中国城市空气质量时空演化特征及社会经济驱动力（英文）

Air pollution is a serious problem brought by the rapid urbanization and economic development in China, imposing great challenges and threats to population health and the sustainability of the society. Based on the real-time air quality monitoring data obtained for each Chinese city from 2013 to 2014, the spatiotemporal characteristics of air pollution are analyzed using various exploratory spatial data analysis tools. With spatial econometric models, this paper further quantifies the influences of socioeconomic factors on air quality at both the national and regional scales. The results are as follows:(1) From 2013 to 2014, the percentage of days compliance of urban air quality increased but air pollution deteriorated and the worsening situation in regions with poor air quality became more obvious.(2) Changes of air quality show a clear temporal coupling with regional socioeconomic activities, basically "relatively poor at daytime and relatively good at night".(3) Urban air pollution shows a spatial pattern of "heavy in the east and light in the west, and heavy in the north and light in the south".(4) The overall extent and distribution of regional urban air pollution have clearly different characteristics. The formation and evolution of regional air pollution can be basically induced as "the pollution of key cities is aggravated—pollution of those cities spreads— regional overall pollution is aggravated—the key cities lead in pollution governance—regional pollution joint prevention and control is implemented—regional overall pollution is reduced".(5) At the national level, energy consumption, industrialization and technological progress are the major factors in the worsening of urban air quality, economic development is a significant driver for the improvement of that quality.(6) Influenced by resources, environment and the development stage, the socioeconomic factors had strongly variable impacts on air quality, in both direction and intensity in different regions. Based on the conclusion, the regional differentiation and development idea of the relationship between economic development and environmental changes in China are discussed.     

中国城市空气质量变化的时空特征及其经济社会因素解析(英文)

城市空气质量恶化是我国在快速城市化和工业化进程中亟待解决的难题。本文以第一阶段实施新空气质量标准的74个城市为例,通过比较2013年各区域城市每日和每时的空气质量指数变化,总结空气质量变化的时空特征,并借助SPSS18.0软件,采用相关分析中的二次曲线拟合法探讨工业化和城市化对空气质量的影响趋势。结论认为中国城市空气质量季节性变化特征显著,空气质量春冬差,夏秋好;从污染天数看,城市空气污染形势严峻且有加重态势;从小时变化看,城市空气质量与社会生产生活活动表现出一定的时间耦合性;城市空气质量总体空间格局表现为东高西低、北高南低,且区域一体化态势明显。不同区域城市空气质量的影响因素差异明显,总体来看,单位GDP能耗、城市化水平等是影响全国城市空气质量变化的共同因素。     

中国草食家畜养殖的时空动态及其影响因素（英文）

The development of grass-feeding livestock breeding is the key to promoting the transition from grain-consumption type animal husbandry to grain-saving type animal husbandry in China, and to solving the problem of competition for grain between people and livestock. From the perspective of economic geography, this paper first defines the conversion standard for the breeding quantity of livestock, and then uses exploratory spatial data analysis technology and econometric models and methods to systematically investigate the sequential variation process, geographical aggregation characteristics, and influencing factors of grass-feeding livestock breeding in China. The study results show the following: 1) The breeding quantity of grass-feeding livestock in China has an obvious overall growth trend, but there is an obvious difference among the livestock species. During the period 1978–2012, the breeding quantity of grass-feeding livestock in China grew by 92.5%; and the breeding quantity within the same period was beef cattle sheep dairy cow. 2) On the county scale, the number of increasing areas of the breeding quantity of grass-feeding livestock is larger than the number of decreasing areas, and the growth rate of breeding quantity of grass-feeding livestock in northern China is higher than that in southern China, which initially forms the pattern of "hot in the north and cold in the south". 3) The spatial Durbin model shows that the per capita output of grain, proportion of productive land area, urban per capita disposable income, agricultural mechanization level, agricultural labor productivity and policy factor have positive effects on the development of grass-feeding livestock breeding, while the per capita GDP, urbanization level and proportion of non-agricultural income have obvious negative effects on it. 4) Grass-feeding livestock breeding in China can be divided into six major types of areas, and each type of area should be regulated and controlled in terms of their respective focus of attention according to regional conditions and situation of agricultural production.     

