Chemical Fluxes of Asian Rivers into Oceans and their Controlling Factors

Chemical fluxes of Asian rivers into oceans bear different regional variations. Three zones are characteristic of distinct dissolved sediment loads and yields and ionic concentration.Rivers into oceans in China play an important role in Asia because of their different chemical fluxes, among which those draining the Loess Plateau have high ionic concentration, low water discharges and dissolved sediment loads and yields.Climate, vegetation, soil and strata lithology, chemical weathering intensity and tectonic activity dominate chemical fluxes of Asian rivers into oceans, and different factors have different effects on the chemical fluxes of separate regional rivers. Rising of the Tibet Plateau also exerts an important influence on chemical compositions of rivers originating from it.     

东亚和南亚典型大河三角洲晚第四纪地层结构及成因对比

通过整理东亚、南亚典型河口三角洲末次冰消期以来演化历史的研究进展,对比各河口晚第四纪地层结构、沉积体系演替和三角洲开始建造的时间,分析其沉积历史的主要控制因素。结果显示,末次冰消期以来各河口具相似的地层结构和演变过程,即早全新世下切古河谷充填和河口湾发育,中—晚全新世三角洲建造,该过程主要受海平面变化的控制。但是各河口地层结构和沉积历史也存在差异,其中以三角洲开始建造的时间差别最为明显。对比发现这种差异与流域地貌、基岩以及河口沉积盆地的差别有关。流程短、流域基岩易侵蚀的河流,入海泥沙量大,其三角洲开始建造的时间显著早于其他河流,其中以恒河三角洲最为典型。另外,以珠江三角洲为典型,其半封闭、基底浅的河口沉积盆地特征,也有助于中全新世湾顶三角洲的建造。     

北极河流径流量变化及影响因子分析

利用最新的北极径流资料(R-arcticNET V3.0和Arctic RIMS),对进入北冰洋的4条主要河流的季节及年代际变化进行诊断分析。结果表明:入海径流在4-6月的大幅增加主要是由气温达到融点后积雪融化造成的,降水的作用次之。总的来说,欧亚区域在过去的70年里入海径流量是增加的,而北美区域在近30年里入海径流量是减小的,但注入北冰洋的径流总量是增大的。值得注意的是入海径流的年代际变化在不同季节增减趋势显著不同,夏季和秋季径流量减小,而其他两个季节径流量增大。进一步分析了影响入海径流变化的一些气候因子,结果表明:北大西洋涛动(北太平洋指数)与欧亚(北美)区域的冬、春季径流量存在正相关。春季气温与春季径流量呈正相关,而与夏季径流量呈负相关。降水与径流量基本上为同步正相关。春季积雪覆盖面积与春季径流量为负相关,而与夏季径流量为正相关,夏季积雪覆盖面积与夏季的径流量为正相关。     

Regional variations in provenance and abundance of ice-rafted clasts in Arctic Ocean sediments: implications for the configuration of late Quaternary oceanic and atmospheric circulation in the Arctic

The composition and distribution of ice-rafted glacial erratics in late Quaternary sediments define the major current systems of the Arctic Ocean and identify two distinct continental sources for the erratics. In the southern Amerasia basin up to 70% of the erratics are dolostones and limestones (the Amerasia suite) that originated in the carbonate-rich Paleozoic terranes of the Canadian Arctic Islands. These clasts reached the Arctic Ocean in glaciers and were ice-rafted to the core sites in the clockwise Beaufort Gyre. The concentration of erratics decreases northward by 98% along the trend of the gyre from southeastern Canada basin to Makarov basin. The concentration of erratics then triples across the Makarov basin flank of Lomonosov Ridge and siltstone, sandstone and siliceous clasts become dominant in cores from the ridge and the Eurasia basin (the Eurasia suite). The bedrock source for the siltstone and sandstone clasts is uncertain, but bedrock distribution and the distribution of glaciation in northern Eurasia suggest the Taymyr Peninsula-Kara Sea regions. The pattern of clast distribution in the Arctic Ocean sediments and the sharp northward decrease in concentration of clasts of Canadian Arctic Island provenance in the Amerasia basin support the conclusion that the modern circulation pattern of the Arctic Ocean, with the Beaufort Gyre dominant in the Amerasia basin and the Transpolar drift dominant in the Eurasia basin, has controlled both sea-ice and glacial iceberg drift in the Arctic Ocean during interglacial intervals since at least the late Pleistocene. The abruptness of the change in both clast composition and concentration on the Makarov basin flank of Lomonosov Ridge also suggests that the boundary between the Beaufort Gyre and the Transpolar Drift has been relatively stable during interglacials since that time. Because the Beaufort Gyre is wind-driven our data, in conjunction with the westerly directed orientation of sand dunes that formed during the last glacial maximum on the North Slope of Alaska, suggests that atmospheric circulation in the western Arctic during late Quaternary was similar to that of the present.     

