我国主要海洋捕捞政策对浙江省海洋捕捞业的影响探究

随着海洋渔业资源的不断衰退，为了保护渔业资源、推动海洋渔业的可持续发展，自20世纪70年代后期，我国出台了许多海洋捕捞相关政策。文章从投入控制制度、产出控制制度和技术控制制度3个角度出发，以捕捞许可制度、捕捞限额管理和伏季休渔制度等政策为重点，通过整理1980—2017年浙江省渔业经济的相关资料，从海洋捕捞渔船数量和功率、海洋捕捞产量、渔业劳动力数量变化3个方面，深入分析浙江省海洋捕捞现状，提出了完善现有的海洋捕捞政策、加强渔业执法管理力量、加强普法宣传、建立渔业资源调查与评估体系、帮助捕捞从业人员转产转业等对策建议，以期为我国海洋捕捞管理部门提供决策参考。     

海洋自然资源资产负债表内涵解析

党的十八届三中全会提出开展编制自然资源资产负债表的工作。随着海洋生态文明建设的推进,有必要尽快启动编制海洋自然资源资产负债表。文章基于环境经济学、会计学等理论,探讨编制海洋自然资源资产负债表的意义,梳理海洋自然资源资产负债表的研究背景;结合海洋资源属性特点,界定海洋自然资源资产负债表的具体概念,深入剖析海洋自然资源资产、海洋自然资源负债与海洋自然资源净资产等要素的内涵和内在联系;在此基础上,讨论海洋自然资源资产负债表的编制原则及应用范围。     

海洋资源资产负债表编制初探

编制自然资源资产负债表是生态文明体制改革的重要内容。海洋自然资源是支撑海洋生态文明建设和海洋强国战略顺利实施的基础。编制海洋自然资源资产负债表编制对摸清海洋家底,促进海洋经济绿色可持续发展具有重要意义。文章研究了海洋资源资产负债表编制的意义,分析了目前编制海洋资源资产负债表中内涵不明确、分类体系不完善等问题,在此基础上,从海洋资源资产负债表编制的目标,核算方法及编制对象等方面探讨海洋资源资产负债表的编制方法。     

全球海洋治理视域下海洋资源资产负债表探析

全球海洋治理背景下,以国家为主体的海洋资源资产负债表能够宣示国家海洋主权,服务海洋开发决策,监管人类海洋行为。海洋资源资产负债表按照海洋资源类型进行核算,海洋资源负债按性质分为政府负债和使用权人负债。在计量上要审慎乐观,采用实物计量和货币计量,不宜低估海洋资源资产,也不宜高估海洋资源负债。海洋资源资产负债表体系以海洋资源资产负债表为主表,海洋资源资产和负债变动表为副表,各类海洋资源明细表为子表。国家应协调好海洋资源与陆地资源核算的范围,近海资源由沿海基层政府核算上报,其他海洋资源由自然资源部统一核算,最终汇总为国家海洋资源资产负债表。     

浅析我国海洋经济发展战略

现代海洋经济包括为开发海洋资源和依赖海洋空间而进行的生产活动,以及直接或间接为开发海洋资源及空间的相关服务性产业活动,这样一些产业活动而形成的经济集合均被视为现代海洋经济范畴。主要包括海洋渔业、海洋交通运输业、海洋船舶工业、海盐业、海洋油     

基于可持续发展视角的渔民对海洋渔业资源利用的评价研究——以福建省惠安县渔民为例

长期高强度的捕捞、不科学的捕捞方式、海洋环境污染等问题导致我国海洋渔业资源的再生能力受到严重破坏,渔民作为发展渔业经济和利用海洋资源的主体,其意识和行为都与渔业的可持续发展紧密相关。文章通过对福建省惠安县渔民进行问卷调查,对2014年惠安县渔民文化程度、收入状况以及对海洋渔业各方面的了解程度和行为态度进行分析,初步探究渔民对海洋渔业资源的认知度和对海洋渔业政策的认可度及其影响渔民评价因素。最后对转变渔民利用海洋资源的行为和观念提出相应政策建议,有助于实现海洋资源的可持续利用。     

山东省海洋特别保护区现状、问题及发展对策

海洋特别保护区是海洋保护区的类型之一,海洋特别保护区是指在我国管辖海域以海洋资源可持续利用为宗旨,对海洋资源密度高、产业部门多、开发强度大,生态敏感和脆弱的海域,依法划定出一定范围的海域予以特殊保护管理,以确保科学、合理,安全、持续地利用各种海洋资源,达到最大的社会经济效益。文章对山东省海洋特别保护区的现状、问题进行分析并提出相应的发展对策建议。     

