基于DEM的复杂地形下太阳散射辐射分布式模拟——以贵州高原为例

由于坡度、坡向和地形之间相互遮蔽等局地地形因子的影响,确定实际复杂地形下太阳散射辐射是比较困难的.本文在前人研究的基础上,对以前的模型进行了一些改进,考虑了坡度、坡向和地形相互遮蔽作用对复杂地形下天文辐射的影响,基于数字高程模型(DEM)数据,研制了以复杂地形下天文辐射为起始数据的复杂地形下太阳散射辐射的分布式模型,在模型中还考虑了散射辐射的各向异性.以地形复杂的贵州高原为例,应用100 m×100 m分辨率的DEM数据及气象站常规观测气象资料,计算了贵州高原复杂地形下各月及年的太阳散射辐射精细空间分布.结果表明:(1)局地地形因子(如坡度、坡向和地形遮蔽)对贵州高原复杂地形下太阳散射辐射的空间分布影响较大,随着地形的起伏变化,太阳散射辐射的空间分布明显不同,纬向分布特征不明显.(2)对于太阳散射辐射而言,地形对其的影响仍然很大,在太阳散射辐射计算时也是不容忽视的.     

复杂地形对计算地表太阳短波辐射的影响

首先利用数字高程数据(DEM)、大气辐射传输模式6S以及野外观测资料计算了复杂地形(青藏高原)上地表入射太阳辐射,然后计算不考虑地形产生的地表辐射的计算误差,对误差进行归一化后得到相对辐射误差.结果显示,相对辐射误差的标准差(即相对地表辐射计算误差绝对值的统计平均值) Se随太阳天顶角的增加呈指数增长,随高度标准差的增加几乎呈线性增长,随数字高程数据的分辨率(或卫星资料的分辨率)降低而降低.利用分步拟合方法拟合了Se随太阳天顶角、高度标准差和数字高程分辨率的变化.利用拟合方程可以计算任意地形条件下,不同分辨率的卫星(或数字高程)资料在不同太阳天顶角情况下,不考虑地形复杂性产生的平均地表入射太阳辐射的计算误差,结果表明,使用中分辨率的卫星(如MODIS)资料计算地表太阳净辐射时,需要考虑地形复杂性.     

起伏地形下浙江省散射辐射时空分异规律模拟

结合影响起伏地形下太阳散射辐射的天空因素与地面因素,通过基于数字高程模型（DEM）数据的起伏地形下天文辐射模型和地形开阔度模型,综合考虑地面因素对散射辐射的影响;基于常规地面气象站观测资料建立的水平面散射辐射模型,考虑天空因素对散射辐射的影响;建立了起伏地形下浙江省散射辐射分布式估算模型;逐月计算了浙江省散射辐射（100m×100m）的空间分布。结果表明：散射分量分布与地理地形因子、季风影响、大气透明程度有关,由高纬向低纬逐渐增加;季节分布特点为,夏季〉春季〉秋季〉冬季;坡度、坡向对散射辐射的分布影响小,但辐射值与开阔度呈正相关,各季辐射最大值分布在开阔度大处,最小值在开阔度最小处,不同季节有所伸缩。计算结果可以为气候变化和环境资源研究提供基础数据。     

从云天变化分析辐射记录是否正常

目前,我国一级辐射站测量、记录的直接辐射为垂直于太阳入射光的直接辐射;散射辐射是太阳辐射经过大气散射或云的反射,从天空2π立体角以短波形式向下到达地面的辐射;总辐射是太阳直接辐射和天空散射辐射到达水平面的总量.因此,一般情况下,总辐射≤散射辐射+直接辐射,这是由于垂直于太阳入射光的直接辐射比水平面上的直接辐射大的缘故,太阳高度角小时更明显.     

起伏地形下我国太阳散射辐射分布式模拟

基于1km×1km分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM)数据,考虑了地形因子对太阳散射辐射的影响,改进了开阔度的计算模型,确定了我国气候平均情况下月散射系数的空间分布,实现了实际起伏地形下我国太阳散射辐射的分布式模拟,计算了我国范围内1km×1km分辨率1-12月气候平均太阳散射辐射的空间分布.结果表明:局地地形对太阳散射辐射空间分布的影响比较明显;模拟结果可靠,可进行大数据量处理,适用于遥感图像处理、地理信息系统等数据处理平台.     

