Trends in Tidal Levels and Mean Sea Level in the Gulf of Thailand

Ocean Science Journal - Astronomical tides have a major impact on coastal sediment distribution, seawater levels, coastal navigation, and other coastal dynamics. Any significant change to tides...     

Comparative morphological analysis of the diurnal rhythms in geomagnetic and seismic activity

To verify the hypothesis of the possible influence of geomagnetic variations on seismicity, the structures of the diurnal rhythms of seismicity in Garm research area, Tajikistan, and geomagnetic activity are investigated in detail using the regional index of geomagnetic activity at the Tashkent Astronomical Observatory. We compare (1) the average shape of the diurnal variations and its seasonal changes; (2) temporal changes in special coefficients of the amplitude variations and the diurnal variation stability. It is revealed that the dynamics of the mentioned parameters differ considerably between the geomagnetic and seismic activities. We conclude that the results obtained on the basis of the used data and processing techniques do not confirm the hypothesis of possible influence of weak geomagnetic variations on background seismicity in the Garm region, Tajikistan.     

便携式天文定向系统及其精度分析

天文定向是以观测天体来确定地面目标方位角的高精度自主定向方法。但是,传统的天文定向设备繁重,无法满足机动应用。针对这一问题,利用电子经纬仪和内置GPS OEM板的掌上电脑,建立了新型便携式天文定向系统,提出了将时角法模型推广到太阳和任意恒星定向的新思路。测试结果表明该系统精度高、速度快,能满足快速机动定向的需求。     

Book Reviews

The UK Hydrographic Office (UKHO)-sponsored Vertical Offshore Reference Frames (VORF) project aims to develop tidal level transformation models that are referenced to the GRS80 ellipsoid and thus compatible with GNSS positioning; in particular, heighting. Benefits include increasing the efficiency of hydrographic surveying, providing a stable consistent reference frame and enabling integration with land data in the coastal zone. Seven contemporary global ocean tide models are used to derive Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) surfaces which are each assessed by comparison with LAT values from the 7,389-strong UKHO tide gauge database, with the results correlated with distance from land. The proportion of truly offshore and pelagic gauges is relatively limited; however, the transition zone whereby the global ocean tide models commence to deteriorate in accuracy is evident at approximately 30km from the coast. The DTU10 model was selected as the strongest candidate overall. Subsequently, a thin plate spline method is used with the tide gauge dataset to enhance the DTU10 LAT surface in the coastal zone, creating a high resolution global LAT surface with respect to mean sea level. It is seen by cross-validation that the method may be used to predict LAT in near-shore locations with a standard error of 0.23 m.     

海平面上升对北部湾风暴潮增水影响研究——以 2012 年台风“山神”为例

全球变暖引发的海平面上升将加剧风暴潮增水,进而危及沿海经济发展与社会安全保障。本文基于模型耦合与模型嵌套技术构建北部湾台风风暴潮数值模拟系统,以2012年台风"山神"为天气背景,通过设计7组情景模拟研究未来不同海平面上升背景下北部湾风暴潮增水变化。结果表明:风暴潮期间水位从南向北沿北部湾逐渐涌高,最高水位发生在广西沿岸,达2.4 m以上。天文潮和台风风场拖曳力是形成高水位的主要驱动力,其中天文大潮和最大风场拖曳力对最高水位的贡献率分别约占70%和30%。海平面上升对风暴潮增水的影响具有时空非线性和非均一性特征。其中,潮位波动和波-流耦合效应会改变实际最大增水发生时间,导致钦州湾附近高潮位大致提前1天半,海平面上升1.1 m使得最大风暴潮增水大致提前30 min;未来海平面上升0.66～1.1 m将导致北部湾大部分海域风暴潮增水幅度放大6%～10%,广西沿岸钦州湾和大风江河口出现负增加效应,可能与溺谷海湾地形特征有关。研究结果可为未来北部湾沿岸防御风暴潮灾害提供理论依据。     

Landward limit of wind setup on beaches

Open coast storm surge water levels consist of a wind shear forcing component generally referred to as wind setup; a wave setup component caused by wind-induced waves transferring momentum to the water column; an atmospheric pressure head component due to the atmospheric pressure deficit over the spatial extent of the storm system; a Coriolis-forced component due to effects of the rotation of the earth acting on the wind-driven alongshore current at the coast; and, if astronomical tides are present, an astronomical tide component. Astronomical tide is considered to be predictable and, therefore, not a meteorological driven component of storm surge although there may be interaction between the tide and meteorological driven water levels. Typically the most important component of storm surge on the US East Coast and Gulf of Mexico shorelines is the wind setup component. The importance of inland flooding due to the wind setup component of storm surge is considered herein with special reference to the effect of subaerial slope on inland flooding where three different linear slopes are considered and storm surge is calculated for the region above still water level, using an analytic solution. The present study findings show that the inland storm surge from the wind setup component can be of considerable importance and lead to significantly higher storm surges than found for storm surge at the still water level intersection of the beach/land. It is shown that mild slopes can lead to very high water levels at the land–water interface (i.e. above the still water level intersection of the beach).     

