空间治理视角下露天废弃矿山生态修复路径研究

基于我国露天废弃矿山生态修复工作现状以及废弃矿山造成的压占污染土地资源、次生地质灾害、水生态环境破坏、植被生态系统破坏等问题,研究了当前国土空间生态修复视角下露天废弃矿山的地质安全隐患治理、水生态系统恢复治理、污染土地治理与开发、空间综合开发利用修复路径,提出了编制废弃矿山整体指引性规划、制定"一矿一策"精准制定恢复策略、鼓励市场化方式推进矿山生态修复的建议.     

长江经济带江苏段废弃露天矿山分布与生态修复遥感调查研究

江苏省长江沿岸废弃矿山修复治理是长江经济带生态修复的关键节点区域,如何快速、直观地获得区域内废弃矿山的分布和修复工程进展,成为长江经济带废弃矿山生态修复工程的重要工作之一。以江苏长江干流两岸10?km范围为研究区,以2017—2020?年4?期高分辨率遥感影像为数据源,采用ArcGIS平台人机交互解译和野外验证的方式,获取了研究区内露天废弃矿山分布情况、地质环境问题和生态修复情况等信息。结果表明:镇江市和南京市需修复面积较大,区内露天废弃矿山主要表现为矿山的采场和中转场地两类占地,涉及矿种以建筑石料用灰岩和建筑用砂矿为主;存在的主要矿山环境问题有地形地貌破坏、矿山地质灾害、矿区生态环境破坏和水土污染等;2018—2020 年研究区已修复面积和正在修复面积均呈上升趋势,截至2020 年10 月,研究区废弃矿山修复效果良好,修复面积占67.08%;主要生态修复措施有自然恢复、客土回填、土地平整、削坡、土地综合治理等。建议在进行修复治理工程时,最大限度地保护矿区原有地貌,充分利用土地资源。调查结果和建议可为同类型地区露天废弃矿山生态修复治理提供技术参考。     

变废为宝 走出矿山整治的新天地——长兴县矿地利用探索体会

在生态环境保护越来越受到重视和建设用地空间越来越紧张的双重引力下,通过矿地平整、实现矿地利用就成了各级政府关注的一个热点。这种方式不仅能有效改善废弃矿区的生态环境,更能为当地的经济建设提供宝贵的用地空间,是一举多得的治理形式。由于它集生态效益、经济效益、社会效益于一体,已逐步取代单纯的废弃矿山复绿。成为当前废弃矿山治理形式中的首选。     

基于市场化的矿山生态修复模式浅析以江西省某县废弃矿山为例

废弃矿山占用土地资源,带来诸多生态环境问题,废弃矿山的生态修复迫在眉睫。当前各级政府财政对于矿山生态修复投入不足,亟须社会资本参与。2019年自然资源部发布《关于探索利用市场化方式推进矿山生态修复的意见》,为社会资本参与矿山生态修复市场化运作打开了大门。通过在江西省某县采用市场化方式进行矿山生态修复的实践,分析了废弃矿山生态修复的开发利用方向和不同修复方式的适用范围,明确了社会资本投资参与矿山生态修复的运行及收益模式,为区域矿山生态修复市场化项目提供参考。     

废弃矿山生态环境修复技术研究——以唐山市玉田县为例

以玉田县26个废弃矿山为例,通过调查和测绘手段,对废弃矿山生态环境问题进行了综合研究,提出了废弃矿山生态系统功能修复的工程技术措施,进行了修复效益预期分析。研究表明:玉田县地处京津冀协同发展腹地,由于历史上矿产开采、选矿等活动集中,导致地形地貌景观(含植被)改变、压占与损毁土地资源、大气及水土污染、等矿山生态环境问题突出。采用依山势重塑地形、导疏导水流、柔性防护稳定边坡、喷播挂网坡面绿化等矿山生态修复工程技术措施,达到废弃矿山生态景观恢复目的。以期与开展类似废弃矿山生态环境系统修复的同志分享与参考。     