罗纳河中悬浮物质的痕量元素的研究

于1989年5月－1990年4月间,在罗纳河下游近河口处进行每月一次为期间个月的样品采集工作,并且样品用HNO3－HF－HCIO4湿法消化后,用原子吸收分光光度法测定了悬浮颗粒物中的Co,Cr,Cu,Mn和Pb含量。结果表明,在不同月份之间悬浮物中的痕量元素组成具有显著地差别,其中一些元素的浓度随流量的增加而减少,而另外一些似乎与流量之间没有显著的关联。在稳定体系的假设下,所估计的人文活动对痕量元素的贡献可占观测浓度的10％－50％。当与其它河流对比时,发现罗纳河中的颗粒态痕量元素的浓度明显高于那些受人文活动影响较小的体系,而与北美的河流系统接近,表明罗纳河流域的人文活动对河流中颗粒态痕量元素的影响是显著的。     

中国第四纪地质发展史

中国大陆第四纪地质发展史的决定性因素是以青藏高原抬升为主的新构造运动,干冷—温暖频繁交替的古气候变化。中国第四纪时期内发生过一系列重大的地质事件:强烈的新构造活动及青藏高原的抬升;频繁的冷暖交替的气候变化;第三纪末以来古湖泊的萎缩和消亡及大陆外流型水系的形成;活跃的火山活动;巨厚黄土的堆积;第四纪大沙漠的形成和发展。     

48年来黄河入海水沙过程及其对流域人类活动的响应

黄河下游入海水沙现今出现急剧减少的趋势.水沙的季节性变化影响着年内的径流量、输沙量的分配情况.这种变化的影响因素有自然因素和人为因素两方面,而后者占主要地位.水沙的锐减对河口生态环境的变化有着负面影响.黄河干流已建成的大中型水库尤其是龙羊峡水库对入海水沙起着负面作用.     

南海中尺度海洋现象研究概述

南海是一个地形复杂的半封闭海盆，受季风，黑潮等因素的作用南海呈现独特的中尺度变异特征，一些中尺度信号的强度可以和南海定常环流的强度相比拟，甚至更强，本文回顾了近20a来南海中尺度海洋现象研究的进展，并就南海的黑潮入侵，黑潮涡环，次海盆尺度多涡环流，浅海亚潮波动，近岸陷波，海洋锋等中尺度现象做若干探讨。     

Relationship between suspended sediments from the Changjiang Estuary and the evolution of the embayed muddy coast of Zhejiang Province

South of Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang Province, exhibits an embayed muddy coastline, with the muddy beaches of embayments extending continuously seaward.The source of sediments on this coast presents an interesting problem to marine geologists and geomorphologists .The total annual load of sediments from the rivers of Zhejiang is only 12×106t.These materials affect only the area near the river mouths. The paper showed that the sediment along the coast of Zhejiang mainly comes from the Changjiang Estuary through analysing the time and space variations of suspended sediment, the features of sediment and the sedimentary transport.The Changjiang River is the largest river system in China, its sediment to the sea amounting to 468×106t. The sediment during summer transports mainly eastward, and is affected by the water body with high temperature, salinity and transparency; the winter season is the period with high sediment concentration. The sediment of the Changjiang Estuary transports together with the longshor     

Input of river-derived sediment to the New Zealand continental shelf: I. Mass

The input of river-borne sediments to the New Zealand continental shelf has been calculated for all the major rivers and basins in New Zealand. South Island yields 284 ± 40 × 10⁶ tonnes per year of sediment from a land area of 152 977 km² and North Island yields 105 ± 9·4 × 10⁶ tonnes per year from a land area of 114 621 km². Particularly high discharges are noted off the west coast of South Island and east coast of North Island and result in higher offshore sedimentation there. The data are compatible with measured sedimentation rates on the New Zealand continental shelf. The specific sediment yield from South Island is amongst the highest previously recorded.     

