大小兴安岭多年冻土地区供水水源选择与评价

引言 大小兴安岭地处我国东北部,该区广泛分布连续多年冻土及岛状多年冻土。由于多年冻土的存在,使大小兴安岭地下水具有特殊的水文地质条件,并且与自然界中各种因素互相依存,互为因果关系,错综复杂地变化着,从而形成了连续多年冻土区地下水,岛状多年冻土区地下水。     

青藏高原多年冻土区地下水特征及开发利用前景分析

通过分析青藏高原多年冻土地带地下水的特征, 阐述了多年冻土地下水生存的类型, 并结合青藏铁路勘察所获取的地下水水量、水质资料, 对多年冻土区地下水的开发利用前景进行了分析并提出了地下水的开采参数.     

大兴安岭北部多年冻土环境中的地下水——以霍拉河盆地为例

与非多年冻土区相比,多年冻土区地下水的补给、径流、排泄具有很显著的特点,其原因就是由于多年冻土这一冷生隔水层的存在。本文试图从多年冻土对地下水的作用中探讨霍拉河盆地多年冻土环境中地下水存在的特殊性。     

多年冻土地下水及其变化研究进展

冻土的低渗透性改变了地表水下渗,导致寒区流域产汇流过程发生改变;其季节冻融及引起的活动层深度变化,改变了土壤含水量从而调蓄流域储水量。过去数十年,气候变暖引起冻土退化重塑了寒区水文地质环境、改变了地下水热状况;而多年冻土退化的后果是其所含有的固态冰向液态地下水转化,进而改变多年冻土地下水的时空模态、生态环境和工程设施基础,影响多年冻土的碳汇功能,以及释放封存于其内的温室气体并进一步加速气候变化。尽管水化学和数值模拟技术的发展提升了人们对于冻土地下水补径排和循环机理的理解,但冻土区恶劣的环境和直接监测地下水的困难,仍然使冻土地下水研究存在巨大挑战。本文通过梳理多年冻土地下水相关文献,刻画了多年冻土地下水的时空模态,探讨了冻土与地下水的相互作用,认为在未来的研究中,水化学方法应更加侧重于冻土地下水动态,数值模拟应更加侧重于地下水热过程。另外,还整合了气候变化背景下多年冻土地下水变化的相关研究成果,描述了从补给区-排泄区、冻土融化起始-长期退化至消失过程中地下水的赋存、补径排变化以及这些变化所带来的影响。最后,尝试性探讨了冻土地下水研究未来可能的发展,以期为多年冻土地下水水文、水资源和生态环...     

青藏高原多年冻土区地下水特征及开发利用前景分析

通过分析青藏高原多年冻土地带地下水的特征，阐述了多年冻土地下水生存的类型，并结合青藏铁路勘察所获取的地下水水量、水质资料，对多年冻土区地下水的开发利用前景进行了分析并提出了地下水的开采参数。     

核磁共振测深方法在多年冻土区找水中的应用

通过核磁共振测深(MRS)方法在多年冻土区找水实例的分析、解释,并结合钻孔资料的综合研究,对在多年冻土区利用MRS方法探测地下含水层埋深、厚度及地下水涌水量的计算进行了详细的解析,并取得了良好的应用效果。阐明了该方法在多年冻土区找水具有含水信号反映明显、信噪比高和具唯一性解析结果等的独特技术优势,也指出了该方法在判断含水层岩性、涌水量计算等方面存在的不足,揭示了MRS方法在多年冻土区寻找地下水的良好应用前景,为在多年冻土区寻找地下水提供了一定的借鉴经验。     

祁连山多年冻土区水文地质工作方法及找水方向

祁连山位于青藏高原北部,是我国多年冻土广泛分布的地区之一。 近几年来,我部在该区进行了1:20万区域水文地质普查工作,对多年冻土的一般特征,分布规律及多年冻土对地下水的控制     

论祁连山多年冻土区的地下水分类

多年冻土区的地下水分类,是水文地质基础理论研究方面的重要内容,对于合理开发利用地下水资源也具有重要的实际意义。作者根据在祁连山进行区域水文地质普查和勘探工作中积累的大量资料,对祁连山多年冻土区的地下水分类提出初步意见,供进一步研究时参考。     