长江沿线废弃露天矿山生态修复模式研究

长江流域生态环境修复是中国近年来生态环境保护工作的重要组成部分,文章基于长江流域（江苏境内）废弃露天矿山现状特征以及大量矿山生态修复工作经验,提出了生态工程模式、土地整治模式、景观再造模式及自然恢复模式,并对这四种模式的特点及适用性进行了阐述,结果可以为废弃矿山生态修复提供借鉴。以江苏省长江沿岸某废弃露天矿山生态修复工程为例,通过生态环境问题分析,明确该废弃露天矿山在地质灾害隐患发育、生态环境及地貌景观破坏以及土地资源浪费等方面存在的主要问题,最终成功采用生态工程模式开展该废弃矿山的生态修复工作,产生了良好的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益。     

露天煤矿生态重建技术研究——以黔北某露天煤矿为例

土地资源是国家重要的自然资源,土地资源的合理开发利用有力地支持了国民经济的发展。但在闭坑的露天煤矿中,对矿山地形地貌、土地资源、生态植被等影响较大,为促进生态可持续发展,应积极采取自然恢复、辅助再生、生态重建等措施,及时对损毁区域进行生态修复,改善生态环境。实现煤炭开采扰动区域的地质环境达到稳定、损毁土地得到治理利用、生态系统功能得到恢复和提升、废弃资源得到综合利用等目标。本文以黔北某露天煤矿为例,通过采取生态重建技术该露天煤矿进行修复,恢复耕地33682 4 hm2,林地14262 6 hm2,农村道路1389 7 hm2,公路用地0271 8 hm2。通过地貌重塑、土壤重构、植被重建等生态重建技术对矿山损毁区进行修复,以期为同类型矿山生态修复提供借鉴。     

露采矿山边坡治理设计方法探讨 ——以郎溪县某露采萤石矿为例

通过对郞溪县某露采萤石矿开采形成高陡边坡(包括"倒坡")进行矿山开采现状、地质环境条件、边坡稳定性等综合分析,对"边开采、边治理"条件下高陡边坡(特别是"倒坡")的治理修复方案进行探讨,以达到有效消除矿山地质环境治理和修复矿区生态环境的目的,同时也为同类型矿山开采边坡治理设计提供参考.     

北京某采石场高陡裸岩边坡修复思路

北京市门头沟区军庄镇灰峪村废弃采石厂,多年来的矿山开采形成高陡岩质边坡造成地形地貌景观破坏、植被破坏、次生地质灾害等一系列矿山地质环境问题,治理恢复难度大。针对区内存在的地质环境问题,拟对治理区内裸岩边坡进行坡面危岩清理、挂网喷播绿化、坡面种植槽绿化工程等修复措施,以恢复地形地貌景观和坡面植被。边坡修复坚持因地制宜的原则,根据当地条件选择适合生长的乔灌草品种,恢复重建高陡岩质边坡的生态环境,使之与周围的自然生态环境相融合。裸岩边坡生态修复后,将对提升治理区域的生态环境质量,增强周边土地资源的可利用性,产生可观的经济效益。     

花岗岩露天关闭矿山生态修复技术应用北大核心CSCD

矿山生态修复是贯彻落实“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念、实施“山水林田湖草沙”生态保护修复工程的重要举措,其中坚硬岩石高陡边坡生态修复是矿山环境修复的难点与热点问题。以苏州市金山浜花岗岩露天关闭矿山生态修复项目为例,调查分析矿山地质环境问题,针对矿山植被覆盖度低、地貌景观破损造成视觉污染及地质灾害现状,采用削坡清坡、浆砌片石格构植被护坡、客土喷播、锚固铁丝网砼筑围堰、废弃地平整覆土、截排水及植被养护等技术对矿山进行生态修复。实践表明:采取的技术方案使花岗岩边坡安全稳定,坡面植被覆盖率达85%以上,废弃地得到整理利用,改善了矿山生态环境和景观面貌,提升了环太湖风景区的生态环境品质。     