中国生态效率时空差异和影响因素分析（英文）

经济发展、资源利用和生态保护之间存在着尖锐矛盾,而生态效率概念和评价体系构建为这一问题提供了解决方案。本研究基于超Slacks-BasedMeasure模型,评价了2005–2016年中国大陆30个省份生态效率的时空特征、区域差异性,并利用面板回归模型分析了其影响因素。研究发现:(1)2005–2016年各省份生态效率在研究时段总体呈现上升态势,伴有波峰变化,但各地区生态效率水平及其变化幅度的差异较为显著。东部地区生态效率明显高于中部地区、西部地区和东北部地区。(2)通过变异系数测算表明各省份生态效率差异在逐渐缩小,但空间分布仍不均衡。从区域内差异看,西部省份区域内差异均值最高,其次为东部地区和东北部地区,中部地区区域差异最小。(3)通过生态效率影响因素研究显示,工业结构、对外开放度、城镇化、技术创新和环境规制对生态效率产生积极影响,能源消费、交通对其产生消极影响,而在不同区域生态效率的影响因素呈现不同作用力。据此,提出各地区提升生态效率的相关政策建议,为缩小绿色发展差距及加快促进区域绿色可持续协调发展提供重要的实证参考。     

城市扩张及其与驱动因素的时空动态关系研究（英文）

快速的城镇化不仅提高了人们的生活水平,也带来了一些影响人类健康和可持续发展的负面效应。揭示城市扩张的时空动态过程及其与相应驱动因素之间的时空动态关系,是解决这些问题的先决条件,尤其对于数量多、扩张较快的小城市而言。本文以昆山市为例,从地形、社会经济、可达性和邻域等四个方面选取了11个影响因素,应用逻辑回归模型和地理加权逻辑回归模型,分析了昆山市1991-2014年期间城市扩张和相关驱动因素的时空变化过程。结果表明,昆山市呈现出加速扩张的趋势,2000-2014年期间的年均扩张率(28.42%)是1991-2000年期间的4倍,而且明显大于大城市同期的扩张速率。城市扩张和相关驱动因素之间的关系具有时空变化的特征。从全局的观点来看,距离城市、乡镇、主要道路越近,GDP越高的地区,城镇化的可能性越大。此外,值得注意的是人口和城市扩张的关系在减弱,尤其是在发达地区;而湖泊与城市扩张之间的关系却在加强。从局部的视角来看,各驱动因素对城镇化的作用大小,甚至作用方向在空间上呈现出明显的空间异质性。我们的结果还表明地理加权逻辑回归模型明显优于逻辑回归模型。基于以上发现,小城市的城市扩张应予以更多的关注,并且应实施区域差异化发展政策以实现新型城镇化。     

成渝经济圈生态效率时空动态演变及其影响因素（英文）

为了响应国家十四五规划,更好地探索促进区域协调绿色发展的新战略,本文采用super-SBM模型和马尔可夫链对成渝经济圈2004–2018年的生态效率值进行了测算与时序分析,同时,利用地理加权回归模型对生态效率进行了空间分析。虽然成渝经济圈生态效率在研究期间有所提高,但其经济发展仍然是生态无效的,这意味着成渝迫切需要提高资源利用效率,促进技术创新。在研究期间,成渝经济圈的生态效率的演变呈现为“π”字形状,并伴随着“俱乐部趋同”的现象,此现象表明生态效率有保持原状的强烈趋势,说明生态效率缺乏足够的改善动力,因此很难实现跨越式转移。从空间上看,生态效率从西北向东南呈高–低–高效率分布,生态效率的时空差异缩小,但集聚效应相对较弱且呈现两极分化趋势。进一步的研究表明,城镇化发展水平、对外开放水平、技术水平、环境规制和产业结构高级化是导致生态效率空间差异的原因。成渝经济圈应针对各自弱点相应采取改善措施提高生态效率,从而促进整个区域的绿色发展。     

