青藏高原片麻岩穹窿与找矿前景

片麻岩穹窿是研究俯冲-折返和碰撞-折返造山过程的重要窗口。已查明的大量青藏高原片麻岩穹窿(群)分布在古特提斯和新特提斯大洋俯冲-折返以及地体碰撞-折返过程中。松潘-甘孜造山带中雅江甲基卡片(麻)岩穹窿的三叠纪变质片岩的含矿伟晶岩脉中发现了超大型锂矿床,揭示片(麻)岩穹窿构造与同构造花岗岩、含矿伟晶岩脉以及大型印支滑脱带在时空和成因上有天然联系,为片麻岩穹窿的找矿前景提供了范例。     

青藏高原大陆动力学研究若干进展

近10年来,"大陆构造与动力学实验室"在青藏高原大陆动力学研究,尤其在特提斯演化和青藏高原生长方面取得若干进展,包括(1)"青藏高原——造山的高原"理念的提出;(2)青藏高原特提斯体制和构造格架的再造;(3)新特提斯蛇绿岩中原位金刚石和深地幔矿物群的重大发现;(4)新特提斯洋盆俯冲新机制的揭示;(5)印度/亚洲碰撞的早期岩浆和喜马拉雅折返中的作用;(6)喜马拉雅三维碰撞造山机制和折返全过程的初步建立;(7)青藏高原东南缘物质逃逸的新机制——"弯曲与地壳解耦"的提出;(8)青藏高原俯冲型、碰撞型及陆内型片麻岩穹窿;(9)青藏高原东缘汶川强震的构造背景和强震机制;(10)青藏高原碰撞造山成矿模式;(11)印度/亚洲碰撞过程的数值模拟。综述和集成上述成果是为了与同行们交流磋商,进一步共同发展青藏高原大陆动力学理论,向国际地学前沿的冲刺。     

片麻岩穹窿与伟晶岩型锂矿的成矿规律探讨

"片麻岩穹窿"是指中下地壳热动力过程产生的与岩浆作用(或混合岩化作用)密切相关的穹状构造,是折返造山的产物.片麻岩穹窿的形成经历了从垂直上升的地壳流导致的岩浆上涌的挤压收缩到岩体侵位的顶部伸展机制的转化过程,这一过程有利于富含锂-铯-钽型(LCT)型伟晶岩的生成和锂族元素的富集.研究表明,位于青藏高原北部的中国松潘-甘孜-甜水海印支造山带是中国大型"伟晶岩型"锂矿资源赋存的基地,松潘-甘孜东南部的超大型甲基卡型伟晶岩型锂矿带,产于具有巴罗式"低/中压-高温"变质组合的三叠纪复理石围岩中,早中生代花岗岩以及衍生的大量含锂稀土矿物的伟晶岩脉侵位有成因关系.研究认为,探究片麻岩穹窿的形成过程和构造成因机制;识别花岗岩-含矿伟晶岩的地球化学属性,揭示花岗岩浆分异作用与含矿伟晶岩相演变的成因联系,以及锂元素迁移、富集熔浆的过程;圈定三叠纪地层中巴罗式变质相带的展布,探明富锂伟晶岩矿带赋存的有利变质相带及形成的P-T条件;揭示"变形-变质-岩浆深熔-成矿"的时空耦合、制约与相互作用,再造造山过程中锂资源富集和保存的规律,以及建立成矿动力学模式;是揭示片麻岩穹窿与伟晶岩型锂矿的成矿规律的重要科学途径.     