Environmental geochemistry of the derelict Webbs Consols mine,New South Wales,Australia

Small-scale mining and mineral processing at the Webbs Consols polymetallic PbZnAg deposit in northern New South Wales, Australia has caused a significant environmental impact on streams, soils and vegetation. Unconfined waste rock dumps and tailings dams are the source of the problems. The partly oxidised sulphidic mine wastes contain abundant sulphides (arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena) and oxidation products (scorodite, anglesite, smectite, Fe-oxyhydroxides), and possess extreme As and Pb (wt% levels) and elevated Ag, Cd, Cu, Sb and Zn values. Contemporary sulphide oxidation, hardpan formation, crystallisation of mineral efflorescences and acid mine drainage generation occur within the waste repositories. Acid seepages (pH 1.9–6.0) from waste dumps, tailings dams and mine workings display extreme As, Pb and Zn and elevated Cd, Cu and Sb contents. Drainage from the area is by the strongly contaminated Webbs Consols Creek and although this stream joins and is diluted by the much larger Severn River, contamination of water and stream sediments in the latter is evident for 1–5 km, and 12 km respectively, downstream of the mine site. The pronounced contamination of local and regional soils and sediments, despite the relatively small scale of the former operation, is due to the high metal tenor of abandoned waste material and the scarcity of neutralising minerals. Any rehabilitation plan of the site should include the relocation of waste materials to higher ground and capping, with only partial neutralisation of the waste to pH 4–5 in order to limit potential dissolution of scorodite and mobilisation of As into seepages and stream waters.     

Heavy metal geochemistry of the acid mine drainage discharged from the Hejiacun uranium mine in central Hunan,China

The acid mine drainage (AMD) discharged from the Hejiacun uranium mine in central Hunan (China) was sampled and analyzed using ICP-MS techniques. The analyzing results show that the AMD is characterized by the major ions Fe_Total, Mn, Al and Si, and is concentrated with heavy metals and metalloids including Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, U, Cu, Pb, Tl, V, Cr, Se, As and Sb. During the AMD flowing downstream, the dissolved heavy metals were removed from the AMD waters through adsorption onto and co-precipitation with metal-oxhydroxides coated on the streambed. Among these metals, Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, U, Cu, Pb and Tl are negatively correlated to pH values, and positively correlated to major ions Fe, Al, Si, Mn, Mg, Ca and K. The metals/metalloids V, Cr, Se, As and Sb are conservative in the AMD solution, and negatively-correlated to major ions Na, Ca and Mg. Due to the above different behaviors of these chemical elements, the pH-negatively related metals (PM) and the conservative metals (CM) are identified; the PM metals include Cd, Co, Ni, Zn, U, Cu, Pb and Tl, and the CM metals V, Cr, Se, As and Sb. Based on understanding the geochemistry of PM and CM metals in the AMD waters, a new equation: EXT = (Acidity + PM)/pH + CM × pH, is proposed to estimate and evaluate extent of heavy-metal pollution (EXT) of AMD. The evaluation results show that the AMD and surface waters of the mine area have high EXT values, and they could be the potential source of heavy-metal contamination of the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is suggested that both the AMD and surface waters should be treated before they are drained out of the mine district, for which the traditional dilution and neutralization methods can be applied to remove the PM metals from the AMD waters, and new techniques through reducing the pH value of the downstream AMD waters should be developed for removal of the CM metals.     