夏季黄东海颗粒有机碳的分布特征

根据2006年6～7月对黄东海大面调查的资料,分析研究了黄东海颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon,POC)的浓度和分布特征。结果表明,夏季黄东海POC的浓度范围是6.07～2 204.17μg.L-1,平均浓度为147.15μg.L-1。POC整体上呈现近岸浓度较高、远岸浓度较低,北部浓度较高,南部浓较低的分布特点;在长江口外及浙江近岸海区存在POC的高值区,特别是长江口外,表层和底层POC浓度很高,这主要是受到长江陆源输入的重要影响。在垂直分布上,南黄海区POC的浓度分布整体上呈现上层水体浓度较低,下层水体浓度较高的特点,这主要是受底质再悬浮的影响。而东海区呈现近岸POC浓度较高,离岸POC浓度较低的特点,这主要是受长江冲淡水输入的影响。     

Eocene post-rift tectonostratigraphy of the Rockall Plateau, Atlantic margin of NW Britain: Linking early spreading tectonics and passive margin response

A regional study of the Eocene succession in the UK sector of the Rockall Plateau has yielded new insights into the early opening history of the NE Atlantic continental margin. Data acquired from British Geological Survey borehole 94/3, on the Rockall High, provides a high-resolution record of post-rift, Early to Mid-Eocene, subaqueous fan-delta development and sporadic volcanic activity, represented by pillow lavas, tuffs and subaerial lavas. This sequence correlates with the East Rockall Wedge, which is one of several prograding sediment wedges identified across the Rockall Plateau whose development was largely terminated in the mid-Lutetian. Linking the biostratigraphical data with the magnetic anomaly pattern in the adjacent ocean basin indicates that this switch-off in fan-delta sedimentation and volcanism was coincident with the change from a segmented/transform margin to a continuously spreading margin during chron C21. However, late-stage easterly prograding sediment wedges developed on the Hatton High during late Mid- to Late Eocene times; these can only have been sourced from the Hatton High, which was developing as an anticline during this interval. This deformation occurred in response to Mid- to Late Eocene compression along the ocean margin, possibly associated with the reorganisation to oblique spreading in the Iceland Basin, which culminated at the end of the Eocene with the formation of the North Hatton Anticline, and the deformation (tilting) of these wedges. A series of intra-Eocene unconformities, of which the mid-Lutetian unconformity is the best example, has been traced from the Rockall Plateau to the Faroe-Shetland region and onto the Greenland conjugate margin bordering the early ocean basin. Whilst there appears to be some correlation with 3rd order changes in eustatic sea level, it is clear from this study that tectonomagmatic processes related to changes in spreading directions between Greenland and Eurasia, and/or mantle thermal perturbations cannot be discounted.     

Sediment organic matter composition and dynamics in San Francisco Bay, California, USA: Seasonal variation and interactions between water column chlorophyll and the benthos

Sediment and water column data from four sites in North, Central and South San Francisco Bays were collected monthly from November 1999 through November 2001 to investigate the seasonal variation of benthic organic matter and chlorophyll in channel sediments, the composition and quality of sediment organic matter (SOM), and the relationship between seasonal patterns in benthic organic matter and patterns in water column chlorophyll. Water column chlorophyll peaked in the spring of 2000 and 2001, characteristic of other studies of San Francisco Bay phytoplankton dynamics, however an unusual chlorophyll peak occurred in fall 2000. Cross-correlation analysis revealed that water column chlorophyll at these four channel sites lead sediment parameters by an average of 2 to 3 months. Sediment organic matter levels in the San Francisco Bay channel showed seasonal cycles that followed patterns of water column production: peaks in water column chlorophyll were followed by later peaks in sediment chlorophyll and organic matter. Cyclical, seasonal variations also occurred in sediment organic matter parameters with sediment total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) being highest in spring and lowest in winter, and sediment amino acids being highest in spring and summer and lowest in winter. Sediment chlorophyll, total organic carbon, and nitrogen were generally positively correlated with each other. Sediment organic matter levels were lowest in North Bay, intermediate in Central Bay, and highest in South Bay. C:N ratio and the ratio of enzyme hydrolyzable amino acids to TOC (EHAA:TOC) data suggest that SOM quality is more labile in Central and northern South Bay, and more refractory in North Bay and southern South Bay.     

青藏高原隆升、琼东南盆地沉降和西沙岛礁发育之间的耦合关系

本文基于琼东南盆地15口钻井和西沙石岛岛礁“西科一井”的钻井资料,结合过井地震剖面,系统分析了琼东南盆地沉降（沉积充填）和西沙岛礁生长速率及其变化特征,探讨了青藏高原隆升与琼东南盆地沉降和西沙岛礁发育之间的耦合关系,三者在发育时间和发育过程上表现出高度的一致性,且南海古海水中Sr同位素组成变化也表现出对青藏高原隆升速率变化很好的响应。相对于深水区,浅水区的沉积物堆积速率及其变化能够更好地反映盆地的沉降速率及其变化。琼东南盆地的沉降（沉积物堆积）和西沙岛礁的发育过程均可以分为3个阶段,分别对应于青藏高原的3个隆升期,时间自老到新分别为:23~16 Ma BP、16~5.5 Ma BP、5.5 Ma BP至今。相比而言,岛礁的发育过程与青藏高原的隆升之间的耦合关系更为密切。在青藏高原的快速隆升期,相应发生盆地沉降（沉积充填或沉积物堆积）和岛礁生长速率的加快,同时对应发生了南海海水87Sr/86Sr比值的增大,说明青藏高原隆升可能是影响琼东南盆地乃至整个南海沉降（沉积充填）、岛礁发育和古海水Sr同位素组成变化的主要因素。     