青藏公路沿线多年冻土区的构造融区水资源及其供水意义

系统总结了青藏公路沿线多年冻土区重点城镇的供水现状,分析了构造融区水的供水水文地质条件,指出多年冻土区的构造融区水这一高原寒区特有的地下水类型对于沿线城镇的发展有着重要的战略意义,构造融区水将成为沿线地下水开发利用的主要方向。     

高寒多年冻土区地下水污染运移快速计算探讨

中国的多年冻土面积约215万km2,约占国土面积的22%,世界第三位。我国高寒多年冻土区多位于西部(青海、西藏、新疆等),长期以来,这些地区人类活动程度低、经济效益薄弱,21世纪前几乎没有受到工业化进程的威胁,所以地下水污染问题并不突出。直至21世纪,随着经济发展,人类活动加剧,资源开采与垃圾污染日益增多,环境问题中尤其是地下水污染引发的生态灾害逐步凸显,加之高寒多年冻土区环境承载力弱,破坏后不易修复,高寒多年冻土区污染现象理应得到更多关注。近年来关于高寒冻土区地下水污染的学术讨论并不多,关于其污染运移的研究同样很少。本文将通过简化解析条件、列出解析查询表、数值模拟检验的手段,探讨高寒多年冻土区地下水污染运移简易算法的可行性,为今后进一步工作打下基础。经计算,查表法的计算结果偏保守,与解析法和数值法相比,误差约20%。     

Exchange and pathways of deep and shallow groundwater in different climate and permafrost conditions using the Forsmark site, Sweden, as an example catchment

This study simulates and quantifies the exchange and the pathways of deep and shallow groundwater flow and solute transport under different climate and permafrost conditions, considering the example field case of the coastal Forsmark catchment in Sweden. A number of simulation scenarios for different climate and permafrost condition combinations have been performed with the three-dimensional groundwater flow and transport model MIKE SHE. Results show generally decreasing vertical groundwater flow with depth, and smaller vertical flow under permafrost conditions than under unfrozen conditions. Also the overall pattern of both the vertical and the horizontal groundwater flow, and the water exchange between the deep and shallow groundwater systems, change dramatically in the presence of permafrost relative to unfrozen conditions. However, although the vertical groundwater flow decreases significantly in the presence of permafrost, there is still an exchange of water between the unfrozen groundwater system below the permafrost and the shallow groundwater in the active layer, via taliks. ‘Through taliks’ tend to prevail in areas that constitute groundwater discharge zones under unfrozen conditions, which then mostly shift to net recharge zones (through taliks with net downward flow) under permafrost conditions.     

Regional groundwater flow in an area mapped as continuous permafrost, NE Alaska (USA)

Fundamental knowledge of groundwater systems in areas of permafrost is often lacking. The likelihood of finding good quality groundwater resources of acceptable quantities generally decreases as the areal coverage of permafrost increases. In areas of continuous permafrost, the probability of finding areas of groundwater recharge and discharge are minimal. Still, in northeastern Alaska (USA), the presence of numerous springs and associated downstream aufeis formations clearly indicates that there has to be a groundwater system with the required complementary areas of groundwater recharge and transmission. Recharge zones and transmission pathways in this area of extensive permafrost, however, are essentially unknown. This study shows that the recharge occurs on the south side of the Brooks Range in northeastern Alaska, where extensive limestone outcrops are found. The transmission zone is beneath the permafrost, with discharge occurring through the springs via taliks through the permafrost (where faults are present) and also likely at the northern edge of the permafrost along the Beaufort Sea coast.     

Groundwater flow modeling of periods with periglacial and glacial climate conditions for the safety assessment of the proposed high-level nuclear waste repository site at Forsmark,Sweden

The impact of periglacial and glacial climate conditions on groundwater flow in fractured crystalline rock is studied by means of groundwater flow modeling of the Forsmark site, which was recently proposed as a repository site for the disposal of spent high-level nuclear fuel in Sweden. The employed model uses a thermal-hydraulically coupled approach for permafrost modeling and discusses changes in groundwater flow implied by the climate conditions found over northern Europe at different times during the last glacial cycle (Weichselian glaciation). It is concluded that discharge of particles released at repository depth occurs very close to the ice-sheet margin in the absence of permafrost. If permafrost is included, the greater part discharges into taliks in the periglacial area. During a glacial cycle, hydraulic gradients at repository depth reach their maximum values when the ice-sheet margin passes over the site; at this time, also, the interface between fresh and saline waters is distorted the most. The combined effect of advances and retreats during several glaciations has not been studied in the present work; however, the results indicate that hydrochemical conditions at depth in the groundwater flow model are almost restored after a single event of ice-sheet advance and retreat.     