喜马拉雅碰撞造山过程：变质地质学视角

本文从变质地质学视角出发，介绍了喜马拉雅造山带的研究意义、地质概况和近年来作者在喜马拉雅碰撞造山过程研究中的进展。喜马拉雅造山带是威尔逊旋回中陆陆碰撞造山带的典型代表，从中揭示的大陆碰撞造山过程、规律及效应，可为探索地球从古至今的碰撞造山带演化研究所借鉴。其中，大陆碰撞造山机制的研究是其核心内容。大陆碰撞造山机制存在临界楔和隧道流两种端元模型之争，其分别对造山带核部高级变质岩折返的P T t轨迹和时空演化序列进行了不同的预测。上述争议可通过研究喜马拉雅核部高级变质岩（高喜马拉雅）的P T t轨迹和折返过程来限定，据此可将喜马拉雅碰撞造山过程划分为三个演化阶段。阶段一：60～40 Ma，软碰撞期，造山带地壳加厚至约40 km并发生小规模部分熔融，这些早期地壳加厚记录大多已被剥蚀，零星保存于前陆飞来峰和北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹隆中；喜马拉雅山从海平面以下抬升至>1000 m。阶段二：40～16 Ma，硬碰撞期，造山带地壳加厚至60～70 km，发生大规模高级变质和深熔作用，高喜马拉雅内部的三个次级岩片沿着“原喜马拉雅逆冲断层”、“高喜马拉雅逆冲断层”、“主中央逆冲断层”顺序式向南挤出，形成了现今喜马拉雅造山带的核部主体，地壳堆叠使喜马拉雅山快速隆升至≥5000 m。阶段三：16～0 Ma，晚碰撞期，造山带山根榴辉岩化发生局部拆沉，但大陆汇聚仍在持续、造山带尚未发生垮塌，小喜马拉雅折返、前陆盆地形成，喜马拉雅山达到和维持现今平均高度~6000 m。因此，喜马拉雅生长过程的一级次序是顺序式向南扩展的，受控于临界楔模型，而隧道流只起次级作用。山根深部热流过程对造山带的地壳结构和地表高程有巨大的改造作用。未来对喜马拉雅造山带的变质地质学研究可能存在以下几个关键科学问题：① 喜马拉雅极端变质作用与重大碰撞造山事件的关联；② 喜马拉雅稀有金属成矿与接触变质作用的关联；③ 喜马拉雅变质脱碳作用与大陆碰撞带深部碳循环和通量。     

青藏高原巨厚地壳：生长、加厚与演化

大陆地壳约占地表面积的40%, 其成因与生长, 是一个关乎人类生存和资源供给的基础地学问题。人们普遍认为, 大洋俯冲通过岛弧拼贴和幔源岩浆底侵形成造山带新生陆壳,大陆碰撞过程只对现存地壳进行再造,不产生新生地壳。青藏高原经历古/新特提斯大洋俯冲和印 亚大陆强烈碰撞, 拥有全球最厚的陆壳(65~80km), 是研究大陆地壳的形成、生长、加厚、演化与保存的天然实验室。我们研究表明, 古/新特提斯大洋的相继俯冲消减, 产生多期次的幔源镁铁质弧岩浆(270~66Ma), 在弧地壳下部底侵和上部侵位, 导致地壳侧向加积和垂向生长并加厚约10km。在同(软)碰撞期(65~41Ma), 印度大陆岩石圈俯冲导致俯冲前缘的洋壳板片回转和断离, 诱发软流圈地幔熔融及其幔源岩浆上升侵位, 在冈底斯碰撞带形成新生地壳, 并导致地壳加厚6~9km。在晚(硬)碰撞期(40~26Ma), 冈底斯碰撞造山带内不同地壳块体(地体)间发生逆冲叠覆, 导致中深层次地壳缩短加厚10~20km; 在碰撞带的后陆区, 印度大陆岩石圈地幔俯冲诱发软流圈沿地幔通道上涌, 侵蚀和吞噬地幔岩石圈, 并诱发其部分熔融, 向地壳注入大量幔源镁铁质岩浆, 形成新生地壳, 维持高原生长。在后碰撞期(<25Ma), 碰撞带和后陆区均发生地壳伸展与有限减薄, 伴有新生地幔组分少量注入和高原陆表强烈剥蚀。粗略估计：形成并保存于大陆碰撞造山带的新生地壳量占整个陆壳的28%, 大洋俯冲与大陆碰撞分别为青藏高原贡献了75%和25%的新生地壳。我们提出, 青藏高原巨厚地壳的形成发育, 实际上是幔源岩浆向地壳注入添加与中下地壳缩短加厚连续或交互作用的结果。伴随大洋俯冲与大陆碰撞, 巨厚地壳物质组成发生以新生地壳形成和古老地壳再造为特征的动态演变。镁铁质新生下地壳的大规模重熔与长英质岩浆大量侵位可能是巨厚地壳长英质化的主要机制。     