从云天变化分析辐射记录是否正常

目前 ,我国一级辐射站测量、记录的直接辐射为垂直于太阳入射光的直接辐射 ;散射辐射是太阳辐射经过大气散射或云的反射 ,从天空 2π立体角以短波形式向下到达地面的辐射 ;总辐射是太阳直接辐射和天空散射辐射到达水平面的总量。因此 ,一般情况下 ,总辐射≤散射辐射 +直接辐射 ,这是由于垂直于太阳入射光的直接辐射比水平面上的直接辐射大的缘故 ,太阳高度角小时更明显。但有时也会出现总辐射 >散射辐射 +直接辐射的情况。这一情况一是由仪器故障引起 ,如直表跟踪不良等 ;二是由下列云天气变化引起 :天空有积状云或波状云时 ,如淡积云、碎积…     

基于Landsat 8的川西复杂地形太阳辐射估算研究

山地地表太阳辐射受坡度、坡向及地形遮蔽等影响,导致区域地表所接收的连续分布的太阳辐射量较难测量,而针对山地地表太阳辐射估算已成为目前研究的一个重点。为定量分析山地地表太阳辐射,本文利用Landsat8遥感影像、数字高程模型及气象观测数据计算相关参数,采用已有的太阳直射模型、天空散射模型和周围地形反射模型,综合估算研究区山地地表特定时刻的瞬时太阳辐射,同时根据气象站点获取的逐时太阳辐射和日总辐射量数据对结果进行验证。结果表明:该模型估算的山地瞬时太阳辐射误差均值为13.56 W/m2,日总辐射量误差均值为1.49 MJ/m2,估算值与观测值存在较好的一致性,结果误差小,精度高,参数可靠。山地太阳辐射分布与地形地貌密切相关,总体上阳坡大于阴坡,山脊大于山谷。山区太阳辐射随坡度增大而递减,同时受坡向、植被覆盖度等因素影响,坡面辐射量在一定坡度有略微上升趋势,当坡度大于太阳天顶角时,辐射量下降明显。山区受植被覆盖影响,随着地表植被的增加,地表辐射量呈下降趋势。      

起伏地形下河南省太阳散射辐射的分布式模拟

利用河南省及周边145个气象站1961－2000年常规气象观测资料和河南省1:25万DEM数据,充分考虑起伏地形下太阳散射辐射的天空因素与地面因素后,基于分布式开阔度模型和天文辐射模型,实现了起伏地形下河南省太阳散射辐射的分布式模拟.计算了100m×100 m分辨率下河南省1－12月气候平均太阳散射辐射及多年平均年散射辐射总量的空间分布.结果表明:在充分考虑经验系数的时空分布特征后,模拟精度有了进一步提高.与郑州站的观测资料对比验证表明,模拟精度较高,年平均绝对误差为3.06 MJ·m-2,年平均相对误差为1.67％;局地地形对太阳散射辐射的影响比较明显;通过个例年验证对模型性能和模拟结果进行考察,年平均相对误差不足11％.综上表明模型的时空模拟性能良好.     

复杂地形下山西高原太阳潜在总辐射时空分布特征

针对太阳辐射在不同区域及地形地貌条件下的差异,借鉴国内外太阳辐射最新研究成果,考虑地形和大气衰减因子及各种可能的影响因子,基于数字高程模型提取坡度、坡向以及地形遮蔽因子,建立了山西高原太阳潜在总辐射计算模型,进而利用纵跨山西南北的3个辐射观测站的5年逐日太阳总辐射晴空观测资料对模型计算结果进行了检验分析,检验结果表明模型适用可行.利用该模型计算分析了山西高原太阳潜在总辐射的时空变化以及地形因子影响下的变化特征,可望为区域小气候变化以及区域植被、农作物所应用的小气候指标提供重要的基础条件.     