Permafrost and taliks and their changes on the south and north banks of the Tuotuo River in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under the climate warming北大核心CSCD

The distribution of permafrost and taliks is very complex in the Tuotuo River Basin(TRB), which is located in interior of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Characterizing the spatial distribution and the thermal stability of permafrost and taliks is of great significance to community activities and engineering construction in TRB. Based on the zonation of permafrost and talik distribution around TRB conducted in the 1980s, the soil temperature and its variation process of permafrost and taliks in the south and north banks of the Tuotuo River were analyzed by using the observation data of five boreholes(N1~N5)along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in the north bank and five boreholes(S1~S5)on the first terrace in the south bank. The results showed that, under the climate warming, permafrost and taliks in the north banks experienced significant degradation and warming process. From 2005 to 2020, the permafrost at the N1 borehole has undergone a significant down-draw degradation process, from extremely unstable and high-temperature permafrost to thawed zone. From 2005 to 2013, the annual average ground temperature of the talik at N2 increased at a rate of 0. 3~0. 4 °C·(10a)-1. At Maqutang on the south bank, permafrost prevails from the first-class terrace to the gentle slope of the Kaixinling Mountain, with both through and non-through taliks on the first-class terrace. The spatial distribution and the thermal stability of permafrost and talik in the TRB are further promoted by analyzing the changes in temperatures at boreholes in the basin. However, to meet the requirements of mapping and engineering construction of permafrost and taliks in the TRB, it is still necessary to carry out geological investigation with multiple methods and in-depth research on development mechanism of taliks in the future. © 2022 Nanjing Forestry University. All rights reserved.     

Tracing groundwater discharge in a High Arctic lake using radon-222

In the High Arctic, groundwater fluxes are limited by the presence of continuous permafrost, although it has been hypothesized that there may be localized groundwater flow and hydraulic connectivity beneath large lakes, due to the presence of taliks, or large regions of unfrozen ground. However, due to the logistical difficulty of employing seepage meters and piezometers in deep, ice-covered lakes, relatively little is known about groundwater discharge to polar lakes. One method of assessing groundwater discharge is through the use of geochemical tracers. We conducted a pilot study to quantify groundwater discharge into a High Arctic lake using dissolved radon gas as a geochemical tracer. Lake water was collected in 15 L polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags with minimal atmospheric interaction from a 25-m deep lake near Shellabear Point, Melville Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Sample bags were aerated through a closed water loop for 60 min to allow sufficient radon to equilibrate in a coupled air circuit. Radon in air concentrations were measured on a Durridge RAD7 portable alpha spectrometer. The field trial in a remote setting and separate tests with groundwater samples collected from a temperate site demonstrate the utility of the methodology. The limited results suggest that radon levels in the lower water column are elevated above background levels following nival melt in the surrounding watershed. Although these results are insufficient to quantify groundwater discharge, the results suggest subsurface flow may exist, and further study is warranted.     

Impacts of climate, lake size, and supra- and sub-permafrost groundwater flow on lake-talik evolution, Yukon Flats, Alaska (USA)

In cold regions, hydrologic systems possess seasonal and perennial ice-free zones (taliks) within areas of permafrost that control and are enhanced by groundwater flow. Simulation of talik development that follows lake formation in watersheds modeled after those in the Yukon Flats of interior Alaska (USA) provides insight on the coupled interaction between groundwater flow and ice distribution. The SUTRA groundwater simulator with freeze–thaw physics is used to examine the effect of climate, lake size, and lake–groundwater relations on talik formation. Considering a range of these factors, simulated times for a through-going sub-lake talik to form through 90 m of permafrost range from ～200 to >?1,000  years (vertical thaw rates <?0.1–0.5  m?yr^?1). Seasonal temperature cycles along lake margins impact supra-permafrost flow and late-stage cryologic processes. Warmer climate accelerates complete permafrost thaw and enhances seasonal flow within the supra-permafrost layer. Prior to open talik formation, sub-lake permafrost thaw is dominated by heat conduction. When hydraulic conditions induce upward or downward flow between the lake and sub-permafrost aquifer, thaw rates are greatly increased. The complexity of ground-ice and water-flow interplay, together with anticipated warming in the arctic, underscores the utility of coupled groundwater-energy transport models in evaluating hydrologic systems impacted by permafrost.     

