微粒对多晶冰及冰川流变行为的影响——(Ⅰ) 基于位错的弛豫模型

为量化冰及冰川在流变过程中位错密度随流变应力的变化,发展了一个基于位错的非线性弛豫模型.模型的计算表明：在冰的指数蠕变阶段，滞弹性试验所形成的应力/应变滞后环的宽度与面积随流变应力的增加呈线性增加，位错密度随流变应力的增加呈平方增加；在冰的线性蠕变阶段，滞弹性试验所形成的应力/应变滞后环的宽度、面积和位错密度保持不变.     

岩石蠕变扩容与损伤变量本构关系

首先介绍了在不同压力组合下关于油母页岩的蠕变实验.实验表明,在瞬时扩容后,蠕变过程中的依赖时间的扩容持续增长.在引入反映岩石扩容程度时的损伤变量后,建立了损伤演化方程和本构方程以描述蠕变扩容的变化规律.最后,数值模拟了体应变与时间关系,与实验结果基本一致.     

岩石蠕变实验在地球介质黏弹性参数计算中的应用

以岩石蠕变实验为基础, 利用同一地震的余震序列和震后形变的资料来估算震源附近的地壳黏度. 首先进行了3类岩石9块样品在恒定压力下的蠕变实验, 直接得到了岩石的蠕变曲线. 反演结果认为用标准线性体模型来表示地球介质的黏弹性较好, 它在短时间内, 表现出明显的弹性性质；而在较长时间内, 表现出明显的的流变特性. 然后计算和分析了标准线性体模型的元件模量μ₂与整体模量以及μ₂与真实地球介质模量μ的数值关系. 在得出μ₂=25 μ的基础上, 处理了青海共和地震后的余震序列, 得到累计应变释放与时间的关系曲线, 结合实验结果来估算该区的地壳介质黏度. 对同一地震之后测量得到的垂直形变资料, 也结合实验结果分别用开尔文模型反演、形变差值和黏弹位错理论等三种方法进行了计算, 也得出了弛豫时间和地球介质的黏度, 不同的资料和计算方法一致得出青海共和地区在震源深度32 km附近的地壳介质黏度为1019 Pa∙s, 与国内外有关文献研究结果为同一量级.     

岩石蠕变过程中声发射活动的实验研究

在常温下、单轴加压下对两种岩石完整样品进行蠕变破坏过程中声发射活动实验.根据实验获得的数据讨论了蠕变三个阶段中声发射活动特征.在瞬态蠕变阶段,随着加载,声发射活动逐渐增强;在稳态蠕变阶段,在较低的声发射活动背景上,可能出现较强的信号,声发射幅值-频度关系的 m 值可能稳定于某一低值,也可能下降;进入加速蠕变阶段,声发射活动水平增强,m 值下降加快,也可能表现为明显回升后再下降,并与岩石样品的性质有关.将蠕变破坏三个阶段中声发射活动与地震孕育过程中某些地震活动图象变化(如 b 值、前震活动)进行了联系,提出地壳岩石蠕变破坏机制形成前震——主震——(余震)型地震序列类型的可能性.      

岩石蠕变过程中声发射活动的实验研究

在常温下、单轴加压下对两种岩石完整样品进行蠕变破坏过程中声发射活动实验.根据实验获得的数据讨论了蠕变三个阶段中声发射活动特征.在瞬态蠕变阶段,随着加载,声发射活动逐渐增强;在稳态蠕变阶段,在较低的声发射活动背景上,可能出现较强的信号,声发射幅值-频度关系的 m 值可能稳定于某一低值,也可能下降;进入加速蠕变阶段,声发射活动水平增强,m 值下降加快,也可能表现为明显回升后再下降,并与岩石样品的性质有关.将蠕变破坏三个阶段中声发射活动与地震孕育过程中某些地震活动图象变化(如 b 值、前震活动)进行了联系,提出地壳岩石蠕变破坏机制形成前震—主震—(余震)型地震序列类型的可能性.     