Preface

Identification of Seismic Sources—Earthquake or Underground Explosion Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held at Voksenåsen, Oslo, Norway, September 8–18, 1980, edited by E. S. Husebye and S. Mykkeltveit. (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel Publishing Company, published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division, NATO Advanced Study Institute, Series C, Vol. 74, 1981), 876 p.

Current Research in Earthquake Prediction I edited by T. Rikitake, Report No. 2, Developments in Earth and Planetary Sciences, Centre for Academic Publications, Tokyo, (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1981), 383 p.

Air‐Sea Interaction: Instruments and Methods edited by F. Dobson, L. Hasse, and R. Davis. (New York: Plenum Press, 1980), 692 p.

Structure of Transition Zone edited by S. Asano. Published by Center for Academic Publications Japan, Tokyo. (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel Publishing Company. 1980.

The Sea Floor: An Introduction to Marine Geology by E. Seibold and W. H. Berger (Berlin: Springer‐Verlag, 1982), 288 p. $20.00.

Reference Coordinate Systems for Earth Dynamics Proceedings of the 56th Colloquium of the International Astronomical Union held in Warsaw, Poland, September 8–12, 1980, edited by E. M. Gaposchkin, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A., and B. Kolaczek, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland (D. Reidel Publishing Company Dordrecht, the Netherlands/Boston, U.S.A./London, England, 1981) 414 p. hard cover.

The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef by David Hopley (New York; John Wiley &; Sons, 1982) $59.95.     

Tidally driven mixing in a numerical model of the ocean general circulation

Astronomical data reveals that approximately 3.5 terawatts (TW) of tidal energy is dissipated in the ocean. Tidal models and satellite altimetry suggest that 1 TW of this energy is converted from the barotropic to internal tides in the deep ocean, predominantly around regions of rough topography such as mid-ocean ridges. A global tidal model is used to compute turbulent energy levels associated with the dissipation of internal tides, and the diapycnal mixing supported by this energy flux is computed using a simple parameterization.The mixing parameterization has been incorporated into a coarse resolution numerical model of the global ocean. This parameterization offers an energetically consistent and practical means of improving the representation of ocean mixing processes in climate models. Novel features of this implementation are that the model explicitly accounts for the tidal energy source for mixing, and that the mixing evolves both spatially and temporally with the model state. At equilibrium, the globally averaged diffusivity profile ranges from 0.3 cm² s⁻¹ at thermocline depths to 7.7 cm² s⁻¹ in the abyss with a depth average of 0.9 cm² s⁻¹, in close agreement with inferences from global balances. Water properties are strongly influenced by the combination of weak mixing in the main thermocline and enhanced mixing in the deep ocean. Climatological comparisons show that the parameterized mixing scheme results in a substantial reduction of temperature/salinity bias relative to model solutions with either a uniform vertical diffusivity of 0.9 cm² s⁻¹ or a horizontally uniform bottom-intensified arctangent mixing profile. This suggests that spatially varying bottom intensified mixing is an essential component of the balances required for the maintenance of the ocean’s abyssal stratification.     