海洋捕捞与海水养殖监管系统研究

文章针对海洋渔业由于过度捕捞造成渔业资源枯竭的问题,提出了一种基于海洋遥感(ORS)、全球定位系统(GPS)和海洋地理信息系统(MGIS)等高新技术的海洋捕捞与海水养殖监管系统设计方案,可以远程自动对海洋渔业区域的水质多参数信息和养殖环境视频信息进行综合采集、传输及监控,也可以自动采集传输渔船RFID身份识别信息、渔船AIS自动识别信息、渔船GPS定位信息和捕捞生产视频信息等,并通过海洋精细渔业专家系统ES进行渔业养殖监控、渔业环境资源监测评估、渔船船数和功率数控制和海洋捕捞生产渔情监测等。该系统可以实现海洋渔业精细化捕捞和海洋渔业精细化养殖,促进海洋渔业可持续发展。     

世界海洋渔业发展趋势研究及对我国的启示

海洋渔业资源是保障沿海各国粮食安全、经济社会发展及人民福祉的重要资源。近年来,由于世界渔业资源日渐衰退,海洋捕捞产量逐步下降,世界各国纷纷转变发展理念,以养为主、以捕为辅,加快发展现代化海水养殖业。未来,随着世界各国渔业资源养护与修复措施的加强,海洋渔业捕捞产量将趋于稳定,海水养殖业将在发达国家和地区的引领下向深水化、集约化方向发展。我国应借鉴发达国家和地区的先进经验,结合未来世界海洋渔业的发展趋势,发展可持续的捕捞渔业和生态友好的现代化海水养殖业。     

南澳海洋产业崭露头角

粤东南澳岛充分发挥海洋资源优势,加快海洋产业的发展步伐,促使传统产业生机勃发,新兴产业迅速崛起,龙头产业蓬勃发展,海洋经济已成为海岛经济发展新的增长点和重要支柱。1998年1月～10月,这个只有7.2万余人口的海岛县,海洋渔业、滨海旅游、海岛风力     

山东省海洋渔业结构调整研究

在对山东省海洋渔业现状进行了全面调查、研究与分析的基础上,用灰色模型理论,模拟预测山东省渔业发展的特性与趋势;运用平衡产量和经济模型分别评估了山东省海洋捕捞的最高持续渔产量与最大持续经济产量及其相应努力量;运用线性规划的理论与方法,测算了各档次渔船的功率和船只匹配的优化估算值。依据该数值模型所作的评估结果,提出了对山东海洋渔业结构的调整意见。     

山东海洋渔业资源问题分析及其可持续发展策略

着重分析了山东海洋渔业资源状况及其存在的问题,提出了未来海洋渔业资源的发展对策。渔业生态环境恶化,过度捕捞,养殖种质退化,使渔业资源严重衰退;海产品加工技术落后,缺乏高附加值产品,渔业资源利用率低。开展海洋渔业资源相关基础研究,运用海洋生物技术等高新技术,重点进行海洋环境与渔业资源保护,发展生态渔业,科学、合理地开发利用渔业资源,是实现渔业资源可持续利用和长久发展的可行策略。     

Flexible management of fishing rights and a sustainable fisheries industry in Europe

Although overexploitation of commercial fish stocks in European waters has been in the public debate now for more than 20 years, the European Union has so far failed to implement sustainable fisheries management. Millions in subsidies paid to the fishing industry have led to significant excess capacity in the fishing fleet. Various feeble attempts to stop overexploitation of marine resources have failed. The cause is that fishing policy is highly dominated by short-term socioeconomic interests. There is an urgent need for a new fisheries management system in Europe that supports reductions in the fishing fleet, increases responsibility among fishers and guarantees long-term conservation of natural marine resources.Transferable rights to fish have proved a reliable and effective means of creating incentives to conserve marine resources. By strengthening individual fishing rights under flexible quota management systems, the EU Member States could, within the Common Fisheries Policy, make a significant contribution to conserving fish stocks, to reducing excess capacity and to raising the profitability of the fisheries industry. A closer look at existing reservations against a flexible management system shows most of the objections to be overstated or capable of resolution.     

