网格对潜孔锤钻头球齿冲击过程数值模拟的影响

潜孔锤钻头冲击钻进的过程是一个高度非线性、大变形、破坏的过程。对这一复杂过程的研究，目前主要是利用实验方法。应用非线性显式三维有限元求解程序LS—DYNA3D，采用与岩石性质较接近的混凝土模型，对潜孔锤钻头硬质合金球齿冲击混凝土板的过程进行了仿真计算，讨论了不同网格尺寸对冲击力、冲击速度及破碎坑深度的影响等。     

基于冲击载荷的硬质合金球齿碎岩机理研究

在滑坡防治大直径桩孔施工过程中,快速钻进是治理成功的关键。因此选用合适的钻进机具与工艺极其重要,而气动潜孔锤因钻进效率高被广泛应用。气动潜孔锤钻进过程中,通过钻头底部球齿对岩石进行切削,达到高效碎岩目的,但球齿在破碎岩石过程中若冲击功选用不恰当,会导致能量损耗增大、球齿磨损较快、钻进效率低等问题,因此选用合适的冲击功进行碎岩具有重要意义。本文采用ABAQUS软件对单个球齿冲击岩石的过程进行了数值模拟,并进行了冲锤自由落体冲击实验,分析?19 mm的球齿在不同冲击功条件下的碎岩机理、破碎面积的变化规律。结果表明球齿碎岩机理分为3个阶段：弹性变形、压裂、体积破碎,且当球齿以30 J冲击功钻进花岗岩时,可有效降低能量损耗与提高碎岩效率。     

潜孔锤钻进方法介绍

潜孔锤钻进方法，是在钻头或岩心管之上联接一个孔底冲击器（潜孔锤），在钻具于一定给进压力（钻压）下迴转的同时，给钻头以高频冲击能量，进行孔底冲击迴转钻进。根据岩石破碎的弹性理论，在一定予压下的岩石冲击破碎强度低50—80％。潜孔锤钻进比无予压的钢绳冲击钻进的效率高3—5倍以上。由于冲击能量传递散失少，潜孔锤钻进比地表的     

基于LS-DYNA的大容腔潜孔锤钻头结构研究

提出通过大容腔结构改善潜孔锤钻头与冲锤质量比来提高液动潜孔锤钻进效率的方法,并应用LS-DYNA显示动力学分析手段,对常规潜孔锤钻头和新型大容腔结构潜孔锤钻头的碎岩效果及应力状态进行仿真分析,结果表明：采用大容腔结构减小潜孔锤钻头的质量,调整钻头与冲锤质量比,可明显提升碎岩效果;冲锤与钻头质量比由0.79变化到0.91,岩石碰撞过程中吸收的最大冲击能变化率以及碰撞结束后的最终吸能变化率分别为41.13%和67.17%;两种大容腔潜孔锤钻头的受力均满足长期作业的疲劳强度要求,数值模拟计算结果表明,该钻头结构在施工中具备可行性。     

Φ800 mm潜孔锤钻头布齿设计及理论探讨

大直径潜孔锤钻进中钻头的柱齿平面布置与齿型选择是影响钻进效率、钻头使用寿命、成孔质量的决定性因素。目前国内外在该领域尚未形成一套成熟的设计思路。在等工作条件布齿理论的基础上,从柱齿碎岩机理出发,探讨了相邻柱齿对碎岩效果的影响,从而确定了最优齿间距,并确定最佳齿位和合理的齿数。利用冲击功确定齿数,总结柱齿、柱齿合金材料等选型方法。并针对软岩、硬岩不同地层提出两种Φ800 mm潜孔锤钻头不同设计方案。     

冲击挤密作用下土体变形机理的有限元分析

潜孔锤冲击挤密钻进过程中土体变形机理的分析是非常复杂的,既涉及到材料非线性、几何非线性,又涉及到界面接触摩擦,属于高度非线性问题。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS初步建立了潜孔锤在土中冲击挤密钻进的有限元模型,模拟分析了钻具周围土体的应力、应变位移情况。结果表明,冲击钻进过程中钻头下方土体随压力的不断增大而发生塑性流动,产生急剧变形而破坏。钻具周围的土被重塑和扰动,土的工程性质发生了较大的变化,孔壁周围比较密实稳定。      