大型地下厂房围岩三维粘弹塑性数值模拟

目前,地下工程围岩尤其是大型岩石地下工程围岩的粘弹塑性分析研究少见报道。针对这种情况,本文根据西原粘弹塑性流变模型相关理论开发了hhu-vp流变计算软件,以用于大型岩石地下工程围岩粘弹塑性流变数值模拟分析;并以一简单算例与软件FLAC-3D比较,结果偏差在容许范围内。将其应用于水布垭大型地下洞室围岩流变研究中,对该地下洞室的施工开挖及支护处理过程进行了模拟,提出了支护处理意见,并对其运营期的长期稳定性作出了评价。     

泥炭质土地基流变非线性沉降计算

泥炭质土是一种特殊的区域性软土,其上建构筑物易产生较大工后沉降,对建构筑安全影响很大。将其沉降分为三个部分:侧向变形引起的沉降、侧限条件下产生的沉降及次固结沉降,根据邓肯\|张本构模型建立压缩模量与割线模量间关系,结合广义胡克定律推导式,计算得到侧向变形产生的沉降。分别利用e-p、e-lgp及e-lnp曲线计算土压缩模量,用分层总合法计算侧限条件下的沉降。对泥炭质土进行高压固结蠕变试验,通过邓肯-张模型概念得到割线模量,并对原始五元件流变模型进行非线性改进,再引入修正系数φ_s对原始五元件流变模型及非线性模型进行修正;用修正后的两模型对蠕变试验曲线进行拟合,发现修正原始模型拟合效果极差,修正非线性模型拟合的相关系数都大于0.9,并得到适合描述泥炭质土蠕变的本构方程;最后采用修正后的两模型,结合分层总和法计算次固结沉降。研究结果表明泥炭质土最终沉降计算结果与实际调查结果吻合,验证了计算结果的合理性,也为泥炭质土的沉降计算提供了计算理论及能反映其蠕变特性的本构模型。     

通过神经网络加速实现大型黏弹性计算

认识重复地震周期活动的影响,其最大的挑战之一是大尺度的黏弹性地震周期模型的计算成本。对于计算密集型黏弹性代码,须在数以千计的时间和位置点上进行评估。因此,研究趋向于采用几个固定的流变结构和模型几何结构,考查所预测的大震后短时间(小于10年)内给定深度处不同时间的形变。训练一个深层神经网络来学习黏弹性解在任意时间、位置和大范围流变结构计算效率的表示,可快速且可靠地完成计算,并具有较高时空分辨率。结果表明,该机器学习方法可以将黏弹性计算速度提高50 000%以上。这种加速量级将使得在更大的模型参数范围内、在比以前更大的时空尺度上和数千个地震周期内,模拟几何结构复杂的断层成为可能。     

中国大陆及邻区岩石圈三维流变结构

依据地震波速得到的上地幔温度和气象台站记录的地表温度为约束,结合地表热流和热导率观测数据,利用有限元方法计算了中国大陆及邻区岩石圈三维热结构.基于此温度结果和GPS观测得到的应变率数据,以滑动摩擦、脆性破裂和蠕变三种强度机制为约束,计算得到了中国大陆及邻区岩石圈三维流变结构.结果显示:弱强度和低等效黏滞性系数的下地壳在中国大陆及邻区普遍存在,并且下地壳的流变强度和等效黏滞性系数比上地壳和岩石圈地幔一般要低1~2个数量级;中国大陆范围内青藏高原存在着厚度最大、强度最低的下地壳;青藏高原的岩石圈强度和等效黏滞性系数比华北、华南和印度板块的都要低;岩石圈流变结构的横向分布特征与重力梯度带和地形过渡带比较一致.     

岩石蠕变破裂过程及其响应比变化的实验研究

对花岗岩样品进行逐次加载的蠕变实验,得到了加载过程中的蠕变曲线和蠕变破裂的全过程曲线.对加载过程中的杨氏模量、蠕变量、蠕变速率等参数用加卸载响应比方法进行了分析,认为有二种不同形态的响应曲线.在中低应力的弹性阶段其响应比都近似为1,而在高应力的膨胀阶段其响应比都随应力而增加.对应力不变时的蠕变破裂全过程曲线进行了分解,在蠕变破裂过程中,瞬态、稳态和加速3个阶段的持续时间分别为全部时间的18%,75%和7%;在加速蠕变阶段蠕变速率及其响应比明显增加.这一结果是预测蠕变破裂的明显指标.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

正~~     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.