低氧胁迫对军曹鱼幼鱼免疫相关基因转录水平表达的影响

为研究低氧胁迫对军曹鱼幼鱼免疫功能的影响,将幼鱼暴露于溶氧浓度为(3.15±0.21) mg/L的水体28 d,测定不同时间点肿瘤坏死因子α (TNFα)、肿瘤坏死因子α诱导蛋白3 (TNFAIP3)、白细胞介素1β (IL-1β)、白细胞介素1受体2 (IL-1R2)、白细胞介素17C (IL-17C)和热休克蛋白70 (HSP70)等免疫相关基因在幼鱼鳃、肝脏、肠道和脾脏中的转录水平表达量。结果显示:(1)在幼鱼的鳃中,TNFα 和 IL-1R2 基因转录水平表达量在胁迫1 d和14 d时极显著低于对照组(p<0.01),胁迫 28 d则分别表现为极显著(p<0.01)和显著下降(p<0.05);TNFAIP3在胁迫1 d时极显著升高(p<0.01),在胁迫7 d和14 d时则分别表现为显著(p<0.05)和极显著(p<0.01)下降;IL-1β在胁迫1 d时极显著下降(p<0.01)后极显著升高 (p<0.01);IL-17C在胁迫7 d和14 d时极显著下降(p<0.01);HSP70 在胁迫1 d时显著下降(p<0.05),在胁迫14 d和28 d时均极显著降低(p<0.01);(2)在肝脏中,TNFα 和 IL-1R2 基因转录水平表达量在胁迫1 d和28 d时显著下降(p<0.05),在胁迫14 d时则极显著降低(p<0.01);TNFAIP3在胁迫1 d时极显著上升(p<0.01),在胁迫14 d和28 d时则极显著下降(p<0.01);IL-1β在所有胁迫时间点均极显著上升(p<0.01);IL-17C 在胁迫7 d、14 d和28 d时均极显著低于对照水平(p<0.01);HSP70基因表达量持续上升,并于胁迫28 d时达到顶峰(p<0.01);(3)在肠道中,TNFα、IL-1β、IL-1R2、IL-17C和HSP70基因转录水平表达量在胁迫的所有时间点均极显著高于对照组(p<0.01),TNFAIP3在胁迫1 d时表达量极显著升高(p<0.01)后下降,在胁迫7 d和14 d时分别与对照组具有显著(p<0.05)和极显著差异(p<0.01);(4)在脾脏中,TNFα和IL-17C 基因转录水平表达量在胁迫1 d、7 d和14 d时极显著下降(p<0.01),在胁迫28 d时则显著降低(p<0.05);IL-1β在胁迫1 d和28 d时极显著下降(p<0.01),在胁迫7 d和14 d时则显著降低(p<0.05);IL-1R2在胁迫1 d、7 d和28 d时极显著下降(p <0.01),在胁迫14 d时则显著下降(p<0.05);HSP70基因表达量在胁迫1 d、7 d和28 d时均极显著下降(p<0.01)。研究结果表明,28 d的低氧胁迫后,军曹鱼幼鱼免疫基因的转录表达水平发生显著性变化,预示长时间的低氧可能抑制了军曹鱼的免疫功能,引发肠道炎症,并增加了军曹鱼感染病原菌的风险。     

中国近海蛾螺科的初步研究Ⅰ.唇齿螺属及甲虫螺属

蛾螺科(Buccinidae)是腹足类软体动物中经济价值较大、种类较多的一个科,许多种类在世界上某些地区被视为美味上品,它们不仅个体大,而且产量多,营养价值高,如香螺、东风螺等为我国主要经济贝类。该科种类遍布世界各海区,既有分布于高纬度区域的冷水种,也有局限于低纬度区域的暖水种。种类不同栖息的环境也不同,有岩石、珊瑚礁、沙、泥沙及软泥等底质;从潮间带至水深数千米的深海都有分布。 作者根据中国科学院海洋研究所多年来搜集的标本,记述了我国海域唇齿螺属(Engina)和甲虫螺属(Cantharus)种类共14种,其中5种为我国首次记录。     

Nitrogen fixation driven by mesoscale eddies and the Kuroshio Current in the northern South China Sea and the East China Sea

N₂ fixation rates (NFR, in terms of N) in the northern South China Sea (nSCS) and the East China Sea (ECS) were measured using the acetylene reduction assay in summer and winter, 2009. NFR of the surface water ranged from 1.14 nmol/(L·d) to 10.40 nmol/(L·d) (average at (4.89±3.46) nmol/(L·d), n=11) in summer and 0.74 nmol/(L·d) to 29.45 nmol/(L·d) (average at (7.81±8.50) nmol/(L·d), n=15) in winter. Significant spatio-temporal heterogeneity emerged in our study: the anticyclonic eddies (AE) (P<0.01) and the Kuroshio Current (KC) (P<0.05) performed significantly higher NFR than that in the cyclonic eddies or no-eddy area (CEONE), indicating NFR was profoundly influenced by the physical process of the Kuroshio and mesoscale eddies. The depth-integrated N₂ fixation rates (INF, in terms of N) ranged from 52.4 μmol/(m2·d) to 905.2 μmol/(m2·d) (average at (428.9±305.5) μmol/(m2·d), n=15) in the winter. The contribution of surface NFR to primary production (PP) ranged from 1.7% to 18.5% in the summer, and the mean contribution of INF to new primary production (NPP) in the nSCS and ECS were estimated to be 11.0% and 36.7% in the winter. The contribution of INF to NPP (3.0%–93.9%) also decreased from oligotrophic sea toward the eutrophic waters affected by runoffs or the CEONE. Furthermore, we observed higher contributions compared to previous studies, revealing the vital roles of nitrogen fixation in sustaining the carbon pump of the nSCS and ECS.     