凸轮型冲击旋压钻头成孔机理研究

挤密钻头是潜孔锤冲击挤密钻进技术的关键所在,其结构形式直接影响着钻进效率、成孔质量和应用效果。应用非线性有限元理论,对动载荷作用下土体的弹塑性和压缩性的变化规律进行了分析。研究发现,常规钻头在冲击挤密钻进过程中产生的桩效应是导致钻进效率降低的主要原因。为了克服桩效应的影响,利用ANSYS/LSDYNA软件对阶梯式钻头和凸轮旋压钻头的钻进过程进行数值模拟分析,并通过实钻试验进行验证。数值模拟分析和试验结果均表明：凸轮旋压钻头能够有效避免钻进过程中土体回弹问题,降低桩效应对钻进效率的影响。试验结果与模拟结果相吻合,表明数值模拟的结果相对可靠。     

阶梯式钻头挤土机理的有限元分析

为了分析阶梯钻头冲击挤密作用下土体的变形机理,将土体视为DP材料,服从Drucker-Prager屈服准则,通过钻具与土体之间的接触以及施加冲击载荷来模拟钻进过程,建立了潜孔锤冲击挤密钻进的有限元模型。以非线性瞬态动力学有限元分析为手段,利用有限元软件ANSYS9.0对阶梯钻头冲击挤密作用下土体的变形机理进行了模拟分析。结果表明,在冲击载荷作用下,冲击功主要用于竖向压缩土体,水平方向的挤压作用相对较小。阶梯钻头对土体的破坏作用可以看作是每个台阶的微剪切作用,当台阶布置合理时,土体沿等效锥面整体破坏,破坏后的土体在等效锥面的作用下被挤向孔壁四周,挤密效果较好。      

高温硬岩空气潜孔锤钻头设计

干热岩试验性开发井钻井施工,在高温硬岩的地层条件下,如何实现高效钻进仍存在很多技术难点。空气潜孔锤钻进技术是解决硬岩地层钻进的有效方法之一,潜孔锤钻头是空气潜孔锤钻进的关键器具。根据青海共和干热岩GH-01井空气潜孔锤钻进技术应用情况,分析探讨了空气潜孔锤钻头断齿、掉齿、磨损严重、使用寿命短等问题,从钻头结构设计、钻头材料选取、钻头冷压固齿工艺等几个方面对空气潜孔锤钻头进行了优化。固齿优化过程中采用有限元分析方法,对钻头冷压固齿过盈量进行仿真分析计算,根据分析计算结果确定最优固齿过盈量。通过对潜孔锤钻头结构、材料、加工等优化,为适用于高温硬岩的空气潜孔锤钻头研制提供了借鉴。为提高空气潜孔锤钻进综合效率,为干热岩钻探开发提供了技术支持和技术储备。     

高频微幅冲击振动作用下岩石破碎行为计算方法

针对现有岩石破碎研究的现状以及不足,进行高频微幅冲击振动作用下的岩石破碎行为计算方法研究。首先建立高频微幅冲击振动模型,在此基础上建立求解破岩体积、破岩比功、岩石裂纹长度的计算方法,并分析冲击频率、幅值对岩石破岩效率的影响。通过对比试验与算例结果,验证了计算方法的可靠性。结果表明:当冲击频率增加到2 000 Hz时,冲击时间的周期将减小到0.001 s,冲击力将会增加到12 900 N,钻头吃入岩石的深度以及冲击末速度也对应增加;并且高冲击频率、低幅值能够增加破岩体积、减小破岩比功、增加岩石裂纹长度。研究结论对于提高破岩效率,进行高频微幅冲击振动破岩的技术研究与工具研制具有参考价值。     

冲击回转碎岩机理试验研究

在模拟孔底冲击回转钻进条件的试验台上，对岩石的冲击回转碎岩机理进行了试验研究，提出了大直径潜孔钻头的合理布齿及钻进参数选择依据。     

潜孔锤反循环钻进技术及应用

贯通式潜孔锤的研制为流体介质反循环开辟了通道，采用计算机模拟仿真电算方法，实现了潜孔锤的计算机辅助设计，优化了潜孔锤性能，将多喷嘴引射器原理用于钻头的结构设计，使反循环形成稳定可靠，并能取出柱状岩矿心，在复杂地层地质岩心勘探，水文水井钻凿，大直径硬岩基桩孔钻进等领域全面应用，取得了显著经济与社会效益。     