Geo–tectonic Position of Tin Polymetallic Mineralization Zone in the Southern Da Hinggan Mountains Area, Inner Mongolia, China: An Introduction to This Special Issue

Abstract: As a part of the main activities of Japan‐China technical cooperation project, a test survey area, approximately 5,000 km², was established for the implement of its geological and geochemical research program. A major mineralization zone called Huanggang–Ganzhuermiao–Wulanhaote Sn‐Cu polymetallic mineralization zone is recognized in the southern Da Hinggan Mountains area. The southern half of this zone is known as the sole Sn‐mineralization zone in North China. The survey area lies in this prominent zone. As the most of the papers presented in this issue have concerns to the geology and mineralization in this survey area, this report was prepared to introduce geo‐tectonic situation of the Sn‐Cu polymetallic mineralization zone in the Inner Mongolia orogenic belt. The belt is divided into four tectonic facies (from NW to SE); I: Wuliyasitai volcano‐plutonic zone, II: Hegenshan ophiolite mélange zone, III: Sunitezuoqi volcano‐plutonic zone, IV: Wenduermiao ophiolite mélange zone. The subject Sn‐Cu polymetallic mineralization zone is situated in the southeastern part of the Sunitezuoqi magmatic zone. About this Sunitezuoqi magmatic zone, three geo‐tectonic characteristics are pointed out. In late Carboniferous to early Permian period, subduction of Hegenshan oceanic crust occurred, which accelerated volcano‐plutonic activities and brought about basic to intermediate volcanic rocks of tholeiitic to calc‐alkaline series represented by Dashizhai Group in the Sunitezuoqi magmatic zone. Late Jurassic to early Cretaceous acidic rocks representing the most culminated volcanism and plutonism in Mesozoic era in the Da Hinggan Moutains area are distributed very extensively in and around the Sn‐Cu polymetallic mineralization zone. The Proterozoic metamorphic basement rocks called Xilinhaote complex are distributed close to the mineralized area in the Sunitezuoqi magmatic zone. Although the real mineralization was known associated with Mesozoic acidic to intermediate volcano‐plutonic activities, it is thought that the lower Permian Dashizhai volcanic rocks and pre‐Cambrian basement rocks might have played certain significant role in the process respectively of extraction of elements and formation of the magma favorable for such mineralization in the Sunitezuoqi magmatic zone. It would be necessary to give further considerations to these three geological units in relation to the Sn‐Cu polymetallic mineralization.     

酸性矿坑废水对流域酸化的影响——以贵州兴仁县典型废弃煤矿区小流域为例

人们在开采使用矿产资源的同时,堆弃大量含有硫化物的废弃矿石和废渣于周围环境中。矿山环境中因硫化矿物氧化,导致采矿产生大量的酸性矿坑排水。这种水体具有低pH值,高电导率,高硫酸根和高重金属含量的特征。酸性矿坑排水对下游水生生物及植物等具有很强的毒性,大量排放引起的环境问题受到广泛关注。为了了解酸性矿山排水对流域水体和土壤的影响,本文选择位于贵州省西南部兴仁的一个典型废弃煤矿区进行研究,通过测定矿坑排水、水库水、河水的pH值和EC,以及土壤的pH值,分析矿坑排水、地表水以及土壤pH值的空间变化情况,在此基础上对矿坑排水对流域酸化的影响进行了综合评价。调查结果表明,酸性矿坑排水和受其影响的水库水体的电导率很高,且pH值均小于3。研究区域地表水（水库水、河水）本底水化学类型为Ca2+-HCO3-型,其pH值在7左右,反映了流域内有碳酸盐岩广泛分布的自然环境特征。当受到酸性矿坑排水影响后,水化学类型转变为Ca2+-SO42-型,pH值则低于4.0。通常,酸性矿坑排水在流动过程中与河床的碳酸盐岩发生中和反应,促使水体的pH升高。野外考察发现,研究区河道中碳酸盐岩中空易碎,其CaCO3成分因长期与酸性矿山排水发生反应而被耗尽。同时,在氧化条件下,酸性矿坑排水中的铁在流动过程中生成大量的氢氧化物覆盖了沿程的河床。这种覆盖作用抑制了酸性矿山排水进一步与碳酸盐岩发生中和反应。因此,在研究区分布有广泛的碳酸盐岩情况下,受酸性矿坑排水影响的河水到下游5 km处仍保持较低的pH值。研究区的主要农作物是水稻,其灌溉水源主要是水库水。为了了解酸性矿坑排水对土壤的影响,对水库下游流域土壤pH值的空间分布进行普查,统计其出现的频率。结果表明,以受酸性矿坑排水影响的水库水作为灌溉水源的土壤,其表土的pH值较低,平均值在5.0左右。反之,土壤表土的pH值平均值在6.5左右。此外,通过对受到酸性矿坑排水影响显著的土壤进行剖面调查,发现从地表到深度90 cm的土壤的pH值均小于4.0。结合受酸性矿坑排水影响的河水pH值普遍偏低的情况可以推测流域酸化与酸性矿坑排水有密切关系。      