柴达木盆地盐湖环境中超铀元素的分布特征

1993年采用α谱仪和大面积屏栅电离定对柴达木盆地盐湖水、地下水、河水以及地表和两个钻孔沉积物中的U,Pu和Am进行了测定。结果表明,各类水样中239Pu（含240Pu,下同）的平均含量高出表层海水约1000倍,其239Pu／238U的活度比在0．001－0．530之间;两钻孔沉积物中239Pu的平均值分别为49±0．8mBq／g和2．4±0．5mBq／g,239Pu／238U的活度比为0．141和0．088,由此探讨了U,Pu和Am的分布特征、239Pu／238U比值的变化规律以及沉积物和水中Pu的来源。     

东北季风期海南岛三亚湾初级生产力分布特征及其影响因素

根据2006年10月和2007年1月的监测资料,对三亚湾在东北季风初始期和盛行期初级生产力的分布特征及其受水体环境的影响因素进行了分析。三亚湾秋、冬季表层潜在初级生产力平均值分别为6.81mgC·m-3·h-1和7.47mgC·m-3·h-1;水柱初级生产力平均值分别为504.96mgC·m-2·d-1和495.33mgC·m-2·d-1。东北季风期间,三亚湾水体垂直混合作用加强,层化现象减弱,水动力过程和营养盐等环境因子是该海湾初级生产力分布特征和季节变化的重要调控因素;其中冬季较高的DIN分布对表层初级生产力有潜在促进作用,而水体扰动增强、真光层深度下降则导致水柱初级生产力低于秋季。三亚河口近岸水域秋、冬季均为营养盐、叶绿素a及初级生产力的高值区,其中表层潜在初级生产力在秋季和冬季分别达到了45.80mgC·m-3·h-1和39.27mgC·m-3·h-1,表明调查期间三亚河营养盐输入对近岸水体浮游植物初级生产过程的显著影响。     

Oxidative stress in Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta, Nereididae): environmental and seasonal effects

Laeonereis acuta was seasonally collected in an industrially polluted site (P) and in an unpolluted site (UP) at the Patos Lagoon estuary (southern Brazil). Glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity (U/mg protein) was determined in five groups of worms from each site. Metallothionein (MT - mol GSH/g ww) and lipid peroxides content (LPO - nmoles of cumene hydroperoxide/g ww) were also measured. Annual mean values for CAT (UP=3.7+/-0.3; P=5.7+/-0.6), GST (UP=0.034+/-0.003; P=0.045+/-0.004) and MT (UP=0.15+/-0.02; P=0.23+/-0.03) were higher (p<0.05) in worms from the P site. In autumn, CAT activity was higher (p<0.05) in worms from the P site (7.6 +/- 1.3) than in those from the UP site (3.6 +/- 0.4). In summer, MT concentration was higher in worms from the P site (0.37 +/- 0.03) than in those from the UP site (0.19 +/- 0.01). No significant difference (p>0.05) in the LPO content was observed in worms from the different sites or collected in different seasons. These results indicate that worms from the polluted site showed higher antioxidant responses than those from the unpolluted site, sufficient to prevent oxidative damage in terms of LPO.     

Oxidative stress responses in two populations of Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta, Nereididae) after acute and chronic exposure to copper

Acute (4 days) and chronic (14 days) effects of copper were evaluated on the antioxidant defenses of Laeonereis acuta (Polychaeta) collected in unpolluted (UP) and polluted (P) sites. In the acute assay (125 and 250 micro g Cu/l) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities did not change, whereas catalase (CAT) increased in worms from both the sites. Lipid peroxidation was higher in copper exposed worms from the P site. In the chronic assay (62.5 micro g Cu/l) polychaetes from the P site showed enhanced activities of SOD, GST and CAT and higher contents of metallothionein-like proteins and sulfhydrils compared to worms from UP. Differences in responses between polychaetes from UP and P sites suggest that organisms from the polluted site, P, are more susceptible to oxidative stress conditions.     