Numerical simulation of percussive drilling

This paper presents a novel dynamical model to analyze the long‐term response of a percussive drilling system. This departs from existing approaches that usually consider a single activation and bit/rock interaction cycle for the analysis of the process performance. The proposed model integrates the axial dynamics of an elastic piston and an elastic drill bit, a motion‐dependent pressure law to drive the piston, and a generalized bit/rock interaction law representative of the dynamic indentation taking place at the bit/rock interface. It applies to down‐the‐hole percussive drilling as well as top‐hole, with minor modifications. The model does not account for the angular motion or the hole cleaning, however. The model is first formulated mathematically; then, a finite‐dimensional approximation is proposed for computations. Numerical analyses of the model response, for a low‐size down‐the‐hole percussive system, follow. The period‐1 stationary response for the reference configuration is studied in detail, and parametric analyses assessing the influence on the rate of penetration of the bit/rock interaction parameters, the feed force, and the percussive activation parameters are conducted. These analyses reveal that the multiscale nature of the process is well captured by the model and recover expected trends for the influence of the parameters. They also suggest that a significant increase of the penetration rate can be achieved by increasing the percussive frequency. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical modelling of bit–rock fracture mechanisms in percussive drilling with a continuum approach

This paper presents a numerical method for continuum modelling of the dynamic bit–rock interaction process in percussive drilling. The method includes a constitutive model based on a combination of the recent viscoplastic consistency model, the isotropic damage concept and a parabolic compression cap. The interaction between the drill bit and rock is modelled using contact mechanics by treating the bit as a rigid body. As the bit–rock interaction in percussive drilling is a transient event, the method is implemented in explicit dynamics FEM. The rock strength heterogeneity is characterized at the mesoscopic level statistically using the Weibull distribution. The bit–rock interaction is simulated under axisymmetric conditions using cylindrical and hemispherical buttons. The choice of the quite complex constitutive model accounting, e.g. for plastic compaction, viscoplastic shear and tensile failure along with induced damage and rate dependency is justified by numerical simulations. Moreover, the quasi‐static and dynamic cases are compared in plane strain simulations. Finally, some results clarifying the discrepancy of opinions found in the literature concerning the side (lateral) crack formation are obtained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于单柱齿破岩过程的高压液动冲击回转钻进试验研究

针对煤矿井下穿层钻孔硬岩钻进效率低的难题,基于冲击回转钻进机理和Wassara高压液动冲击器主要特点,分析柱齿在冲击荷载下形成的破碎坑形态,并将其划分为崩解区、密实区、开裂区和弹性区。在此基础之上,对柱齿连续破岩的大间隔冲击和小间隔冲击2种情况进行过程分析,结合淮南潘三矿现场试验条件讨论高压液动冲击回转钻进工艺参数,优选高压液动冲击回转钻进配套钻机、冲击器、钻杆、钻头和清水泵,及主要技术参数。试验结果表明:当清水压力在15 MPa以上时,高压液动冲击回转钻进的平均机械钻速为24.67 m/h,与采用该技术之前的8.48 m/h机械钻速相比提高了约1.9倍;并采用回归分析拟合得到机械钻速与水压之间的线性关系,经过数理统计的F检验,F=8.82大于F_0.05(1,7),验证了回归结果是显著的,机械钻速随水压的增大而线性增大。高压液动冲击回转钻进技术可有效提高煤矿井下硬岩层钻进效率,保障煤矿安全高效生产。      

