基于理想点法的武都区北山泥石流危险度评价

武都区北山泥石流灾害发育,对城区安全构成严重威胁。本文选取泥石流规模及发生频率作为主要因子,沟谷流域面积、主沟长度、流域相对高差、流域切割密度、泥沙补给长度比作为次要因子,采用理想点法对武都区北山7条泥石流沟进行了危险度评价。评价结果表明:研究区泥石流沟属低度危险-中度危险,与单沟泥石流危险度评价方法的结论基本吻合,符合实际情况,验证了该方法具有合理性及可靠性,为泥石流危险度评价提供了一种新的思路,同时也为研究区泥石流灾害的防治提供了科学依据和参考。     

基于函数赋值模型与模糊综合评判法的单沟泥石流危险性评价

基于彭阳县丁家渠泥石流前期调查测绘,查明了泥石流的发育特征,分析了泥石流的形成条件,并对其易发程度进行打分综合评判,得出:该泥石流为沟谷降雨诱发型泥石流,易发程度为中等易发,目前正处于衰退期。构建了包括泥石流规模、发生频率、沟谷流域面积、主沟长度、流域相对高差、流域切割密度及不稳定沟床比例等7个指标的单沟泥石流危险度评价指标体系,采用关联度分析与层次分析法相结合的最优组合赋权法对函数赋值模型中的权重进行修正,并运用该模型对丁家渠泥石流进行危险度计算,为了验证该模型在研究区泥石流危险度评价的准确性,同时采用模糊综合评判法进行危险度计算,两种方法得出的危险度等级均为低度危险,与实地调查结果相符。 更多还原     

基于证据权法的泥石流危险度区划

针对泥石流危险度区划方法存在不足的问题,根据泥石流形成的要素提取危险度评价因子,运用证据权法客观地筛选出评价因子和确定危险度的权重,进而优选出具有代表性的评价因子,避免了主观赋权和筛选因子的随意性;根据不同评价因子权重值的叠加来确定某一单元泥石流危险度发育程度的概率。以吉林省磐石市泥石流危险度区划为例进行验证,结果表明：中度和低度危险区内有泥石流点163个,囊括了75.81%的泥石流灾害点,符合磐石市泥石流危险度总体不高、局部地区危险度较大的实际情况。     

云南省泥石流灾害危险度分区研究

本文应用数理统计方法，探讨了云南省泥石流灾害危险度分区评价方法，将云南省３８．４万ｋｍ＾２范围划分为９０３个评价单元，由计算得出泥石流危险极度，重度，中度和轻度四个等级的划分界线，并据此分析划分为１１个泥石流灾害危险区域，其中泥石流极危险区面积占全省总面积的７．４２％，重度危险区面积３７．７６％，中度危险区面积４４．８５％，轻度危险区面积９．９７％，为了进一步分析对比全省各地州市泥石流灾害危险度。     

四川省都江堰市龙池地区泥石流危险性评价研究

汶川地震灾区震后泥石流灾害较震前活跃,对灾区泥石流危险性进行评价是灾后重建过程中合理防灾减灾的基础工作。通过研究泥石流灾害事件中的泥石流规模、泥石流沟堆积扇面积及相应的灾害损失等基础资料,提出以泥石流在泥石流沟堆积扇上的平均堆积厚度替代泥石流规模作为主要危险因子的单沟泥石流危险性评价方法。用该方法对汶川震区都江堰市龙池镇龙溪河流域2010年"8.13"泥石流事件中的29条沟谷型泥石流进行危险性评价,评价结果中9条为高度危险,12条为中度危险,8条为低度危险。用以泥石流规模为主要危险因子的单沟泥石流危险性评价方法进行对比评价,2种评价方法中有65.5%的泥石流的危险性评价结果一致。以泥石流沟堆积扇平均堆积厚度为主要危险因子的单沟泥石流危险性评价方法更能突出规模对泥石流综合危险度的贡献,能更好地反映小泥石流流域和小泥石流堆积扇的泥石流在中小规模的泥石流总量下的危险程度。     

台风暴雨型泥石流单沟危险度研究

台风暴雨型泥石流分布广泛并常造成重大灾害,有必要对其危险度进行研究。选取温州山区的14处典型台风暴雨型泥石流为研究对象,构建了基于组合因子的单沟泥石流危险度评价模型。选取泥石流规模（M）、泥石流频率（F）、冲沟纵比降（J）、形成区完整系数（C）、台风降雨综合值（E）和地质综合因子（G）来表征泥石流危险程度,并基于信息熵理论获得各组合因子权重值。针对研究区均为低频泥石流的特点,引入麦尔登比率（R值）以间接确定基于不同R值范围的泥石流爆发频率（F）。将评价模型应用于所选的典型沟谷,得到各沟谷泥石流危险度,评价结果符合研究区泥石流沟谷为中、小型低频泥石流的实际情况,并且评价为危险度高的沟谷具备区域上最易形成泥石流的地质地貌条件。     