中国空气质量时空变化特征

基于2015年中国343个地区空气质量指数(AQI)数据,运用统计分析和空间自相关分析方法,对全国及陆地表层系统九大区域空气质量时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明:①全国及九大区域空气质量春季较差、夏秋优良、冬季最差,AQI季节均值呈现"U"形变化特征。②全国及九大区域AQI月均值变化趋势呈现"L"形特征。③全国及九大区域AQI日均值变化趋势呈现周期性W～脉冲型波动规律。④"高污染"和"低污染"区域呈现出北高南低的南北分异格局。⑤九大区域首要污染物频次结构差异明显,频次最高的首要污染物PM2.5或者PM10在空间上呈现出明显的东西分异格局。     

中国城市人工智能发展的时空演化特征及其影响因素

基于2000—2019年中国285个地级及以上城市面板数据,以关键词检索人工智能相关的专利申请数,运用标准差椭圆、探索性空间数据分析以及空间杜宾分解模型,探析中国城市人工智能的时空演变特征及其影响因素。结果表明：① 人工智能发展在时间上可分为起步期、成长期以及高速发展期;空间上呈明显的层级效应,东部沿海城市优势明显,中西部城市正加快崛起。② 人工智能存在较强的空间正向相关关系,局部地区城市形成集聚发展态势。空间分布沿“东北?西南”方向产生极化现象,沿“西北?东南”方向产生扩散现象。分布重心位于安徽省内,有持续向东南迁移的趋势。③ 市场化水平、人口密度、人力资本、外商投资水平和金融发展水平的提升有利于人工智能发展,存在正向空间溢出效应。政府干预与人工智能发展呈倒U型曲线关系,存在空间溢出效应。产业升级和基础设施建设水平的提升有利于人工智能发展,但空间溢出效应不明显。     

过去40年中国城市扩展及其时空差异分析（英文）

The urban expansion process in China from the 1970 s to 2013 was retrieved based on remote sensing and GIS technology. With the latest zoning method used as reference, annual expansion area per city, urban expansion type, and fractal dimension index were employed to analyze the Chinese urban expansion characteristics and its spatial difference from the aspects of urban expansion process, influence of urban expansion on land use, and urban spatial morphological evolutions. Results indicate that 1) under the powerful guidance of policies, urban expansion in China went through six different stages, and cities in the eastern region entered the rapid expansion period the earliest, followed by cities in the central, northeastern and western regions; 2) cultivated lands and rural settlements and industrial traffic lands were the important land sources for urban expansion in China; the influence of urban expansion on land use in the eastern region was the strongest, followed by the central, northeastern and western regions; 3) urban spatial morphology tended to be complex and was directly related to the adopted spatial expansion mode. Infilling expansion became the main urban expansion mode in the western region first, then in the central and northeastern regions, and finally in the eastern region. This study establishes the foundation for an in-depth recognition of urban expansion in China and optimization of future urban planning.     

中国渔业地理集聚时空特征及影响因素

采用基尼系数、重心模型、ESDA方法和空间计量分析模型,探究了1988-2013年中国渔业地理集聚时空特征及影响因素。研究发现:1)中国渔业一直存在显著的地理集聚现象和空间自相关特征,渔业地理重心的变化范围主要分布在长江中下游沿线的皖、赣、鄂三省以及苏、皖两省的淮河以北和江淮之间;2)渔业空间关联格局中的热点区和次热点区在26年间数量减少近半,冷点区和次冷点区数量增多,但未发生变化的类型区居于主体,发生变化的类型区基本表现为梯次逐级减弱的演变特征,各类型区初始呈现出的集中连片分布态势和梯度推移性变化规律渐趋不明显;3)渔业具有正的省际空间溢出效应,沿海地区、产业外部性、人力资本、消费需求、城镇化率、技术水平、产业外向度、政府干预度都会影响中国渔业地理集聚,而交通条件的影响作用尚未凸显。     