气动潜孔锤技术在矿山事故钻孔救援中的应用

气动潜孔锤作为一种高效冲击破岩工具,在国内外矿山事故钻孔救援中发挥了重要作用。笔者从破岩机理、结构型式、钻井方法与规程等方面阐述了气动潜孔锤的技术特点,着重分析了气动潜孔锤反循环类型及其特征。结合山西王家岭煤矿透水事故、山东平邑石膏矿坍塌事故、山东笏山金矿坍塌事故等成功救援案例,阐述了气动潜孔锤正循环钻进、气动潜孔锤与泥浆螺杆组合纠偏钻进在小直径钻孔中应用情况,以及气动潜孔锤随钻测量技术的研究进展。对于较浅小直径钻孔,气动潜孔锤采用保直钻进工艺可直接命中井下巷道;对于较深小直径钻孔,采用气动潜孔锤与泥浆螺杆纠偏组合钻进,方可命中井下巷道。结合国内外地面大直径救援钻孔成功案例,以及矿山大直径工程钻孔典型案例,介绍了气动潜孔锤正循环、下排渣、反循环等推广应用情况,气动潜孔锤下排渣最大钻深达688 m,气动潜孔锤反循环最大钻深达654.1 m。针对我国矿山开采逐渐向深部发展,矿山分布散、区域广,地质类型多、差异大的特点,面向复杂地层深孔救援,分析了小直径钻孔气动潜孔锤技术存在的不足之处,重点分析了大直径救援孔气动潜孔锤正循环、下排渣、反循环等技术面临的主要问题,明确其复杂地层钻进时技术缺陷实质,建议进一步开展气动冲击定向钻进技术、大直径钻孔气液双循环钻进技术的研究。      

Granite rock fragmentation at percussive drilling – experimental and numerical investigation

The aim of this study is to numerically model the fracture system at percussive drilling. Because of the complex behavior of rock materials, a continuum approach is employed relying upon a plasticity model with yield surface locus as a quadratic function of the mean pressure in the principal stress space coupled with an anisotropic damage model. In particular, Bohus granite rock is investigated, and the material parameters are defined based on previous experiments. This includes different tests such as direct tension and compression, three‐point bending, and quasi‐oedometric tests to investigate the material behavior at both tension and confined compression stress states. The equation of motion is discretized using a finite element approach, and the explicit time integration method is employed. Edge‐on impact tests are performed, and the results are used to validate the numerical model. The percussive drilling problem is then modeled in 3D, and the bit‐rock interaction is considered using contact mechanics. The fracture mechanism in the rock and the bit penetration‐ resisting force response are realistically captured by the numerical model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Critical Investigation of Wear Behaviour of WC Drill Bit Buttons

Mining and petroleum drill bits are subjected to highly abrasive rock and high-velocity fluids that cause severe wear and erosion in service. To augment the rate of penetration and minimize the cost per foot, such drill bits are subjected to increasing rotary speeds and weight. A rotary/percussive drill typically hits the rock 50 times per second with hydraulic impact pressure of about 170–200 bar and feed pressure of about 90–100 bar, while rotating at 75–200 rpm. The drill rig delivers a high-velocity flow of drilling fluid onto the rock surface to dislodge cuttings and cool the bit. The impingement of high-velocity drilling fluid with entrained cuttings accelerates the erosion rate of the bit. Also, high service temperature contributes to softening of the rock for increased penetration. Hence, there is a need to optimize the drilling process and balance the wear rate and penetration rate simultaneously. This paper presents an experimental scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of electroplated (nickel-bonded) diamond drills for different wear modes.     

Stress and energy reflection from impact on rocks using different indentors

Experiments have been conducted using an impact method with drop-hammers to obtain the required signals so that a detailed analysis of these data could be undertaken to quantify the drillability index of rocks. The dynamic stress waveform or reflected energy from the rock-drill bit interface is represented as a drillability index. This information enables the assessment of the characteristics of the rock under the bit. The results show that neither the amplitude nor the frequency spectra of the reflected stress wave significantly changes with the type of rock tested. However, the energy reflection coefficient varies with rock hardness. In the process of drilling the rocks, the energy reflection coefficient can increase by approximately 20% when the hardness or penetration resistance index of rock is doubled. This investigation confirmed the variation of reflected energy of rocks. For a single sharp or domed indentor, energy reflection decreases with penetration resistance index of the rock while it increases with this index in actual drilling or testing of percussive bits. In drill bit design and in tests for using a single indentor, a reasonable indentor shape should be adopted to correspond to a high energy reflection coefficient. By contrast, the energy reflection from a drill system or percussive bit should be minimised in practice.