河南内乡青山河流域泥石流发育特征

详细论述了河南省内乡县青山河流域泥石流形成的背景条件、活动特征、致灾特征及冲淤堆积特征,并进行泥石流危险度评价和泥石流发展趋势预测.(1)支沟泥石流发生频率较高,多为雨源型、中小规模、危害中等的沟谷型高容重水石流.主沟为河谷型、低频率、高度危险、大暴雨特大暴雨激发的低容重、低粘性、大规模的水砂石流.(2)泥石流活动具有大冲大淤的特征,堵塞、淤积河道而迫使河流改道.泥石流活动具夜发性和低频率特点,加重了灾害损失,危害对象是马山口镇区、农田、交通设施、水利工程等.(3)主沟泥石流危险度为0.613,属高危险的泥石流沟,有发生大规模泥石流的可能,但频率较低.     

辽宁鞍山市岫岩县泥石流区域危险性评价

本文以岫岩县作为研究区域，以自然流域作为评价单元格，采用人工神经网络对该区泥石流的区域危险性进行评价。结果显示，三级以上危险区囊括了99％的泥石流灾害点，评价结果符合实际情况。以流域作为评价单元充分体现了泥石流发生的空间特征和物理机制，危险性区划图直观明了。可为防灾减灾规划提供科学依据。     

区域泥石流危险度评价研究进展

评述了自20世纪80年代末我国开展泥石流危险度评价研究以来,两个主要不同时期的区域泥石流危险度评价方法及其发展过程.详述了我国现行的区域泥石流危险度评价技术及其改进的评价因子转换赋值新方法.现行的区域泥石流危险度评价方法于1995年提出,是以不同的行政区划为基本单元来进行的.评价因子包括主要因子泥石流分布密度,次要因子岩石风化程度系数、断裂带密度、≥25°坡地面积百分比、洪灾发生频率、月降雨量变差系数、年雨量平均≥25mm大雨日数和坡度≥25°坡耕地面积百分比.区域泥石流危险度表达为以上8个因子极差变换后的赋值与其相应的权重乘积之和.这一评价公式,加强了主要因子的作用.主要因子的权重系数上升到33%时则使区域泥石流危险度评价可用一个简单的数学公式来表达.得出的危险度数值已经标准化,取值范围介于0～1之间.这一评价方法的不足之处是得出的危险度数值只有相对意义而不具有绝对意义.在最新的区域泥石流危险度评价研究中,通过分段函数赋值的新方法克服了上述不足.分段函数赋值是基于以下的假定当评价因子超过和等于某一上限值时赋值为1;等于下限值时赋值为0;处于中间值的赋值为0.5.以这3个数值为控制点,假定在每2个点之间,赋值呈线性变化.当中间点为上、下2点之平均值时为双线性模型;当中间点不为上、下限2点之平均值时为三线性模型.根据我国西南地区已有资料的统计,得出了区域泥石流危险度8项评价因子的分段赋值函数.通过2种不同赋值方法在四川凉山州和阿坝州区域泥石流危险度评价中计算结果的比较,从绝对数值来看,分段函数赋值得出的危险度高于极差变换得出的危险度.对于泥石流危险度分析来说,相对偏大的保守估计更为可取.从相对数值来看,两者都具有相同的变化趋势.说明分段函数赋值计算出的区域泥石流危险度既能在同一区域内进行比较,也能在不同区域间进行比较,达到了改进的目的.现阶段我国正在使用的区域泥石流危险度多因子综合评价模型仍然属于经验模型的范畴.它是在经验的基础上采用推理和统计的方法建立的一种评价模型.我们的最终目标是在科学假定和合理简化的基础上,用代表泥石流危险度的2个本质的特征参数泥石流规模和发生频率来建立起区域泥石流危险度的理论模型,并用量化的数学公式来表达.因此,泥石流规模和发生频率相互关系的研究是实现这一目标的突破点.也是今后区域泥石流危险度评价研究的重点所在.     

高山峡谷区地质灾害危险性评价

针对崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等灾种齐全的高山峡谷区,选取四川省阿坝县为研究区,采用多灾种耦合的评价思路,开展地质灾害危险性精细化评价。崩塌、滑坡等斜坡类灾害危险性评价以栅格为评价单元,泥石流灾害危险性评价以流域为评价单元。基于信息量模型和层次分析法,分别开展危险性评价,进而采用取大值的方法,获取研究区综合地质灾害危险性评价结果。研究表明,工作区综合地质灾害极高危险区、高危险区面积明显大于单灾种评价结果,极高危险区、高危险区主要位于崩塌、滑坡较发育的碎裂岩区域和极度易发的泥石流流域。针对高山峡谷区地质灾害危险性评价,多灾种耦合的评价思路能更合理的反映不同类型灾害在形态及空间上的差异,获取更精确的危险性评价结果。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.