碰撞造山带斑岩型矿床的深部约束机制

在印度-亚洲大陆碰撞过程中,俯冲板片断离触发了幔源岩浆底侵作用、下地壳部分熔融和冈底斯岩基带以及同岩基斑岩的产生.在此过程中,幔源岩浆分离结晶的产物、下地壳岩石部分熔融残余和地壳分异过程中下沉的镁铁质块体,构成了加厚下地壳.随着造山岩石圈的冷却和加厚下地壳重力不稳定性的增加,岩石圈拆沉作用触发了后碰撞斑岩型岩浆活动.与此相应,碰撞造山带斑岩型矿床可以形成于同碰撞和后碰撞两个不同的构造阶段.同碰撞成矿作用发生于岩基带形成时期,成矿物质主要来自于底侵幔源岩浆及更深部的含矿流体,其触发机制是俯冲板片的断离.后碰撞成矿作用发生于加厚下地壳冷却之后,成矿物质主要来自于新生矿源层和更深部的含矿流体,其触发机制为岩石圈拆沉作用.在同碰撞构造阶段,伴随着幔源岩浆的底侵作用,深部流体和幔源岩浆所含的成矿物质被注入到岩基岩浆中,与从岩基岩浆源区萃取的成矿物质汇聚在一起,一部分受岩基热的驱使上升成矿.由于流体中成矿元素的浓度强烈依赖于压力,另一部分成矿元素则滞留在难熔残余中形成新的矿源层.当发生岩石圈拆沉作用时,由此矿源层部分熔融形成的斑岩岩浆将相对富含成矿物质,导致碰撞造山带第二次成矿作用大爆发.     

地壳对接消减带和叠接消减带与陆-陆碰撞造山和俯冲增生造山:来自侵入岩构造组合的记录

从地壳对接消减带与地壳叠接消减带的概念出发,讨论了板块构造岩浆旋回,俯冲增生造山和陆-陆碰撞造山分别对应于板块会聚构造的第一次和第二次造山作用;讨论了俯冲增生造山的结构样式,主要由俯冲增生杂岩和岩浆弧构成;陆-陆碰撞造山指相意义的S型花岗岩类的鉴别标志,以及指示板块构造岩浆旋回结束的后造山过碱性A型花岗岩类的识别标志。最后主要基于中国侵入岩大地构造图(1∶250万)及其说明书的成果,简要地讨论了中国三个克拉通性质的陆块区以及与西伯利亚克拉通、印度克拉通之间的大洋区的洋陆转换形成的俯冲增生造山和随后的陆-陆碰撞造山,认为:(1)塔里木克拉通西北缘与西伯利亚克拉通西南缘陆-陆碰撞可能发生在石炭纪,早二叠世可能完成;(2)中国三个克拉通的陆-陆碰撞可能分别发生在早—中三叠世,晚三叠世完成拼合,形成中国主体大陆;(3)早白垩世晚期—晚白垩世完成中国主体大陆与西伯利亚大陆的最终拼合;(4)新生代中国大陆与印度大陆拼合,碰撞造山仍在进行。     

大陆俯冲隧道壳幔相互作用:来自苏鲁造山带橄榄岩的锆石学证据

大陆碰撞造山带石榴橄榄岩作为超高压变质地体的重要组成部分之一,记录了大陆俯冲带之上地幔楔的组成和演化、壳-幔相互作用、流体-岩石相互作用及俯冲带化学地球动力学等重要信息。我们在锆石岩相学研究的基础上,对苏鲁造山带腾家橄榄岩及其寄主片麻岩不同锆石区域进行了U-Pb定年、微量元素和Hf-O同位素联合原位分析。滕家橄榄岩呈块状产于超高压花岗质片麻岩中,主要矿物组成为橄榄石+斜方辉石+尖晶石+铬铁矿+角闪石+蛇纹石±绿泥石±白云石±锆石。锆石具有明显的核-(幔)-边结构。残留岩浆锆石具有振荡环带或模糊的振荡环带,主要为新元古代U-Pb年龄,同时含有少量中、古元古代的U-Pb年龄。它们具有高的Th/U比值(0.1)和陡峭的MREE-HREE配分,包含石英、磷灰石和斜长石包裹体。残留岩浆锆石的U-Pb年龄、微量元素和Hf-O同位素组成与大别-苏鲁造山带超高压变质岩的原岩锆石相似。因此,这些残留岩浆锆石可能是被来自深俯冲大陆地壳脱水产生的交代流体物理搬运到橄榄岩之中。相反,交代生长锆石具有弱分带或无分带,U-Pb年龄为(220±2)~(231±4)Ma,略低于大别—苏鲁造山带超高压变质作用时间。它们具有相对低的Th/U比值(0.1)、HREE含量、陡的MREE-HREE配分、负的Eu异常和低的δ18O值(-11.3%~0.9‰),包含石英和磷灰石包裹体。因此,这些锆石在深俯冲大陆地壳折返初期从交代流体中新生长。不论残留岩浆锆石还是交代生长锆石,其微量元素和Hf-O同位素组成都与寄主片麻岩明显不同,可见,交代流体不是直接来自寄主片麻岩,而是深俯冲大陆地壳的脱水流体。交代流体亦造成显性交代,形成角闪石、蛇纹石和绿泥石等交代成因矿物。总之,滕家橄榄岩经历了来自深俯冲大陆地壳在折返初期变质脱水形成的富水流体的交代作用。在大陆俯冲隧道的板块-地幔界面,这些地壳来源的流体不仅携带Zr和Si等化学组分,而且把深俯冲地壳来源的微小锆石颗粒迁移进入橄榄岩。因此,造山带橄榄岩通过化学迁移(溶解元素)和物理迁移(微小矿物颗粒)等机制记录了大陆俯冲带的壳幔相互作用。流体-橄榄岩反应是大陆俯冲带壳幔相互作用的基本机制。     