浅谈山东省枣庄市某露天开采石灰岩矿山地质环境治理与恢复

针对枣庄市某水泥用灰岩矿开采导致了土地挖损和压占、地形地貌景观破坏和崩塌地质灾害隐患等地质环境问题,提出了:生产过程中发现的危岩,及时予以清理,或对其进行加固;采矿结束后,开采平台外缘用浆砌毛石砌筑挡土坝,平台上部30cm覆土,下部20cm用强风化页岩做铺垫,种植侧柏,平台的内侧,按照2m的间距种植爬山虎、葛藤等攀缘类植被,绿化边坡面;露天采坑治理成人工湖等治理办法。经过恢复治理,不仅能适时地保护和恢复自然生态环境,也能有效消除矿业活动带来的地质灾害隐患;另可恢复林地及人工湖面积33.48hm2(502.2亩),具有显著的社会效益。     

浅析广安华蓥山区山水林田湖综合治理措施——以高顶山矿区为例

高顶山矿区位于广安华蓥市城区东南约5km处。长期的采矿活动,导致区内矿山地质环境问题突出,严重影响华蓥山地区人民的生命财产安全。矿山地质环境问题亟待解决。本文通过分析区内主要存在的矿山地质环境问题,提出通过矿山地质灾害、矿山土地恢复、矿山地形地貌景观恢复治理,河道综合整治、道路修复、生态保育、产业提升等措施;消除安全隐患,保障区内人民生命财产安全;改善生态环境,实现华蓥山地区生态环境全面恢复,生态环境质量提升,提高环境承载力,实现区内"山青、水秀、林美、田良"的目标。并对区内的产业转型升级进行了探讨,提出将高顶山矿区建设成具有科普和教育价值的旅游景观目的地;利用矿区独具特色工业人文景观和别致的自然景观,将高顶山矿区建设成集"科普、休闲、康养、户外、探秘"五大功能于一体的矿山公园,推动矿业经济转型升级,促进产业结构转型和经济社会可持续发展。     

Hyperaccumulation of lead,zinc, and cadmium in plants growing on a lead/zinc outcrop in Yunnan Province,China

A field survey was conducted to identify potential hyperaccumulators of Pb, Zn or Cd in the Beichang Pb/Zn mine outcrop in Yunnan Province, China. The average total concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in the soils were up to 28,438, 5,109, and 52 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. A total of 68 plant species belonging to 60 genera of 37 families naturally colonizing the outcrop were recorded. According to metal accumulation in the plants and translocation factor (TF), Silene viscidula was identified as potential hyperaccumulator of Pb, Zn, and Cd with mean shoot concentrations of 3,938 mg kg⁻¹ of Pb (TF = 1.2), 11,155 mg kg⁻¹ of Zn (TF = 1.8) and 236 mg kg⁻¹ of Cd (TF = 1.1), respectively; S. gracilicanlis (Pb 3,617 mg kg⁻¹, TF = 1.2) and Onosma paniculatum (Pb 1,837 mg kg⁻¹, TF = 1.9) were potential Pb hyperaccumulators. Potentilla griffithii (Zn 8,748 mg kg⁻¹, TF = 1.5) and Gentiana sp. (Zn 19,710 mg kg⁻¹, TF = 2.7) were potential Zn hyperaccumulators. Lysimachia deltoides (Cd 212 mg kg⁻¹, TF = 3.2) was a potential Cd hyperaccumulator. These new plant resources could be used to explore the mechanisms of Pb, Zn and/or Cd hyperaccumulation, and the findings could be applied for the phytoremediation of Pb, Zn and/or Cd-contaminated soils.     