中国城市流动人口时空特征及影响因素

基于原国家卫生计生委2011—2017年流动人口动态监测调查数据,系统考察我国城市流动人口的时空特征及其影响因素。结果表明:流动人口区域不均衡性进一步加强,聚散态势日益明显,流动强度与城市等级存在正相关,一二线城市依然是流动人口的极化中心。流动范围与城市吸引场高度相关,城市等级越高,越趋向于省际流动,距离衰减越不明显;等级越低,越趋向于市内流动,地理邻近效应越明显。流动时间呈现出短期性(1～2年)与长期性(7年以上)并存的格局,短期性随城市等级的下降而递增,长期性则随城市等级而递减。农业户口仍然是流动人口的主体,“三低一高”(低龄化、低学历化、低技能就业化和高性别化)是流动人口的最基本人口学特征。经济因素对人口的流动仍具有主导作用。     

基于地理探测器的北京市地表反照率时空分异及其驱动因素研究（英文）

地表反照率直接影响着辐射平衡和地表热收支,是地球-大气系统研究中的关键因子。本文研究了2015年北京市地表反照率的时空分布特征,并基于地理探测器定量分析了地表反照率空间分异的驱动因素及其交互作用。结果表明:北京市地表反照率呈东南高、西北低的趋势;冬季变化最大,春季变化最小;年地表反照率最小值出现在秋季,最大值出现在冬季,具有显著的时空异质性。土地覆盖类型、NDVI、高程、坡度、温度和降水对地表反照率的空间分异均有显著影响,影响力分别为0.537、0.625、0.512、0.531、0.515和0.190;且一些驱动因素对反照率空间分布的影响存在显著差异。任意两种驱动因素之间均存在交互作用,表现出双变量增强的结果。其中,地表覆盖类型与NDVI的交互作用最大,影响力为0.710,而温度与降水的交互作用最弱,影响力为0.531。研究结果为了解北京市地表反照率的时空分布特征以及区域气候和陆面模式中能量模块的物理过程提供了科学依据。     

中国城市PM2.5浓度时空特征及其影响因素(英文)

在科学识别城市建成区的基础上,运用探索性空间分析和空间计量模型,分析了2000–2015年中国城市PM_2.5浓度的时空特征及其影响因素。结果表明：2000–2015年中国城市PM_2.5浓度呈倒“L”型增长,而PM_2.5浓度高的城市具有大规模集聚的特征,城市群即是PM_2.5浓度高的城市聚集区,受自然因素、社会经济因素和城市形态因素共同作用。在2000–2005年,中国城市PM_2.5年平均浓度从31.19μg m^–3增加到46.00μg m^–3,河北、山东、河南交汇地区出现小规模高浓度集聚。在2005–2010年、2010–2015年两个阶段,城市PM_2.5浓度年平均增长率放缓,2010年为47.67μg m^–3,2015年为48.72μg m^–3。高浓度集聚区域不断扩大,在2010年扩张至京津冀、长江中部、长江三角洲、成都平原,研究期末已经扩大至整个华北平原、哈长地区。     

