广东丹霞山白垩系红色砂岩崖壁上风化洞穴成因的矿物学研究

基于盐风化作用和化学风化作用在砂岩风化洞穴形成中的意义，本文利用硫酸盐与氯化物等盐类物质对丹霞山岩壁上的红色砂岩进行盐浸泡实验，并对比浸泡前后岩石结构、化学成分及矿物组成的变化，旨在为盐类物质在丹霞山岩壁上洞穴形成中的意义积累科学数据。结果表明，盐浸泡可以使红色砂岩中的矿物组成产生变化；含SO₄^2-比含Cl^-的盐溶液对红色砂岩洞穴破坏更为显著，且浓度越高对砂岩表面的剥蚀作用越强烈；盐溶液会使红色砂岩胶结物严重流失，且盐类物质在砂岩孔隙中结晶后，因其粒径的逐渐增大，致使大颗粒石英附近的裂隙扩大，进而加快洞穴的形成。总体上，广东丹霞山红色砂岩崖壁上风化洞穴的成因可解释为长石溶蚀、胶结物流失与盐风化共同作用的结果。     

沐川地区白垩系碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及对四川盆地西南部丹霞红层物源区的指示

四川盆地是我国著名的中生代红层盆地,盆地内丹霞地貌分布较广.本文对沐川地区白垩系窝头山组(K1W)砖红色长石石英砂岩碎屑锆石开展了 LA-ICP-M SU-Pb定年分析,为探讨四川盆地西南部丹霞红层物质来源提供年代学证据.研究表明,样品20M C01碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄主要集中于2565～2398 M a、1972～1...     

南辽河群盖县组的重新厘定:来自辽南地区黄花甸-苏子沟一带变质砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学证据

传统认为辽河群顶部的盖县组广泛分布于辽南地区。本文对岫岩县黄花甸-苏子沟一带的南辽河群盖县组变质长石石英砂岩和变质石英砂岩进行了LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究。其中变质长石石英砂岩中碎屑锆石普遍发育核-边结构,核部具有清晰的振荡环带;变质石英砂岩中碎屑锆石基本无核-边结构,具有清晰或者略模糊的振荡环带。锆石微量元素分析结果显示,具有振荡环带锆石微区具有轻稀土元素(LREE)亏损、重稀土元素(HREE)相对富集的配分曲线特征,Ce正异常和Eu负异常明显,Th/U和Zr/Hf比值较高,表明其岩浆成因。变质长石石英砂岩岩浆成因锆石微区~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb谐和年龄集中于2506～1748Ma之间,且呈现～2178Ma和～1863Ma两个年龄主峰,表明主要物质来源为同时期花岗质岩石(条痕状花岗岩和斑状花岗岩);变质石英砂岩岩浆成因锆石微区~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb谐和年龄集中于3546～1950Ma之间,呈现～2149Ma年龄主峰值,表明主要物质来源为条痕状花岗岩,另有少量太古宙基底物质的加入。研究区变质长石石英砂岩～1.86Ga的年龄峰值与辽河群其它变沉积岩明显不同,表明沉积时代一定晚于～1.86Ga,即形成于辽河群古元古代变质作用之后。综合研究区盖县组变质长石石英砂岩与辽河群其它变沉积岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄的差异,我们建议将盖县组部分变沉积岩从辽河群中解体出来。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘彭阳铀矿区矿物学研究及其对区域成矿的指示

绝大多数砂岩型铀矿均赋存于河湖相或滨浅海相等沉积地层中。彭阳铀矿床是近期在鄂尔多斯盆地西南部新发现的一个大型铀矿床,也是中国首个产出于风成砂岩中的砂岩型铀矿床。矿体主要赋存于洛河组砂岩中,岩性主要为中细粒长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩。洛河组以沙漠沉积相为主,靠近盆地边缘地区发育冲积扇及河流相沉积。本文在详细的野外调研和矿相学研究基础上,围绕富铀地层洛河组开展详细的矿物学研究,利用扫描电镜、背散射、电子探针等方法,发现洛河组中的铀矿物主要为沥青铀矿,其次为含钛铀矿物,以及少量铀石,基本查明了铀矿物的矿物学特征、化学成分及共生矿物组合。铀矿物大多呈星点状与锐钛矿、磷灰石(胶磷矿)、黄铁矿等密切共生,或者呈条带状分布于石英等碎屑颗粒边缘。与伊犁盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地典型矿床的团块状铀矿物相比,彭阳铀矿床的铀矿物以多呈星点浸染状为特征。洛河组风成砂岩中还原剂十分缺乏,推测有油气等还原物质参与了砂岩型铀矿的氧化还原作用并导致铀矿的沉淀富集。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗区块下石盒子组自生石英形成机制

通过观察石英阴极发光颜色、扫描电镜及偏光显微镜下颗粒的微观特征,同时结合自生矿物的宏观分布特点及硅质来源阶段分析,发现鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗地区下石盒子组砂岩储层中石英硅质来源包括长石溶蚀、粘土矿物的转化及压溶作用,且以前两者为主;硅质运移及沉淀机制分析认为,长石溶蚀和粘土矿物蚀变形成的硅质以层内流体平流携带和扩散运移为主,压溶作用产生的硅质在颗粒表面沉淀或与蚀变提供的硅质来源混合发生运移;酸性流体侵入产生的pH值变化是控制石英沉淀的主要因素,温度、压力以及油气的充注对石英沉淀影响很小。     