太阳总辐射最佳倾角的时空分布

本文根据倾斜面上太阳总辐最佳倾角的角析表示式，利用平均太阳总辐射和直接辐月总量以及实际地表面反射率，计算分析了我国各月最佳倾角和最佳总辐射比的时空变化特征。同时对用天空散射辐射各同性模式计算倾斜面上总辐日总量的适用性问题亦作了简要讨论。     

Energy Balance Of A Sparse Coniferous High-Latitude Forest Under Winter Conditions

Measurements carried out in Northern Finland on radiation and turbulent fluxes over a sparse, sub-arctic boreal forest with snow covered ground were analysed. The measurements represent late winter conditions characterised by low solar elevation angles. During the experiment (12–24 March 1997) day and night were about equally long. At low solar elevation angles the forest shades most of the snow surface. Therefore an important part of the radiation never reaches the snow surface but is absorbed by the forest. The sensible heat flux above the forest was fairly large, reaching more than 100 W m^-2. The measurements of sensible heat flux within and above the forest revealed that the sensible heat flux from the snow surface is negligible and the sensible heat flux above the forest stems from warming of the trees. A simple model for the surface energy balance of a sparse forest is presented. The model treats the diffuse and direct shortwave (solar) radiation separately. It introduces a factor that accounts for the shading of the ground at low solar elevation angles, and a parameter that deals with the partial transparency of the forest.Input to the model are the direct and diffuse incoming shortwave radiation.Measurements of the global radiation (direct plus diffuse incoming shortwaveradiation) above the forest revealed a considerable attenuation of the globalradiation at low solar elevation. A relation for the atmospheric turbidity asfunction of the solar elevation angle is suggested. The global radiation wassimulated for a three month period. For conditions with a cloud cover of lessthan 7 oktas good agreement between model predictions and measurementswere found. For cloud cover 7 and 8 oktas a considerable spread can beobserved. To apply the proposed energy balance model, the global radiationmust be separated into its diffuse and direct components. We propose a simpleempirical relationship between diffuse shortwave and global radiation asfunction of cloud cover.     

Analysis of 40 year records of solar radiation data in Shanghai,Nanjing and Hangzhou in Eastern China

Summary In this paper, we analyze global, direct and diffuse solar radiation data on a horizontal surface observed at stations in Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou for the period of 1961 to 2000. The data include monthly averages of the daily clearness index (G/G₀: the ratio of global to extraterrestrial solar radiation) and the diffuse fraction (D/G: the ratio of diffuse to global solar radiation. The present study has processed and analyzed the data, including variables or statistics of mean, and annual monthly and daily total, the diurnal variation and the frequency of daily totals of global solar radiation. A correlation between daily values of clearness index and diffuse fraction is obtained and recommended correlation equations were calculated. The annual variations and trend of yearly series are analyzed for daily global, direct and diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface, as well as for daily clearness index and diffuse fraction in Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou. The results show: 1) the east China is characterized by a decrease in global and direct radiation and a little increase in diffuse radiation and a negative linear relationship was obtained between clearness index and diffuse fraction. 2) The annual variations of global, direct and diffuse radiation for Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou are similar with relative low values of global and direct radiation in June due to the Meiyu period. 3) The acceleration of air pollution and decrease of relative sunshine are the possible causes for the decrease of global and direct radiation.     

Estimating solar radiation on tilted surfaces with various orientations: a study case in Karaj (Iran)

Summary The aim of this study is the evaluation of models that estimate daily global solar radiation on tilted surfaces from that measured on horizontal surfaces. Global solar radiation incident on a tilted plane consists of three components: beam radiation, diffuse radiation and reflected radiation from the ground. The Klein (1977) method, modified by Andersen (1980), was used for estimating direct solar radiation incident on tilted surfaces and an isotropic model was used for estimating reflected solar radiation incident on a tilted plane. In contrast models for the diffuse radiation component show major differences, which justifies a validation study which has been done. Eight models for derivation of daily slope diffuse irradiance from daily horizontal diffuse irradiance were tested against recorded slope irradiances at Karaj (35°55′ N; 50°56′ E), Iran. The following models were included: Badescu (2002), Tian et al. (2001), Reindl et al. (1990), Skartveit and Olseth (1986), Koronakis (1986), Steven and Unsworth (1980), Hay (1979) and Liu and Jordan (1962). All the models use the same method for calculating beam radiation as well as ground reflected radiation. However, only diffuse component of radiation was compared. Statistical indices showed that Reindl’s model gives the most accurate prediction for the south-facing surface and Koronakis’s model performs best for the west-facing surface. The Relative Root Mean Square Errors (%RMSE), except for Steven and Unsworth’s model that has unacceptable results, for whole data range from 1.02 to 10.42%. In general, Reindl’s model produces the best agreement with the measured tilted data.     