壳聚糖硫酸酯金属配合物的抗氧化活性

以吩嗪硫酸甲酯-NADH为超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~(·-))产生、检测体系和EDTANa_2-Fe(Ⅱ)-H_2O_2为羟自由基(~·OH)产生、检测体系,对壳聚糖硫酸酯铜、锌配合物和不同分子质量壳聚糖进行了抗O_2~(·-)和~·OH自由基的活性研究.结果表明,壳聚糖硫酸酯金属配合物对于O_2~(·-)自由基的清除能力明显高于壳聚糖,在质量浓度为0.025 g/L时,壳聚糖硫酸酯铜配合物对O_2~(·-)自由基的清除能力达到94.18%,壳聚糖硫酸酯锌配合物达到93.19%;壳聚糖硫酸酯铜、锌配合物对~·OH自由基的清除能力(67.39%、60.46%)低于相同分子质量的壳聚糖(88.06%),而高于高分子质量壳聚糖761 ku(18.71%);壳聚糖分子质量大小对O_2~(·-)和~·OH自由基的清除能力有较大影响,质量浓度为1.6 g/L壳聚糖分子质量为20 ku时,对O_2~(·-)清除率达54.69%,而分子质量在761 ku时,对O_2~(·-)清除率仅为35.50%;各样品对O_2~(·-)和~·OH自由基的清除能力均随着质量浓度的增加而上升,壳聚糖硫酸酯铜、锌配合物在相当低的浓度下(0.025 g/L)就可以达到明显清除O_2~(·-)自由基的效果(≥90%).     

A comparative study of the differential blood cell counts of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) collected in New England

Major alterations in the distribution of peripheral blood cells were observed among winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) from Martha's Vineyard (MV), East Cape Cod Bay (ECCB), Fox Island (FI) (Narragansett Bay), Central Long Island Sound (CLIS), Gaspee Point (GP) (Narragansett Bay), Black Rock Harbor (BRH) (Bridgeport, CT), New Bedford Harbor (NBH) and Quincy Bay (QB) (Boston Harbor). Collection locations ranged from relatively uncontaminated offshore (MV) and nearshore (ECCB) sites to the more contaminated estuarine (FI, CLIS) and urban embayments (GP, BRH, NBH, QB). Differential diagnosis demonstrated a shift in lymphocyte counts from 28% (MV) to 54% (QB) that increased with the incidence of liver lesions in relation to known and suspected levels of sediment chemical contamination. A significant change in the ratio of circulating immature to mature erythrocytes was observed in flounder collected from Boston Harbor. Immature erythrocytes comprised 18% of the total erythrocyte population of fish from QB in comparison to 6% observed in flounder from ECCB.     

Organic carbon budget in shrimp polyculture enclosure ecosystems

INTRODUCTIONInformationontheorganiccarbonbudgetofpond-culturesystemsisindispensableforrealizingboththestatusofmaterialcyclinginthesystemsandforevaluatingtheefficiencyoftheculturepractice.Manyarticleshavebeenpublishedonthistopicinterms'offishPOnds.Accordingtothemethodused,theymaybedividedintotwocategories:onewastosubtractthetotalorganiccarbonoutput(planktoncommunityrespiration,sedimentcommunityrespiration,culturedanimalproductionandtheirrespiration)fromtheirtotalincome(phytoplanktonproduct…     

南沙群岛海域水体漫衰减系数Kd(490)的特性研究

对南沙群岛海区水体Kd(490）的特性进行了深入分析和探讨,研究结果表明：Kd（490）的垂直分布与同步测量的海水叶绿素a浓度的垂直分布有很强的相关性;Kd（490）的垂直分布反映出该区域海水存在较强的分层现象,研究中还发现上行辐亮度漫衰减系数KL（490）与Kd（490）垂直变化趋势相当一致,但是以二者达到最大值的深度为界,上层水体的KL（490）值稍大于Kd(490）值,在这一深度以下则相反。     

陆地原位宇宙成因核素(TCN)在地表过程与构造活动关系研究中的应用

大地构造、气候变化和地表过程间的耦合作用被视为今后10年内六大地学新课题之一，而从事这一重大课题研究的有效途经便是陆地原位宇宙成因核素的研究和应用。从目前该领域的研究实践来看，经常使用的是^3He、^10Be、^14C、^21Ne、^26Al和^36Cl核素，其中石英的^26Al和^10Be的配合使用最为普遍。通过陆地原位宇宙成因核素（TCN）方法基本原理的阐释，并结合当今国际上该领域利用^10Be和^26Al在暴露年龄与侵蚀速率、沉积物埋藏年龄以及河流下切速率等方面的工作实例．介绍陆地原位宇宙成因核素在地表过程以及地表过程与构造活动相互关系研究上的应用。