Texture, mineralogy, and rock strength in horizontal stress-related coal mine roof falls

Geologic structures can represent planes of preferential weakness that, by dismembering the roof beam, may contribute to the failure of roof spans. However, beam deflection and roof failure also occur in rocks where no visible geologic discontinuities are present. This suggests that roof failure may depend on rock strength, which in turn depends on intrinsic textural properties inherent to the rock. In this study, rock samples were collected from horizontal stress-related roof fall material in coal mines for petrographic characterization and compressive strength testing. Brittle, stress failure-prone rock types include thinly interlaminated siltstone and shale, and black shale that had been lightly recrystallized. Samples exhibit a narrow range of density values between approximately 2.5–3.0 g/cm³ but exhibit a wide range of unconfined compressive strength values, between approximately 20–70 MPa. Results of laboratory observations suggest that for samples of coal mine immediate roof shale, compressive strength is not well correlated with density, grain size, sutured grain boundaries, or quartz content. These results for shale are generally at odds with the results of similar studies for sandstone. The great variability of strength, texture, and mineralogy documented in these samples may be an indication of their complexity and the need for specialized methodology in the study of shale strength.     

Geochemical modeling of coal mine drainage, Summit County, Ohio

 Geochemical modeling was used to investigate downstream changes in coal mine drainage at Silver Creek Metro-park, Summit County, Ohio. A simple mixing model identified the components that are undergoing conservative transport (Cl^–, PO₄ ^3–, Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Na⁺) and those undergoing reactive transport (DO, HCO₃ ^–, SO₄ ^2–, Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Si). Fe²⁺ is removed by precipitation of amorphous iron-hydroxide. Mn²⁺ are removed along with Fe²⁺ by adsorption onto surfaces of iron-hydroxides. DO increases downstream due to absorption from the atmosphere. The HCO₃ ^– concentration increases downstream as a result of oxidation of organic material. The rate of Fe²⁺ removal from the mine drainage was estimated from the linear relationship between Fe⁺² concentration and downstream distance to be 0.126 mg/s. Results of this study can be used to improve the design of aerobic wetlands used to treat acid mine drainage. Received: 4 June 1996 · Accepted: 17 September 1996     

Geochemical Processes Controlling the Formation of As-Rich Waters Within a Tailings Impoundment (Carnoulès, France)

The distribution of arsenic (As(III), As(V)) and iron (Fe(II), Fe(III)) species was monitored during 1 year in a borehole drilled in the Carnoulès tailings impoundment which contains As-rich pyrite. The concentrations of total As and Fe in subsurface waters exhibited strong variations over one year, which were controlled by dissolved oxygen concentrations. At high oxygen levels, extremely high As (up to 162 mM) and Fe (up to 364 mM) concentrations were reached in the borehole, with the oxidised species predominant. As and Fe concentrations decreased 10-fold under oxygen-deficient conditions, as a result of pH increase and subsequent precipitation of As(V) and Fe(III). From drill core sections, it appeared that at low dissolved oxygen levels, As(III) was primarily released into water by the oxidation of As-rich pyrite in the unsaturated zone. Subsequent As and Fe precipitation was promoted during transport to the saturated zone; this reaction resulted in As enrichments in the sediment below the water table compared to the original content in pyrite, together with the formation of As-rich (up to 35 wt% As) ferruginous material in the unsaturated zone. High amounts of As(V) were released from these secondary phases during leaching experiments with oxygenated acid sulfate-rich waters; this process is believed to contribute to As(V) enrichment in the subsurface waters of the Carnoulès tailings during periods of high dissolved oxygen level.