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷与松辽盆地孤店C02气田含片钠铝石砂岩的岩石学特征

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷南屯组与松辽盆地孤店CO2气田泉头组发育大量含片钠铝石砂岩.通过偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、茜素红-S染色、X射线衍射、电子探针与INCA能谱分析等,对含片钠铝石砂岩的骨架碎屑组分、胶结物与自生矿物、成岩共生序列等岩石学特征进行了系统研究.研究表明,含片钠铝石砂岩的岩石类型为长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,粒度以细粒、细-中粒为主,分选差-中等.砂岩中胶结物主要为次生加大石英、自生石英、片钠铝石、铁白云石和牯土矿物.其中,片钠铝石最高可达砂岩总体积的22%,在砂岩中或以放射状、束状、菊花状、杂乱毛发状、毛球状、板状等集合体充填孔隙,或呈束状和板状交代长石和岩屑.电子探针与INCA能谱综合分析表明,片钠铝石主要由Na、AI、O、C等组成.在含片钠铝石砂岩中,成岩共生序列依次为牯土矿物包壳-次生加大石英、自生石英、自生高岭石-油气充注-CO2充注-片钠铝石-铁白云石.其中,CO2注入前形成的自生矿物组合主要为次生加大石英、自生石英和自生高岭石,C02注入后形成的自生矿物组合主要为片钠铝石和铁白云石.     

丹霞地貌砂岩的微观化学风化作用电子探针研究

利用偏光显微镜观察、电子探针分析等手段对江西龙虎山丹霞地貌崖壁砂岩的微观化学风化作用的发展过程进行了研究,重点观测黑云母蛭石化以及长石黏土化过程中矿物组分的变化,进而探讨丹霞地貌砂岩的微观化学风化作用机理。在微观化学风化下,强风化层胶结物中的方解石迅速分解流失,从而导致黑云母大量发生蛭石化和铁的氧化物在矿物边部富集;长石则大量发生黏土化而使高岭石、石英等矿物富集。研究表明丹霞地貌砂岩在微观化学风化作用下矿物分解以及新矿物的形成都破坏原来岩石中的力学平衡,因而风化作用在宏观上表现为岩面片状剥离和重力崩塌,据此推断更大尺度的风化作用可能与岩石中矿物的微观化学风化作用存在着密切联系,是微观化学风化作用长期累积后在宏观上的综合表现。      

红铁尘—红层的染色剂与砂岩铜矿的成因

在研究红层砂岩铜矿成矿规律和矿床成因的过程中,常会遇到构成岩石紫色和浅色的物质成分、岩石颜色的成因,以及其所代表的地质意义.通过几年的工作,我们把形成红层的紫色物质称为红铁尘.它分布广泛而普遍,在沉积成岩、成矿过程中具有很重要的意义;研究其地质过程有助于砂岩铜矿成因问题的解决和成矿规律的认识. 长期以来,人们都对红层的紫色给予一定的注意.在沉积矿物学、沉积岩石学和砂岩铜矿的研究中,认为形成红层的红色取决于其中所含的赤铁矿、褐铁矿和氢氧化铁等成分.例如,苏联普列奥勃拉任斯基等著的《沉积岩矿物》一书中指出:“形成于海底,含于盐矿层的红色夹层中;海成红色淤泥和粘土的红色取决于赤铁矿”.“杂     

江西龙虎山地区红层沉积相分析及与丹霞地貌发育关系研究——以仙人城景区为例

江西龙虎山地区以发育老年期丹霞地貌为特色,其成景地层为晚白垩世河口组红层,目前对这套红层的沉积相认识程度还比较低。龙虎山仙人城景区河口组出露厚度达百余米,沉积构造发育,且人工开凿的台阶可以直达山顶,这为沉积相分析提供了便利条件。根据野外露头岩性组成、沉积构造等特点,识别出6种岩相单元:无沉积构造砾岩、正粒序层理砾岩、逆粒序层理砾岩、平行层理砾岩、含砾砂岩、古土壤。砾石统计结果表明,砾石粒径范围主要为3~4 cm,最大可达12.5 cm,成分以紫红色凝灰岩为主,砂岩、花岗岩和石英次之、变质岩（主要是片岩）较少,磨圆度主要为次棱角状,其次为棱角状。在显微镜下,砂岩碎屑颗粒主要呈棱角-次棱角状,分选性较差,粒径为0.05~2.00 mm,主要由石英、长石和岩屑组成,总体具有结构和成分成熟度中等偏低的特点。野外露头宏观和室内显微分析结果表明,仙人城丹霞地貌的成景地层为河流主导的冲积扇沉积体系的产物。在龙虎山地区,丹霞地貌的空间分布与盆地冲积扇沉积相的平面展布具有较好的一致性,盆地边缘冲积扇成因的厚层砾岩为后期丹霞地貌的形成和演化提供了物质基础。      

四川盆地自流井组陆相页岩石英成因研究

为了分析含气陆相页岩中石英矿物的成因、分布及其影响因素,以四川盆地自流井组含气页岩层段为主要研究对象,利用X射线衍射分析、普通薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、电子探针及元素地球化学分析测试手段,识别出陆源石英和成岩过程中形成的石英。陆源石英在阴极光下表现为棕色光,粒径较大。成岩过程中形成的石英在阴极发光下不发光,晶形较好,粒径较小。根据成岩作用的不同,将成岩过程中形成的石英细分为黏土矿物转化过程中形成的石英和硅质交代介壳边缘形成的石英。分析不同成因的石英分布特征发现,东岳庙段内石英矿物主要为陆源输入和黏土转化成因;马鞍山段内的石英主要为陆源石英;大安寨段内的石英则为硅质交代自生和陆源输入成因。在此基础上,总结了陆相页岩中不同成因石英的影响因素,包括沉积环境和地层压力。在沉积环境方面,随陆源物质输入的增加,陆源石英增加。同时,适合的湖水盐度,有利于介壳生物的生存,为硅质交代介壳形成石英提供物质基础。此外,地层的异常高压会抑制黏土转化,减少硅质析出,阻碍自生石英的沉淀。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.