黔中-渝南铝土矿含矿岩系稀土元素地球化学特征

黔中-渝南成矿带内,不同沉积环境形成的铝土矿含矿岩系,其岩石组合与REE特征有着明显差别。各沉积区铝土矿、黏土岩的∑Ce/∑y均大于1,皆以轻稀土为主。修文沉积区铝土矿、黏土岩的∑REE含量最多,重稀土相对含量最少,息烽-遵义沉积区的则均次之,黔北沉积区的铝土矿、黏土岩中∑REE含量最少,重稀土相对含量最多。区内铝土矿特殊稀土(TSE)含量排序为HoEuTbTmLu,黏土岩的TSE含量排序多为EuHoTbTmLu,与国内外各时代页岩一致。这些特征均与下伏基底岩石有密切的成因联系。修文沉积区九架炉组铝土矿含矿岩系的母岩,是寒武系碳酸盐岩与下奥陶统页岩、白云岩、灰岩;息烽-遵义沉积区九架炉组铝土矿含矿岩系的母岩,是下奥陶统页岩、白云岩和灰岩;黔北沉积区大竹园组铝土矿含矿岩系的母岩,则是下志留统页岩与上石炭统灰岩。各沉积区铝土矿、黏土岩REE特征与下伏母岩REE特征相似,它们之间可能具有继承性规律,因而可以追踪到铝土矿含矿岩系的物质来源。     

福泉市矮蹬地区九架炉组铝土矿、赤铁矿矿床地质特征

福泉矮蹬地区铝土矿、赤铁矿均产于石炭系九架炉组（Cjj）地层中下部,产出层位较稳定,延伸规模大.矿体呈层状、似层状、透镜状产出,产状与地层产状基本一致,矿石品位较高,变化较小.含矿岩系底厚度严格受下伏地层泥盆系上统高坡场组（D3g）厚层白云岩风化壳（喀斯特地貌）起伏控制.将该区铝土矿与修文地区大豆厂九架炉组（Cjj）铝土矿床含矿岩系等进行对比,揭示了本区铝土矿的独特之处.结合九架炉组分布范围、厚度及其变化等,对该区铝土矿资源找矿潜力进行了初步评价,拟为下一步在该区实现铝土矿的找矿突破提供一定的参考.     

渝南与黔北铝土矿含矿岩系沉积时代探讨北大核心CSCD

渝南与黔北铝土矿含矿岩系的下伏地层都为韩家店组页岩或黄龙组灰岩,顶部为炭质页岩,两地完全可以进行对比,应该具有一致的沉积时代。根据含矿岩系下伏灰岩中的牙形刺Streptognathodus oppletus和Streptognathodus gracilis化石,灰岩时代应为晚石炭世—早二叠世。含矿岩系的时代可由下伏灰岩和上覆栖霞组来进行限定。结合其他资料,认为渝南与黔北含矿岩系的沉积时代应为早二叠世晚期(相当于Kungurian期)的梁山组。     

黔北铝土矿含矿岩系的沉积时代研究

通过对黔北铝土矿含矿岩系下伏灰岩中丰富的筵类化石和含矿岩系中大量的植物化石的鉴定和研究,结合对黔北地区沉积旋回和古气候的分析,认为黔北铝土矿含矿岩系的下伏灰岩为黄龙组地层,而上覆于黄龙组之上的铝土岩系,其沉积时代应为早二叠世马平组沉积期的晚期,层位相当于Pseudoschwagerina化石带.     

黔中—渝南铝土矿含矿岩系微量元素区域分布特征及物质来源探讨

黔中—渝南成矿带石炭纪铝土矿含矿岩系,分别形成于修文、息烽—遵义和黔北—渝南三个沉积区,大多数铝土矿属产于碳酸盐岩侵蚀面上的、少数为产于泥页岩侵蚀面上的硬水铝石沉积型铝土矿床。修文沉积区铝土矿中Zr、RE2O3含量最多,息烽—遵义沉积区铝土矿中Ga含量最多,黔北—渝南沉积区Li含量最多,各有特色。修文沉积区铝土矿含矿岩系的母岩,是其下伏寒武系碳酸盐岩与下奥陶统页岩、灰岩、白云岩;息烽—遵义沉积区含矿岩系的母岩为下伏下奥陶统页岩、灰岩及白云岩;黔北—渝南沉积区含矿岩系的母岩,是下伏下志留统泥、页岩和上石炭统石灰岩。碳酸盐岩中Al2O3与稳定的微量元素含量甚少,要演变成大面积铝土矿,必须要配以足够的含Al2O3和微量元素较多的泥、页岩,才可能满足形成大规模铝土矿的物质需求。     