斑岩Cu-Mo-Au矿床:新认识与新进展

斑岩型矿床作为一种最重要的铜钼和铜金矿床类型一直得到人们的普遍重视 ,近些年来又取得了重要研究进展 ,主要体现在 5个方面 :①岛弧和陆缘弧是斑岩型矿床产出的重要环境 ,但大陆碰撞造山带也具有产出斑岩型矿床的巨大潜力。按矿床产出的构造环境 ,可以分为弧造山型斑岩矿床和碰撞造山型斑岩矿床 ;②弧造山型含矿斑岩主要为钙碱性和高钾钙碱性 ,而碰撞造山型含矿斑岩则主要为高钾钙碱性和橄榄安粗质 (shoshonitic)。两种环境的含矿斑岩多具有埃达克岩 (adakite)岩浆亲合性 ,但前者主要来源于俯冲的大洋板片 ,后者主要来源于碰撞加厚的下地壳。大洋板片的部分熔融缘于俯冲角度的平缓化 ,而加厚下地壳的熔融起因于俯冲大陆板片的断离 (slabbreakoff) ;③在弧造山环境 ,大洋俯冲板片的膝折 (kink)或撕裂 (slabtear)不仅导致俯冲角度变缓 ,而且引起弧地壳耦合变形 ,产生切弧断裂 ,控制斑岩铜系统的时空分布。俯冲板片撕裂引发软流圈上涌 ,诱发大洋板片熔融 ,产生含矿岩浆 ;④在碰撞造山环境 ,大陆俯冲板片的裂离导致软流圈上涌 ,向下地壳注入新生物质 ,并诱发下地壳物质熔融 ,产生含矿岩浆。碰撞后地壳伸展形成横切碰撞带的正断层系统 ,为斑岩侵位提供运移通道 ,并导致岩浆流体大量分凝和铜钼金淀积。不论     

大陆碰撞成矿论

基于经典的板块构造而建立的成矿理论已日臻完善,完好地解释了增生造山成矿作用及汇聚边缘成矿系统发育机制,但却无法解释碰撞造山成矿作用及大陆碰撞带成矿系统。通过对青藏高原碰撞造山与成矿作用的详细研究,并与中国秦岭和其它碰撞造山带综合对比,本文系统提出了一套全新的大陆碰撞成矿理论,简称"大陆碰撞成矿论",初步阐明了大陆碰撞带成矿系统和大型矿床的成矿动力背景、深部作用过程和形成机制。该理论认为,伴随大陆三段式碰撞过程而发育的主碰撞陆陆汇聚环境、晚碰撞构造转换环境和后碰撞地壳伸展环境,是大陆碰撞带成矿系统和大型矿床的主要成矿构造背景。对应于三段式碰撞而在深部出现的俯冲板片断离、软流圈上涌和岩石圈拆沉过程,是导致大规模成矿作用的异常热能驱动力。伴随三段式碰撞而分别出现的压-张交替或压扭/张扭转换的应力场演变,是驱动成矿系统形成发育的构造应力机制。大陆碰撞产生的不同尺度的高热流、不同起源的富金属流体流、不同级次的走滑-剪切-拆离-推覆构造系统和张性裂隙系统,是形成成矿系统和大型矿床的主导因素。成矿金属在碰撞形成的壳/幔混源高fO2岩浆-热液系统、地壳深熔低fO2岩浆-热液系统、剪切变质-富CO2流体系统以及逆冲推覆构造驱动的区域卤水系统和浅位岩浆房诱发的对流循环流体系统中,伴随成矿金属的积聚与淀积是形成大型矿床的关键机制。"大陆碰撞成矿论"还强调,完整的大陆碰撞过程可以引发三次大规模成矿作用,形成一系列标示性的大型矿床:在主碰撞陆陆汇聚成矿期,大陆碰撞引发地壳加厚与深熔,产生富W-Sn壳源花岗岩,形成花岗岩型Sn-W矿床;大陆俯冲板片断离诱发软流圈上涌,产生富金属的壳/幔混源花岗闪长岩,形成岩浆-热液型或叠合型Pb-Zn-Mo-Fe矿床;大陆碰撞从变质地体排挤出富CO2流体,在剪切带形成造山型Au矿,从造山带排泄出建造流体,在前陆盆地形成MVT型Zn-Pb矿。在晚碰撞构造转换成矿期,大规模走滑断裂系统诱发壳幔过渡带和富集地幔减压熔融,其岩浆在浅部地壳岩浆房出溶成矿流体,分别形成斑岩型Cu(-Mo-Au)矿床和碳酸岩型REE矿床;深切岩石圈的剪切作用与下地壳变质产生含Au富CO2流体,形成造山型Au矿;逆冲推覆构造驱动地壳流体长距离迁移汇聚、走滑拉分导致流体大量排泄和充填,形成Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag矿。在后碰撞地壳伸展成矿期,新生下地壳部分熔融产生富金属、富水、高fO2埃达克质岩浆浅成侵位和流体出溶,产生斑岩型Cu矿;中上地壳部分熔融层(岩浆房)驱动地热流体系统,在地热区发育热泉型Cs-Au矿,在构造拆离带形成热液脉型Pb-Zn-Sb和Sb-Au矿。     

