;因此研究复杂地质条件下的井筒声场分布特征、为储层解释和发展测井新方法提供理论依据成为必然．本文对井筒声场研究进行了回顾,并就当前井筒声场研究现状进行了总结,对其发展趋势和应用前景进行了分析。     

生产油井井下温度场数值模拟分析

An improved numerical simulation method is presented to calculate the downhole temperature distribution for multiple pay zones in producing oil wells. Based on hydrodynamics and heat transfer theory, a 2-D temperature field model in cylindrical coordinates is developed. In the model, we considered general heat conduction as well as the heat convection due to fluid flow from porous formation to the borehole. We also take into account the fluid velocity variation in the wellbore due to multiple pay zones. We present coupled boundary conditions at the interfaces between the wellbore and adjacent formation, the wellbore and pay zone, and the pay zone and adjacent formation. Finally, an alternating direction implicit difference method （ADI） is used to solve the temperature model for the downhole temperature distribution. The comparison of modeled temperature curve with actual temperature log indicates that simulation result is in general quite similar to the actual temperature log. We found that the total production rate, production time, porosity, thickness of pay zones, and geothermal gradient, all have effects on the downhole temperature distribution.     

Influence of injection conditions on field tracer experiments

Calibration of ground water transport models is often performed using results of field tracer experiments. However, little attention is usually paid to the influence, on resulting breakthrough curves, of injection conditions and well-aquifer interactions, more particularly of the influence of the possible trapping of the tracer in the injection wellbore. Recently, a new mathematical and numerical approach has been developed to model injection conditions and well-aquifer interactions in a very accurate way. Using an analytical solution derived from this model, a detailed analysis is made of the evolution of the tracer input function in the aquifer. By varying injection conditions from one simulation to another, synthetic breakthrough curves are generated with the SUFT3D ground water flow and transport finite-element simulator. These tests show clearly that the shape of the breakthrough curves can be dramatically affected by injection conditions. Using generated breakthrough curves as "actual" field results, a calibration of hydrodispersive parameters is performed, neglecting the influence of injection conditions. This shows that neglecting the influence of actual injection conditions can lead to (1) errors on fitted parameters and (2) misleading identification of the active transport processes. Conclusions and guidelines are drawn in terms of proposed methodologies for better controlling the tracer injection in the field, in order to minimize risk of misinterpretation of results.     

The Influence of Wellbore Inflow on Electromagnetic Borehole Flowmeter Measurements

This paper describes a combined field, laboratory, and numerical study of electromagnetic borehole flowmeter measurements acquired without the use of a packer or skirt to block bypass flow around the flowmeter. The most significant finding is that inflow through the wellbore screen changes the ratio of flow through the flowmeter to wellbore flow. Experiments reveal up to a factor of two differences in this ratio for conditions with and without inflow through the wellbore screen. Standard practice is to assume the ratio is constant. A numerical model has been developed to simulate the effect of inflow on the flowmeter. The model is formulated using momentum conservation within the borehole and around the flowmeter. The model is embedded in the MODFLOW-2000 ground water flow code.     

Analytical solution for two-phase flow in a wellbore using the drift-flux model

This paper presents analytical solutions for steady-state, compressible two-phase flow through a wellbore under isothermal conditions using the drift flux conceptual model. Although only applicable to highly idealized systems, the analytical solutions are useful for verifying numerical simulation capabilities that can handle much more complicated systems, and can be used in their own right for gaining insight about two-phase flow processes in wells. The analytical solutions are obtained by solving the mixture momentum equation of steady-state, two-phase flow with an assumption that the two phases are immiscible. These analytical solutions describe the steady-state behavior of two-phase flow in the wellbore, including profiles of phase saturation, phase velocities, and pressure gradients, as affected by the total mass flow rate, phase mass fraction, and drift velocity (i.e., the slip between two phases). Close matching between the analytical solutions and numerical solutions for a hypothetical CO₂ leakage problem as well as to field data from a CO₂ production well indicates that the analytical solution is capable of capturing the major features of steady-state two-phase flow through an open wellbore, and that the related assumptions and simplifications are justified for many actual systems. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of the analytical solution to evaluate how the bottomhole pressure in a well in which CO₂ is leaking upward responds to the mass flow rate of CO₂-water mixture.     