珠江-西江经济带耕地压力的时空分异特征及其影响因素分析（英文）

运用耕地压力指数、变异系数、冷热点分析等方法分析了2008–2017年间珠江–西江经济带县域耕地压力的时空分异格局及其动态变化过程,并运用主成分分析方法对耕地压力影响因素进行测度。研究结果表明：研究期内珠江–西江经济带耕地压力一直处在“高压”状态,耕地压力指数呈持续上升趋势;珠江–西江经济带及各地级市耕地压力指数的变异系数均呈波动上升态势,区域内耕地压力总体空间差异不断扩大,两极分化明显,其中省会城市市辖区所在区域作为城市发展的核心区,同时也是耕地压力最大的区域;珠江–西江经济带耕地压力冷热点空间格局分异明显,其中珠江经济带为主要的热点集聚区,西江经济带则为主要的冷点集聚区;农民收入、固定资产投资、GDP、人口等社会经济因素是影响珠江–西江经济带耕地压力变动的主要驱动因素。除此之外,复种指数、粮食单产水平等耕作生产因素也会对耕地的压力变动产生重要影响。     

黄淮海平原耕地集约利用时空差异及其影响因素研究（英文）

This study developed a comprehensive system to evaluate the intensity of cropland use and evolution of cropland use in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.Delphi-entropy methods were adopted to determine the weight of the index,and the Geo Detector model was established to explore the influencing factors.The results are summarized as follows:(1) The intensity of inputs,degree of utilization,and production increased continuously,but the intensity of continuous conditions experienced an overall decline followed by a rebound towards the end of the study period.The number of counties with high and moderately high intensity increased by 56.8% and 14.6%,respectively,from 1996 to 2011.The number of counties with moderately low and low intensity declined by 35.9 % and 11.9 %,respectively.Areas with significant increases in intensity were mainly distributed in northeast Hebei Province,northwest Shandong Province,and north Jiangsu Province.The intensity is high in northern Jiangsu and Anhui;the output effect remained above moderate intensity mainly near Beijing,Tianjin,Tangshan,and counties in the suburbs of Shijiazhuang.(2) Natural disasters,elevation,slope,and road networks were the main factors influencing the intensity of cropland use in this region,with influence values of 0.158,0.143,0.129,and 0.054,respectively.Areas with moderately high and high levels of intensity were distributed in low-lying areas.Uneven distribution of precipitation,seasonal drought,and flood disasters can directly affect the stability index of croplands and reduce the intensity of cropland use.Developed road networks are associated with moderately high intensity.Our results suggest recommendations such as promoting agricultural intensification and large-scale management,promoting the construction of road networks,improving early warning systems for drought and flood disasters,and promoting moderate and intensive use of arable land,and focusing on restoration and sustainable use of cropland.     

中国交通地理研究进展（英文）

As an important branch of human geography, transportation geography has experienced three periods of evolution: foundation, systematization, and rapid development of the discipline. It has gradually become a relatively mature discipline. During the period 1930– 1980, the development of transportation geography consisted mainly of the publication of theoretical texts. During 1980–2000, it gradually became a systematic discipline. Since the start of the 21 st century, transportation geography has focused mainly on exploring the impacts of transportation on socio-economic development. Currently, studies on transportation geography have led to significant developments in a number of areas, including transportation theory, facility distribution and planning, transportation flows and network analysis, evaluation of transport modes, transportation planning, and simulation and assessment of urban transportation. Such studies have also enriched human geography research, provided a wider geographical overview and elucidated the development mechanism of transportation, as well as helped to understand the impacts of transport development on socio-economic systems. Some findings obtained by geographers have been widely used in transportation geography and related fields, including the four basic laws of transportation generation, the hub–spoke mode of transport organization, the subordinating and guiding functions of transportation on socio-economic development, regional transport dominance measures, accessibility measures, and spatial organization of port systems.     

中国产业地理研究进展（英文）

The expansion and upgrading of Chinese industries have accompanied with the spatial restructuring process across the country. This paper provides a literature review on China's industrial geography, paying special attention to industrial agglomeration and industrial clusters. The increasing industrial agglomeration and development of industrial clusters have been the prominent characteristics of dynamics of industrial landscape in China. The major driving forces of China's industrial geography include economic globalization, decentralization and regional competition and rebuilding of regional advantages. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research focus.     