榴辉岩的地震波性质：对苏鲁超高压变质带地壳成分和折返机制的探讨

本文总结了榴辉岩的高温高压弹性波速测量结果,并将其应用于苏鲁超高压变质带地震资料的解释。由于榴辉岩具有高密度和高波速,它们和长英质片麻岩、大理岩、石英岩、角闪岩、麻粒岩、蛇纹石化橄榄岩的界面可以产生强反射。如果俯冲的陆壳物质以榴辉岩与围岩互层的形式在上地幔保留下来,就可能在造山带的上地幔产生地震反射。根据CCSD孔区地震剖面所建立的地壳成分模型表明:苏鲁超高压带地壳浅部的高速层可归因于夹在花岗质片麻岩、副片麻岩、角闪岩等岩石中的榴辉岩和超基性岩;中地壳主要由中酸性片麻岩、斜长角闪岩和副片麻岩组成;下地壳以中基性麻粒岩为主。在该超高压变质带现今的深部地壳,榴辉岩含量很少或几乎没有。因此,折返的超高压变质岩是以构造岩片的形式沿一系列剪切带逆冲并覆盖在正常的中下地壳之上,深部榴辉岩的缺乏可能与下地壳拆沉作用无关。     

秦岭造山带根部地壳结构及流变学演化

在地质和地球物理资料基础上，运用物理学观点，研究和分析了秦岭造山带根部－大别前寒武纪变质地体的三维结构及流变学演化历史，通过现代及中－新元古代时期地壳流变学剖面的构筑，强调地壳流变学分层性及变质变形分解作用对中下地壳结构及地球动力学演化的控制作用，线状强应变带与透镜状弱应变域的规律组合，是秦岭造山带及其根部地壳结构的基本样式，并具尺度不变性，将古老中下地壳近３Ｇａ的流变学演化历史划分为７个阶段。它     

Aeromagnetic signature of an exhumed double dome system in the SW Grenville Province (Canada)

Analysis of aeromagnetic data in the Grenville Province reveals the presence of two regional‐scale unmapped structural domes (the Morin and Mékinac‐Taureau domes) with an oval‐shaped magnetic pattern bounded by regional‐scale shear zones and a geometry that is similar to that produced in crustal flow models under extension, which predict two upright domes of foliation (double dome) separated by a steep shear zone. The Mékinac‐Taureau dome, a metamorphic core complex, and the Morin dome may have been exhumed by channel flow. Exhumation occurred by a combination of thrust, normal‐sense and wrench shear zones. The preservation of paragneisses in the Morin dome suggests that it underwent a lesser degree of exhumation than did the Mékinac‐Taureau dome. This study shows how the integration of local field information with magnetic data in a regional tectonic setting can reveal and delineate concealed gneiss domes and highlights a role for strike‐slip tectonics in the creation of regional structures involving the exhumation of deep crust.     