皖14井水温响应机理浅析

通过巢湖皖14井高精度水温观测环境及数字化改造以来的观测资料,分析不同深度(-160m、-195m)处水温变化特征。以2012年4月11日印尼8.6级地震为例,巢湖皖14井水温同震响应所获得的数据为分析基础,利用Ansys中的热分析模型进行数值模拟,研究了同震响应过程中井孔系统水温度变化与热量传递间的关系及机理。模拟结果显示:水温数值模拟曲线与实际测量数据曲线一致,该井水温同震响应表现为下降特征,主要是热对流所致。     

Scale effect and calibration of contaminant transport models

The influence on solute transport of the small-scale spatial variation of aquifer hydraulic conductivity (K) was analyzed by comparing results from fine-grid (2 m by 2 m) simulations of a synthetic heterogeneous aquifer to those from coarse-grid (8 m by 4 m) simulations of an equivalent homogeneous aquifer. Realizations of the K field of the heterogeneous aquifer were generated, using the Monte Carlo approach, from a lognormal distribution with mean log K of 2 (K in m/d) and three levels of log K variance of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0. Numerical simulation results show that the average standard deviation of point concentrations increased from 1.21 to 5.78 when the value of log K variance was increased from 0.1 to 1.0. The average discrepancy between modeled concentrations (obtained from a coarse-grid deterministic numerical simulation) and the actual mean point concentrations (obtained from fine-grid Monte Carlo numerical simulations) increased from 0.91 to 4.23 with the increase in log K variance. The results from this study illustrate the uncertainty in predictions from contaminant transport models due to their inability to simulate the effects of heterogeneities at scales smaller than the model grid.     

同井不同层位水温观测同震变化机理分析

不同水温观测点由于观测环境、井孔条件、观测部位构造条件、介质条件、地下水动力条件的差异,使得水温动态呈现出不同的形态。而同一观测井内不同层位的水温由于水温传感器安置深度和井孔热源分布状态的不同,会出现不同的同震响应形态。利用小波变换算法,分析了房县三海村井不同深度的水温在3次地震中的同震响应变化,并结合该井的温度梯度、围岩特性以及含水层分布,提出一个简单的井-含水层模型。进而探讨了同井不同层位水温出现不同变化的动力学机制,初步认为其动力学机制源于水的流动产生的热对流引起的变化。     

Soil water dynamics in cropped and uncropped fields in northern Greece using a dual-permeability model

Abstract

This study focuses on the calibration and validation of a dual-permeability soil water flow model for simulating soil water dynamics during the growing period in an irrigated corn field and during the rainy winter period in an uncropped field in northern Greece. The 1D numerical transient dual-permeability model MACRO 5.0 was used to describe the soil water dynamics, the water balance and deep percolation considering both macropore (two-domain) flow and non-macropore (one-domain) flow. The simulated results were compared with measurements of total soil water content at different depths in the soils. The values of the statistical criteria RMSE, E and CRM were better when macroporosity flow was considered; the soil water content showed better redistribution in the soil profile. The limited irrigation of the corn field during the growing period and the irrigation rates did not create conditions for deep percolation of water. In the uncropped field (bare soil), the wet conditions and the high rainfall during the simulation period created conditions for significant deep percolation, whether macropore flow was included in the model or not. The two-domain approach significantly affects the actual evaporation and the deep percolation. The difference between these two approaches is in the amount of deep percolation and the flow path of drainage flow. In the two-domain approach, most deep percolation follows the macropore domain (79.8%). The errors due to macropore parameter uncertainty and to the difficulties of measuring the macropore water content and flow were estimated by a sensitivity analysis for the more important parameters of the model.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Antonopoulos, V.Z., Georgiou, P.E., and Kolotouros, C.A., 2013. Soil water dynamics in cropped and uncropped fields in northern Greece using a dual-permeability model. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (8), 1748–1759.     

DNAPL accumulation in wells and DNAPL recovery from wells: Model development and application to a laboratory study

Dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) accumulation and recovery from wells cannot be accurately modeled through typical pressure or flux boundary conditions due to gravity segregation of water and DNAPL in the wellbore, the effects of wellbore storage, and variations of wellbore inflow and outflow rates with depth, particularly in heterogeneous formations. A discrete wellbore formulation is presented for numerical modeling of DNAPL accumulation in observation wells and DNAPL removal from recovery wells. The formulation includes fluid segregation, changing water and DNAPL levels in the well and the corresponding changes in fluid storage in the wellbore. The method was added to a three-dimensional finite difference model (CompSim) for three phase (water, gas, DNAPL) flow. The model predictions are compared to three-dimensional pilot scale experiments of DNAPL (benzyl alcohol) infiltration, redistribution, recovery, and water flushing. Model predictions match experimental results well, indicating the appropriateness of the model formulation. Characterization of mixing in the extraction well is important for predicting removal of highly soluble organic compounds like benzyl alcohol. A sensitivity analysis shows that the incorporation of hysteresis is critical for accurate prediction. Among the multiphase flow and transport parameters required for modeling, results are most sensitive to soil intrinsic permeability.