中国城市空气质量时空演化特征及社会经济驱动力

城市空气污染是中国在快速城镇化和经济发展过程中亟待解决的难题。利用2013年和2014年全国城市空气质量数据,综合ArcGIS空间分析和统计分析,从年度、季节、月份、小时4个时间尺度比较归纳了全国城市空气质量的时空间演化特征,并采用空间计量模型,从全国和区域两个空间尺度,量化分析了城市空气质量变化的社会经济驱动力。结果表明：① 全国城市空气质量全年达标天数比例增加,但空气污染程度加重,高污染区域恶化态势明显;② 城市空气质量与生产生活活动表现出一定的时间耦合性,基本呈现“日出趋差、日落趋优”的态势;③ 全国城市空气污染表现出“东重西轻、北重南轻”的空间格局,区域一体化态势明显;④ 区域城市空气污染的总体程度和分布结构具有明显的分异特征,区域空气污染形成和演化路径可基本归纳为：“重点城市污染加重—重点城市污染扩散—区域整体污染加重—重点城市引领治污—区域污染联防联控—区域整体污染减轻”;⑤ 从全国层面看,能源消耗、工业化和技术进步是推动城市空气质量恶化的重要因素,经济发展对城市空气质量改善具有显著的推动作用。⑥ 受各地区资源环境基础和社会经济发展阶段影响,各类社会经济因素对城市空气质量改善的驱动方向和驱动强度差异明显。在结论的基础上,讨论了中国经济发展和环境变化关系的区域分异以及发展理念。     

祁连山冰川服务价值评估及其时空特征（英文）

Glaciers provide essential resources and services for human well-being and socio-economic development in arid regions. It is of great significance for regional socioeconomic sustainable development and environmental protection to conduct a glacier service value assessment and to analyze its spatiotemporal characteristics. Based on the first and second Chinese glacier inventories of the Qilian Mountains, a glacier service value evaluation system was established. Then the glacier service value and its spatiotemporal variation were assessed by combining the methods of unit area service price, value equivalent factor, and the glacier service value change index(GSCI). Three key results were obtained.(1) The total service value of glaciers in the Qilian Mountains for 2016 was 24.354 billion yuan. The main services provided were climate regulation and runoff regulation, which accounted for 60.58% and 33.14% of the total service value, respectively. Minor services were freshwater supply and hydropower, which accounted for 3.47% and 1.75% of the total value, respectively. The value of other types of services was about 0.259 billion yuan.(2) Among the various river systems in the Qilian Mountains, the Shule River basin had the highest glacier service value(7.771 billion yuan, 31.91%), followed by the Haltang River basin(4.321 billion yuan, 17.74%) and the Beida River basin(3.281 billion yuan, 13.47%). In terms of administrative divisions, the glacier service value of the Qilian Mountains in Qinghai Province was 1.138 billion yuan higher than that of Gansu Province at 11.608 billion yuan, of which the services in the Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Jiuquan City were valued at 11.124(45.68%) and 7.758(31.86%) billion yuan, respectively.(3) During the period from 1956 to 2010, the service value of glaciers in the Qilian Mountains declined by 435 million yuan, with an acceleration in the decreasing trend from west to east.     

中国入境旅游碳足迹时空特征与演化研究（英文）

据统计,旅游碳排放已占全球碳排放总量的4.9%,加强对其研究和控制是关乎人类能否可持续发展的重要命题。本文基于地理学的视角,研究了中国2007年到2017年间30个省、市、自治区入境旅游碳足迹时空分布的特征和演化规律。在利用碳足迹综合计算模型和空间分析方法基础上,深入揭示了中国入境旅游碳足迹的时空分布特征及演化规律。结果表明,2007年到2017年间,中国入境旅游碳足迹呈现急速上升又稍有回落的趋势,总量从562.30万t上升到1088.09万t,增长1.94倍,其中交通和邮电业占比最大;近十年来我国多数省市的入境旅游碳足迹变异程度不高,维持在较平稳的状态;空间维度上,则呈现东南向西北方向递减趋势。