Pervasive horizontal fabric and rapid vertical extrusion: Lateral overturning and margin sub-parallel flow of deep crustal migmatites, northeastern Bohemian Massif

In the West Sudetes, northeastern Bohemia Massif, geochronometry provides evidence for repeated episodes of rapid cooling that contrasts sharply with an absence of structural evidence for significant tectonic exhumation by crustal extension. Instead, high-grade assemblages of the Orlica–Snieznik Complex have a regional sub-horizontal foliation and sub-horizontal lineations that trend parallel to narrow sub-vertical shear zones containing exhumed high-pressure assemblages. Mesoscopic petrofabrics combined with anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data from amphibolite facies to migmatitic meta-sedimentary and meta-igneous rocks reveal remarkably consistent average lineations that plunge shallowly to the SSW on both steep and sub-horizontal NNE-trending planar fabrics. The dominant SSW–NNE fabric orientation is parallel to the Bohemia–Brunia suture, which marks a major boundary along the eastern margin of the massif. The shape of the AMS ellipsoid is predominantly oblate, revealing flattened fabrics, with only local prolate ellipsoids. We envisage that the continental Brunian indentor operated as a rigid backstop and allowed the migmatized lower crustal orogenic root to be exhumed along the Bohemian margin shortly following terminal arc collision. Sub-vertical extrusion of the orogenic root was arrested in the mid-crust, where the lower ductile crust was laterally overturned at the base of rigid upper crustal blocks. Upon reaching the crustal high-strength lid the exhumed ductile mass of continental material laterally spread sub-parallel to the margin, underwent subsequent supra-Barrovian metamorphism, and quickly cooled. The application of AMS techniques to high-grade metamorphic rocks in concert with macroscopic structural observations is a powerful approach for resolving the deformation history of a terrane where visible rock fabrics can be tenuous.     

Tectono-stratigraphic terranes in Archaean gneiss complexes as evidence for plate tectonics: The Nuuk region,southern West Greenland

Prior to 1970 grey gneiss complexes were interpreted as partially-melted sedimentary sequences. Once it was recognised from the Nuuk region that they comprised calc-alkaline igneous complexes, it was understood that such complexes world-wide were dominated by TTG (trondhjemite-tonalite-granodiorite) initially found to have juvenile Sr, Nd and, subsequently, Hf isotopic signatures. Between 1970 and 1985 the Nuuk region gneiss complex was interpreted by the non-uniformitarian ‘super-event’ model of crust formation which proposed occasional but extensive crust formation, with craton-wide correlation of granulite facies metamorphism and deformational phases. The igneous rocks formed in a late- Meso- to early Neoarchaean super-event engulfed crust formed in an Eoarchaean super-event. Mapping and reinterpretation at Færingehavn showed there are three TTG gneiss domains, each with different early accretionary, metamorphic and tectonic histories, separated by folded meta-mylonites. This established the key feature of the tectono-stratigraphic terrane model; that each terrane has an early intra-terrane history of crust formation, deformation and metamorphism, upon which is superimposed a later deformation and metamorphic history common to several terranes after they were juxtaposed. Remapping and >250 U-Pb zircon age determinations have refined the geological evolution of the entire Nuuk region, and has confirmed at least four main crust formation events and two collisional orogenies with associated transient high pressure metamorphism within clockwise P-T-t loops. Via independent corroborative studies the tectono-stratigraphic terrane model has been accepted for the Nuuk region and, through the discovery of similar relations across other gneiss complexes, its mode of evolution is found to be applicable to Archaean high-grade gneiss complexes worldwide. The TTG and mafic components that dominate each terrane have geochemistry interpreted to indicate subduction-related magmatism at convergent plate boundaries. Each terrane is thus dominated by juvenile additions to the crust. Intra-terrane sedimentary rocks show near unimodal age distributions in contrast to those near the boundaries which are more diverse and complex. The combined geochronological, metamorphic and structural evidence of convergence of these terranes leading to collisional orogeny, this indicates that plate tectonic processes operated throughout the Archaean.     