贵州省三联铝土矿床地质特征及控矿因素浅析

贵州省三联铝土矿位于黔北隆起区,是近年在遵义-息烽铝土矿成矿区探明的小型矿床之一。通过系统分析该矿床的地质特征,查明控矿因素,总结了找矿标志,探讨了矿床成因。研究表明:①三联铝土矿含矿岩系为下石炭统九架炉组中下部,铝土矿呈层状产于上寒武统-下奥陶统娄山关组碳酸盐岩古侵蚀面之上,与上覆下石炭统上司组呈整合接触,矿床成因类型为古风化壳沉积型;②含矿岩系中元素Sr/Cu比值与化学蚀变指数(CIA)特征显示铝土矿主要形成于气候温暖、潮湿的陆相沉积环境;③矿石自然类型主要为豆鲕状、砾状结构,铝土矿物主要为一水硬铝石、三水铝石;④矿床的形成主要受地层岩性、背斜构造、古地貌、古气候等因素控制;⑤找矿标志:地层标志、岩性标志、古侵蚀间断面标志、褶皱构造标志等。     

贵州修文县干坝铝土矿地质特征及成因

贵州修文县干坝铝土矿区位于黔中铝土矿带,其矿体形态呈似层状,赋存于下石炭统九架炉组(C₁j j)中,铝土矿体的规模与铝土矿岩系的厚度成正比,含矿岩系厚度大,则矿体规模大。而含矿岩系的厚度则受古喀斯特侵蚀面起伏状态控制,低洼处厚度大,凸起处厚度薄。该矿床类型属沉积型铝土矿矿床。     

沉积型铝土矿及其含矿岩系在溶蚀洼地中的沉积特征——以遵义后槽矿区为例

位于遵义铝土矿带中部的后槽矿区,受NE-SW向岩溶盆地控制,溶盆内分布有众多形态各异的中、小型溶洼、溶坑和溶沟,在这些溶蚀洼地中,沉积了下石炭统九架炉组的铝土矿含矿岩系。其中主要有似泥石流沉积、沼泽、泥炭沼泽沉积和洪泛漫流沉积。似泥石流沉积物与沼泽、泥炭沼泽沉积物多次交替重叠,构成了多个沉积旋回,表明沉积环境发生过多次周期性变化。似泥石流沉积和洪泛漫流沉积,是形成铝土矿的主要沉积作用。洪泛漫流沉积形成的、覆盖全区所有溶蚀洼地的铝土矿体最为重要,称为"主流面状矿体"。"主流面状矿体"形成之后,本区原始的红土风化壳物质向九架炉组铝土矿含矿岩系沉积物的转变阶段即告终结。铝土矿含矿岩系的形成,主要是在各种溶蚀洼地中陆相复合沉积作用的结果。     

贵州后槽铝土矿古岩溶地貌控矿作用及找矿意义

后槽铝土矿区位于黔中遵义铝土矿带中部,受NE向岩溶盆地控制,发育众多形态各异的中、小型的溶洼、溶坑和溶沟,在这些溶蚀洼地中,沉积了下石炭统九架炉组含铝岩系.文章通过对后槽地区354个钻探工程揭露的含铝岩系厚度、矿体厚度及化学成分的系统统计分析,研究了该区岩溶古地貌特征及其控矿作用,并进行找矿靶区预测.研究结果表明,后槽...     

遵义含铝岩系硫同位素地质特征初探

发育在寒武系中上统娄山关群白云岩(∈_(2-3)ls)或奥陶系下统桐梓组白云岩夹富钾水云母粘土岩(O_1t)古侵蚀面之上,二叠系下统栖霞组石灰岩(P_1q)之下的遵义、息烽、开阳含铝岩系,广布于乌江两岸,是黔中南部(清镇、修文)铝土矿的北延部分。它们是一套延续而不可分割的岩石地层单位统一体,其时代经近年研究已初步划定为早石炭世大塘早期。乌江以北遵义县境内的含铝岩系(或简称矿系),其特征元素除通常公认的Al、Si、Fe、Ti之外,常含有丰度较高的S元素和一定的有机质,并构成了相应的高硫及富炭铝土矿。S元素常以黄铁矿这一矿物形式,比较集中地分布于矿系下段底部粘土岩及上段铝土矿中,形成可供工业开采利用的黄铁矿矿床和出现严重影响炼铝工艺流程的高硫铝土矿床(体)。矿系顶部炭质页岩—煤线—劣质煤组合中,亦见有黄铁矿偏集分布,同时,在矿系底板桐梓组泥质白云岩中,在顶板栖霞组石灰岩中,均可见到黄铁矿零星分布,并于局部地段富集。因此,S元素是纵贯含铝岩系及其顶、底板地层的又一特征元素。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.