Permafrost thaw in a nested groundwater-flow system

Groundwater flow in cold regions containing permafrost accelerates climate-warming-driven thaw and changes thaw patterns. Simulation analyses of groundwater flow and heat transport with freeze/thaw in typical cold-regions terrain with nested flow indicate that early thaw rate is particularly enhanced by flow, the time when adverse environmental impacts of climate-warming-induced permafrost loss may be severest. For the slowest climate-warming rate predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), once significant groundwater flow begins, thick permafrost layers can vanish in several hundred years, but survive over 1,000 years where flow is minimal. Large-scale thaw depends mostly on the balance of heat advection and conduction in the supra-permafrost zone. Surface-water bodies underlain by open taliks allow slow sub-permafrost flow, with lesser influence on regional thaw. Advection dominance over conduction depends on permeability and topography. Groundwater flow around permafrost and flow through permafrost impact thaw differently; the latter enhances early thaw rate. Air-temperature seasonality also increases early thaw. Hydrogeologic heterogeneity and topography strongly affect thaw rates/patterns. Permafrost controls the groundwater/surface-water-geomorphology system; hence, prediction and mitigation of impacts of thaw on ecology, chemical exports and infrastructure require improved hydrogeology/permafrost characterization and understanding.     

青藏铁路沿线融区的特征及其变化趋势

基于青藏铁路多年冻土区工程长期监测系统所获取的地温与变形资料,对铁路沿线4处融区的特征及其变化趋势进行了分析。这4处融区分别为沱沱河北面洼地辐射-渗透融区（R1）、休冬曲北岸河流融区（R2）、扎加藏布河西岸河流融区（R3）与洼里希里唐盆辐射-渗透融区（R4）。结果表明：R1土体温度处于升温中,融区正在发展;R2土体温度较为稳定,位于融区边缘地带;R3土体升温趋势明显,融区处于快速发展之中;R4深部土体温度较为稳定,融区仍处于稳定状态。在R1、R3与R4,路基下未形成隔年冻土;但在R2融区,路基下有形成隔年冻土的可能。监测期内,路基累计沉降变形小于50 mm,满足铁路路基设计规范的要求。     

Software for inversion of TEM data affected by fast-decaying induced polarization

The paper presents new software and stepwise modeling techniques for inversion of TEM data affected by fast-decaying induced polarization (IP). The software and the methods have demonstrated high efficiency when applied to detection of unfrozen ground zones (taliks) in the Pyakyakhinka oilfield and to petroleum exploration in the southern Siberian craton.     

冻土区的地下水基础研究——《寒区冻结层上水》简介（英文）

由俄罗斯科学院西伯利亚分院Melnikov冻土研究所的V.V.Shepelev教授编写,R.V.Zhang教授编辑的《寒区冻结层上水》(Suprapermafrost Waters in the Cryolithozone)一书已于2011年由俄罗斯新西伯利亚的地球科学学术出版社(Novosibirsk:Academic Publishing House"Geo")出版发行.全书分为5章,共130页,包括50幅彩图,17个表格,426条主要参考文献,硬皮封面.针对地球科学界提出的一个新研究领域"寒区水文地质学(cryohydrogeology)",该书介绍了其概念、分类方案、主要影响因素、水的化学组成特性、持水系统的水动力特征以及他们对技术影响的响应等.全书包含了作者及其团队多年来对俄罗斯地区冻结层上水的形成规律、区域边界特征、相变特征等进行系统观测所得到的大量数据,并进行系统分析所得到的研究结果,具有很好的应用参考价值.该专著不但会引起水文地质学和冻土学专家的极大兴趣,而且可以作为主修地质学、地理学、土木工程、水文地质学、冻土学的大学生或研究生的教科书,也可以作为专业人员的参考书籍.