Late Triassic crustal growth in southern Tibet: Evidence from the Gangdese magmatic belt

The Gangdese magmatic belt, located in the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane and carrying significant copper and polymetallic mineralization, preserves important information relating to the tectonics associated with Indian–Eurasian collision and the crustal growth of southern Tibet. Here we investigate the Quxu batholith in the central domain of the Gangdese magmatic belt and report the occurrence of hornblende gabbros for the first time. We present petrologic, zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic and bulk-rock chemistry data on these rocks. The hornblende gabbros display sub-alkaline features, and correspond to tholeiite composition. They also show medium K calc-alkaline to low K affinity. The rocks show enrichment in LILEs and LREEs, but are depleted in HFSEs, indicating a subduction-related active continental margin setting for the magma genesis. Our computations show that the gabbroic pluton was emplaced in the middle-lower crustal depth of ca. 18 km. Zircons from the hornblende gabbros yield crystallization age of ca. 210 Ma, revealing a late Triassic magmatic event. Combined with available data from the Gangdese magmatic belt, our study suggests that the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust beneath the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane might have been initiated not later than the Norian period of Triassic. Zircons from the hornblende gabbro show positive ε_Hf(t) values of 9.56 to 14.75 (mean value 12.44), corresponding to single stage model ages (T_DM1) in the range of 256 Ma to 459 Ma, attesting to crustal growth in the southern Lhasa terrane associated with the subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust.     

GLOBAL CHANGES IN CLIMATE DURING ALBIAN-LATE CRETACEOUS TIME

The northern Dabieshan metamorphic terrain (NDT) is an analogue of an Andean-type magmatic arc. The predominant rock type is a trondhjemitic-tonalitic-granodioritic (TTG) gneiss with bodies of meta-ultramafic-gabbroic rocks, basic granulite, and metasedimentary horizons. The TTG gneisses occupy about 70-80 vol% of the metamorphic rock outcrop and constitute two gneiss domes. Several approximately E-W- or NW-SE-trending ductile deforma- tion belts cut through the TTG gneisses and are especially developed in the northern and southern margins of the NDT and around the domes. Most ultramafic-mafic rocks occur as lenses in ductile deformation belts. Metasedimentary horizons consist of marble, biotite quartz schist, metaquartzite, metamorphosed calc-silicate rocks, fine-grained biotite gneiss, banded iron formation, and amphibolite. Petrographic and geochemical studies show that: (1) meta- morphic rocks in the NDT underwent amphibolite-granulite facies metamorphism, and no eclogite-facies high-pressure mineral relicts were found in any rocks; and (2) ultramafic-mafic rocks do not have the petrological and geochemical characteristics of ophiolitic rocks; they appear to be an island-arc ultramafic-gabbroic intrusion. The limited isotopic data indicate that the northern Dabieshan terrain is possibly a Paleozoic magmatic arc. The data in this paper provide some implications for formation and exhumation of ultra-high pressure metamorphic (UHPM) rocks.     

内蒙古大青山高级变质岩韧性剪切带及其流变机制

大青山高级变质岩不仅记录华北克拉通早期大陆形成演化历史,也保留了中下部地壳岩石流变信息,它们经历了下部地壳构造层次高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相条件变质变形、深熔作用改造,形成了复杂构造样式和构造要素组合.韧性剪切带是高级变质岩中主要构造形迹,控制着早前寒武纪高级变质岩主体构造格架.依据野外地质产状、变形特征与构造要素叠加改造关系,韧性剪切带划分为早期近水平顺层伸展型和晚期陡倾韧性剪切带.近水平顺层伸展韧性剪切带呈残留状保留在后期变形改造较弱部位上,主要沿着不同地质单元或者岩性层界面上发育,是在伸展变形体制下形成的.晚期陡倾韧性剪切带呈近东西方向展布,规模较大,叠加和改造早期构造形迹,形成于晚期造山挤压构造环境中,以左行滑移为主.这两种韧性剪切带都形成于地壳中深部构造层次高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相条件下,变形机制主要为熔体增强颗粒边界扩散和颗粒流动,使岩石发生大规模的塑性流动.在宏观上形成了不对称流动组构、条纹条带构造、熔融线理、层内流动褶皱等构造形迹,在微观上矿物晶体没有发生明显塑性变形,均匀消光,晶体为三边平衡结构,与静态变质结构相似,形成了地壳深部构造层次上变质构造岩-构造片麻岩.      