1961～2007年西北地区地面太阳辐射长期变化特征研究

利用西北地区16个甲级辐射站1961～2007年的总辐射资料,和1961～1992年的直接辐射、散射辐射资料,研究该地区地面太阳辐射的长期变化特征。发现,从1961～2007年总辐射的长期变化经历了"维持"、"变暗"、"变亮"和"回落"4个阶段。其中从70年代至80年代中期总辐射持续"变暗",之后开始转折"变亮"。"变亮"过程持续到90年代中期基本停止,之后振荡"回落"。各个季节总辐射的长期变化都表现出"变暗"和"变亮"这两个明显特征,其中冬季的"变暗"过程持续时间最长,"变亮"过程持续时间最短。从1961～1992年,直接辐射的变化过程为先下降后回升,散射辐射则是先上升后下降,两者的变化趋势和相对幅度决定了总辐射在不同阶段的变化趋势。60年代至80年代中期是西北地区直接辐射下降的主要时期,直接辐射和日照时数的下降过程具有地域性和季节性差异,表现为省会城市和冬季的下降百分率最显著。这种特征表明气溶胶排放的增加或许是影响该地区直接辐射和日照时数减小的因子之一。     

Parameterization of the thermal impacts of sub-grid orography on numerical modeling of the surface energy budget over East Asia

Summary A parameterization scheme for the thermal effects of subgrid scale orography is incorporated into a regional climate model (developed at Nanjing University) and its impact on modeling of the surface energy budget over East Asia is evaluated. This scheme includes the effect of terrain slope and orientation on the computation of solar and infrared radiation fluxes at the surface, as well as the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. Calculations show that subgrid terrain parameters alter the diurnal cycle and horizontal distributions of surface energy budget components. This effect becomes more significant with increased terrain slope, especially in winter. Due to the inclusion of the subgrid topography, the surface area of a model grid box changes over complex terrain areas. Numerical experiments, with and without the subgrid scale topography scheme, show that the parameterization scheme of subgrid scale topography modifies the distribution of the surface energy budget and surface temperature around the Tibetan Plateau. Comparisons with observations indicate that the subgrid topography scheme, implemented in the climate model, reproduces the observed detailed spatial temperature structures at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau and reduces the tendency to overestimate precipitation along the southern coastal areas of China in summer.     

GRAPES模式中的坡地辐射方案及其对短期天气过程模拟的影响

为了改进太阳短波辐射参数化, 在非静力中尺度模式GRAPES (全球/区域同化和预报系统) 中考虑了坡地辐射 (SLOPE), 并着重讨论其在不同分辨率情况下对我国短期天气过程的影响.数值试验结果表明: 地形坡度和坡向对地表短波辐射 (GSW) 计算有较大的影响, 与没有考虑坡地作用的参考运行 (FLAT) 相比, 早晨和傍晚的GSW最小可减小60%以下, 最大也可增加60%以上, 比一天中其他时间和平均值大得多.在江淮流域一次梅雨锋降水过程中, 坡地辐射参数化方案的引入对降水模拟有较明显的影响, 特别在高分辨率 (6 km) 情况下, 降水的增加和减小不仅发生在GSW改变比较大的地区, 且与复杂地形有较好的相关性.另外, 由于地形坡度和坡向引起地表温度的改变与地表热通量的变化一致, 且也发生在地形起伏的多山地区.因此, 当水平分辨率较高且地形陡峭起伏时, 应当包含坡地辐射.