Estimation of the annual discharge of suspended matter by the rivers of North Siberia and the Far East

New estimates of the suspended sediment fluxes from the medium and large rivers of Siberia and the Russian Far East are presented on the basis of the calculations over the period of the instrumental surveys. The method of calculations accounting for the intra-annual discharge variability is considered and its hydrogeological substantiation is given. The obtained estimates are compared with the results of previous studies. The role of the geological evolution and glaciation history concerning the contemporary suspended sediment fluxes is shown. The prevalence of the valley (coastal and slope) generation of the suspended flux over the watershed generation on the territory of the Russian drainage basin is assumed.     

临汾盆地黄土粒度分布的端元模型研究

为了解黄土高原东南缘临汾盆地黄土沉积物粒度分布特征及其气候意义,运用参数化端元分析模型对临汾盆地黄土沉积物粒度数据进行分析,提取对气候变化反映敏感的粒级组分。通过对临汾盆地黄土-古土壤序列运用谢帕德三角分类法,发现黄土主要由粉砂和黏土质粉砂组成,分布较为集中;对临汾盆地黄土粒度进行Gen.Weibull函数分布的参数化端元模型反演得出了3个端元,EM1可能是黄土在夏季风作用下的风化和成壤过程中形成的,EM2可能代表的是高空西风搬运的远源沉积物,EM3可能代表的是较强的冬季风所搬运的近源沉积物以及冬季短时间尘暴所带来的物质。结合OSL测年结果,临汾盆地黄土粒度端元组分、磁化率与深海氧同位素对比分析,发现临汾盆地与深海氧同位素一致,说明临汾盆地气候演化受全球冰量控制,但在每个阶段的内部波动上又表现出一定的区域特征。     

西风带研究的重要意义

西风带作为北大西洋气候区和东亚季风气候区之间的联系纽带,对东亚季风气候和西风带气候具有重要影响,西风带在一定意义上控制着东亚季风的北界。西风环流与青藏高原相互作用,对亚洲季风区气候乃至全球气候都有极其深刻的影响。西风环流在冰期-间冰期旋回中的位置、强度的剧烈变化对东亚季风气候和全球气候影响显著,对季风降水、西风带降水时空分布及亚洲粉尘活动和黄土形成、堆积等都有非常重要的意义。     

长江河口拦门沙河床淤积和泥沙再悬浮过程

利用近２０年来长江河口所观测的地形、水文、悬沙和河床沉积物资料,着重对１９８８、１９８９、１９９６和１９９７年最新观测资料进行计算分析。结果表明,长江河口航道拦门沙河段来水沙量大,潮流作用强,潮波变形明显,水流挟沙力强。该河段潮流速随时间和空间变化,又处在盐淡水交换地带,流域和海域来沙在此河率时淤时冲,悬沙与床沙交换频繁,表现在涨急、落急时可床淤积层泥沙再次起动悬浮,憩流时只河床,在一个潮周期中含     

台湾海峡的海洋沉积环境研究进展

台湾海峡足我国量大的海峡,也是南海与东海进行物质和能量交换的主要通道.区域内地震、台风等灾害多发,潮流作用较强,同时受黑潮分支、南海暖流和东海环流等多种水系的影响,众多的山溪件中小型河流从海峡两侧流入海洋,为海洋沉积环境的研究提供了一个天然的实验场.基于台湾海峡的沉积环境分区、台湾海峡潮成沙脊的沉积环境、山溪性河流入海...     

东海虾类的生态群落与区系特征

有关东海的虾类，刘瑞玉(1959，1963，1964)、董聿茂(1959，1980，1986)等已做过大量的调查研究。近10多年来，由于东海传统的主要经济鱼类资源衰退，捕食虾类的鱼类减少，因此，使虾类生存空间扩大，这有利于虾类资源的繁衍生长，使虾类资源发生量增多，数量增长较快。东海区三省一市近几年虾类产量达到80×104~90×104t，其中浙江省为60×104~70×104t，拖虾作业已成为东海区一大作业方式，对促进海洋捕捞业的发展起重要作用。20世纪80年代中后期，我们开展了东海虾类资源开发调查，尔后又继续与拖虾生产船相结合进行监测调查，积累了一些资料，本文就东海虾类生态群落结构与区系特征进行探讨。