Timing of UHP exhumation and rock fabric development in gneiss domes containing the world's youngest eclogite Facies rocks,southeastern Papua New Guinea

The youngest known ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) rocks in the world occur in the Woodlark Rift of southeastern Papua New Guinea. Since their crystallization in the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, these eclogite facies rocks have been rapidly exhumed from mantle depths to the surface and today they remain in the still‐active geodynamic setting that caused this exhumation. For this reason, the rocks provide an excellent opportunity to study rates and processes of (U)HP exhumation. We present New Rb–Sr results from 12 rock samples from eclogite‐bearing gneiss domes in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, and use those results to examine the time lag between (U)HP metamorphism and later ductile thinning, penetrative fabric development and accompanying metamorphic retrogression at amphibolite facies conditions during their exhumation. A Rb–Sr age for a sample of mafic eclogite (with no preserved coesite) from the core zone of the Mailolo gneiss dome (Fergusson Island) provides a new estimate of the timing of HP metamorphism (5.6 ± 1.6 Ma). The strongly deformed quartzofeldspathic and granitic gneisses (90–95% by volume) that enclose variably retrogressed relict blocks of mafic eclogite (5–10% by volume) yield Rb–Sr isochron ages from 4.4 to 2.4 Ma. For the UHP‐bearing gneisses of Mailolo dome, previously published U–Pb ages on zircon and our Rb–Sr isochron ages are consistent with a mean time lag of 2.2 ± 1.5 Ma (~95% c.i.) for passage of the rock between eclogite and amphibolite facies conditions. New thermobarometric data indicate that the main syn‐exhumational foliation developed at amphibolite facies conditions of 630–665 °C and 12.1–14.4 kbar. These pressure estimates indicate that the lower crust of the Woodlark Rift was unusually thick (>40 km) at the time of the amphibolite facies overprint, possibly as a result of accumulation and underplating of UHP‐derived material from below. Our data imply a minimum unroofing rate of 10 ± 7 mm year^?1 (~95% c.i.) for the (U)HP body from minimum HP depths (73 ± 7 km) to lower crustal depths. This minimum unroofing rate reinforces previous inferences that the exhumation from the mantle to the surface of the gneiss domes in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands took place at plate tectonic rates. On the basis of previous structural studies and the new thermobarometry, we attribute the high (cm year^?1) exhumation to diapiric ascent of the partially molten terrane from mantle depths, with a secondary contribution from pure shear thinning of the terrane after its arrival in the crust.     

Deep crustal source of gneiss dome revealed by eclogite in migmatite (Montagne Noire,French Massif Central)

In orogens worldwide and throughout geologic time, large volumes of deep continental crust have been exhumed in domal structures. Extension-driven ascent of bodies of deep, hot crust is a very efficient mechanism for rapid heat and mass transfer from deep to shallow crustal levels and is therefore an important mechanism in the evolution of continents. The dominant rock type in exhumed domes is quartzofeldspathic gneiss (typically migmatitic) that does not record its former high-pressure (HP) conditions in its equilibrium mineral assemblage; rather, it records the conditions of emplacement and cooling in the mid/shallow crust. Mafic rocks included in gneiss may, however, contain a fragmentary record of a HP history, and are evidence that their host rocks were also deeply sourced. An excellent example of exhumed deep crust that retains a partial HP record is in the Montagne Noire dome, French Massif Central, which contains well-preserved eclogite (garnet+omphacite+rutile+quartz) in migmatite in two locations: one in the dome core and the other at the dome margin. Both eclogites record P ~ 1.5 ± 0.2 GPa at T  ~  700 ± 20°C, but differ from each other in whole-rock and mineral composition, deformation features (shape and crystallographic preferred orientation, CPO), extent of record of prograde metamorphism in garnet and zircon, and degree of preservation of inherited zircon. Rim ages of zircon in both eclogites overlap with the oldest crystallization ages of host gneiss at c. 310 Ma, interpreted based on zircon rare earth element abundance in eclogite zircon as the age of HP metamorphism. Dome-margin eclogite zircon retains a widespread record of protolith age (c. 470–450 Ma, the same as host gneiss protolith age), whereas dome-core eclogite zircon has more scarce preservation of inherited zircon. Possible explanations for differences in the two eclogites relate to differences in the protolith mafic magma composition and history and/or the duration of metamorphic heating and extent of interaction with aqueous fluid, affecting zircon crystallization. Differences in HP deformation fabrics may relate to the position of the eclogite facies rocks relative to zones of transpression and transtension at an early stage of dome development. Regardless of differences, both eclogites experienced HP metamorphism and deformation in the deep crust at c. 310 Ma and were exhumed by lithospheric extension—with their host migmatite—near the end of the Variscan orogeny. The deep crust in this region was rapidly exhumed from ~50 to <10 km, where it equilibrated under low-P/high-T conditions, leaving a sparse but compelling record of the deep origin of most of the crust now exposed in the dome.