Spatial conflicts in New Zealand fisheries: The rights of fishers and protection of the marine environment

New Zealand fisheries legislation provides commercial fishing rights to holders of individual transferable quota (ITQ). The settlement of fisheries claims against the Crown by Mäori, New Zealand's indigenous people, brought about the transfer of ITQ holdings to Mäori, and an obligation on the Crown to recognise and provide for indigenous (customary) fishing rights over fishing grounds and other areas that have been of special significance to Mäori. Some types of customary fishing areas exclude commercial fishing and could affect recreational fishing. Fisheries legislation requires that regulatory measures be put in place to avoid, remedy or mitigate the adverse effects of fishing. The Government also aims to protect marine biodiversity by having 10% of New Zealand waters in some form of protection by 2010. The legislative processes for protecting the marine environment and establishing customary fishing areas include assessment of effects on fishing rights. This paper explores the conflicts that arise from legislative obligations to uphold the rights of fishers, to sustain fishstocks and to protect the marine environment. The paper concludes that inconsistent legislative obligations and their disparate processes have led to spatial conflicts and a race for the allocation of space. Legislative obligations need to be integrated to maintain a balance between use of fisheries resources and protection of the marine environment.     

山东省海洋水产原、良种产业的发展和对策

为进一步提高山东省海洋水产种业的发展水平，促进海水养殖业和渔业经济的可持续发展，文章总结山东省海洋水产原、良种产业的发展特点，分析存在的问题，并提出对策建议。研究结果表明：山东省海洋水产原、良种产业具有起步较晚但发展速度较快，品种多、覆盖面广，代际连续性较强以及原、良种场建设全国领先的特点；目前仍然存在海洋水产良种的市场化程度较低、水产企业良种研发能力较弱以及国家级原、良种场的作用未有效发挥的问题；今后应重点推动育种技术进步，推进育、繁、推一体化发展模式，树立品牌意识，建立良种独立技术体系，加大对水产企业的支持力度，加强种质资源保护以及建立市场准入制度。     

Evaluating the social acceptability of Marine Protected Areas

Q methodology provides a novel, quantitative approach to reveal stakeholder perspectives and was used to assess social acceptance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) with fisheries and conservation management goals using the Devon & Severn region, UK as a case study site. Participants sorted a set of statements (n=42) into a forced-choice frequency distribution and centroid analysis revealed three factors for interpretation: (1) ‘pro-conservation’, characterised by views that conservation should be prioritised over commercial and economic interests; (2) ‘pro-fisheries’ who saw fishing as the priority and expressed concerns over the uncertainty of management measures and the number of planned MPAs; and (3) ‘win–win’ who felt that the current approach to marine management using MPAs would allow both fisheries and conservation goals to be met. Despite some differences in opinion, social acceptability of MPAs was identified across all three discourses, but was limited by the knock-on effects of the exclusion of stakeholders from the implementation of MPAs and the development of management measures. This resulted in disenfranchisement and uncertainty over the future of their activities. The results suggest that social acceptability of MPAs is generated by effective and ongoing stakeholder engagement, transparency and honesty relating to the costs and benefits of designations and a certainty that once sites are in place the resources exist for their effective management. Understanding social acceptability will guide adaptive management and increase the chances of MPA success and the meeting of global targets.     

山东省海洋主体功能区划定方法与探讨

文章通过梳理山东省海洋主体功能区规划的编制背景,以及山东省海域的概况,分析了山东省海洋开发方面存在的问题,对山东省海洋主体功能区规划编制的程序和方法进行阐述,并对各类主体功能区的划定及划定过程中的技术问题进行了探讨和研究,以期为山东省海洋开发和管理提供科学依据。     

Ecological footprint and vulnerability of marine capture fisheries in China

China(herein referred as China’s mainland,and excluding Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan)ranks as the world’s leading fishing nation,with approximately 11.1 million tons of domestic marine catch acquired in 2017.Marine fisheries resources in China are mainly exploited by its 11 coastal provinces and municipalities,and the development of fishing industry varies among them.However,few studies have examined the exploitation history of the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities.In this paper,we systematically quantified the exploitation history of marine fishery resources in China and then measured the vulnerability of the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities of China to a reduction in marine catches.Our analysis suggested that Chinese marine fisheries experienced rapid growth from the mid-1980 s to the end of the 20 th century,and this rapid increase in marine catches were mainly promoted by increased fishing effort.The total primary production required level amounted to approximately 80%of the average primary productivity in 2017,and Zhejiang,Fujian,Shandong,Hainan and Guangdong provinces were the main fishing provinces in China.By assessing three dimensions of vulnerability(exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity)to the impacts of a reduction in marine catches in the 11 coastal provinces and municipalities,we found that Hainan,Guangxi,Zhejiang and Fujian provinces had high or very high vulnerability,while the municipalities of Shanghai and Tianjin had low vulnerability.Identifying suitable adaptation policies and management plans based on the differences in vulnerability among coastal provinces is important in sustainable fisheries management.