湘西花垣铅锌矿田成矿物质来源的C、O、H、S、Pb、Sr同位素制约

花垣地区铅锌矿床有望成为中国最大的铅锌矿床,也是铅锌矿资源储量超过千万吨的世界级超大型矿床之一。文章通过碳、氧、氢、硫、铅和锶同位素地球化学特征研究,探讨了成矿流体和成矿金属来源。测试结果显示,花垣地区铅锌矿床主成矿期方解石样品的δ~(13) CPDB值范围为-2.71‰~1.21‰,δ~(18) OSMOW值范围为16.09‰~22.48‰,该地区铅锌矿床成矿流体中的碳主要来源于海相碳酸盐岩的溶解作用。花垣矿区的围岩的δ~(13) CPDB值范围为0.29‰~1.05‰,δ~(18) OSMOW值范围为21.33‰~23.89‰,为沉积成因海相碳酸盐岩。矿石中硫化物的δ~(34) S变化于24.93‰~34.66‰之间,重晶石δ~(34) S为32.78‰~34.22‰,表明还原硫主要来自地层中海相硫酸盐的还原。矿石硫化物的铅同位素组成均一,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb分别为17.999~18.919、15.554~15.798和38.088~38.576,铅模式年龄为437~534Ma,成矿金属可能主要来源于奥陶系—寒武系。方解石和闪锌矿样品中流体的δD_(SMOW)变化于-91.1‰~-15‰之间,δ~(18) Ofluid变化范围为-4.1‰~8.75‰,矿床成矿流体的主要来源是建造水和大气降水。成矿流体与围岩的水-岩反应是导致该区铅锌矿床中方解石和闪锌矿矿物沉淀结晶的主要机制。成矿流体~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr为0.70906~0.71022,高于赋矿围岩寒武系清虚洞组灰岩锶同位素比值0.70886~0.70921,表明成矿流体流经了清虚洞组下伏地层,并与其中具有高锶同位素比值的碎屑岩、页岩和泥岩等进行了水岩反应及同位素交换。     

湘西花垣地区铅锌矿床C、H、O同位素特征及其对成矿流体来源的指示

湘西花垣地区铅锌矿床是铅锌矿资源储量超过千万吨的世界级超大型矿床之一。对该矿床主矿化期的方解石和闪锌矿进行了系统的C、H、O同位素研究。分析结果显示,花垣地区铅锌矿床主成矿期方解石样品的δ~(13)C_(PDB)值范围为-2.71‰~1.21‰,δ~(18)OSMOW值范围为16.09‰~22.48‰,团结、李梅、土地坪、蜂塘和大石沟各铅锌矿床中主成矿期方解石的13C、18O同位素依次表现出逐渐降低的特征,在δ~(18)O_(SMOW)-δ~(13)C_(PDB)图上主要介于原生碳酸盐岩与海相碳酸盐岩之间,该地区铅锌矿床成矿流体中的碳主要来源于海相碳酸盐岩的溶解作用。花垣矿区围岩的δ~(13)C_(PDB)值范围为0.15‰~1.17‰,δ~(18)O_(SMOW)值范围为19.79‰~23.89‰,指示沉积成因海相碳酸盐岩的特征。方解石和闪锌矿样品中流体的δD_(SMOW)变化于-91.1‰~-15‰之间,δ18Ofluid变化范围为-4.1‰~9.25‰,在矿区范围内流体的迁移方向是由北向南,δ~(18)O_(fluid)-δD_(SMOW)图显示,矿床成矿流体的主要来源是建造水和大气降水。成矿流体与围岩间的水-岩反应是导致湘西花垣地区铅锌矿床中方解石和闪锌矿矿物发生沉淀的主要机制。     

湘西黔东地区铅锌矿床C、O同位素地球化学特征及其对成矿过程的指示

近年来湘西黔东地区铅锌矿产勘查成果显著,已发现矿床(点)200余处,铅锌矿主要产于寒武系—奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层中。通过对该地区典型铅锌矿床碳酸盐围岩和成矿期方解石的C、O同位素组成分析,结果表明:碳酸盐围岩的δ13CPDB值(-1.16‰~1.70‰,均值0.51‰)和δ18OSMOW值(18.56‰~22.42‰,均值21.04‰)变化范围较小,组成相对均一,在δ13CPDB-δ18OSMOW图上投影点位于海相碳酸盐岩区;而成矿期方解石的δ13CPDB值(-5.80‰~0.42‰,均值-1.18‰)比围岩略低,δ18OSMOW值(12.96‰~23.05‰,均值18.36‰)有明显的下降,在δ13CPDB-δ18OSMOW图上投影点主要位于上地幔区和海相碳酸盐岩之间。根据C、O同位素组成特征并结合前人研究成果,认为成矿流体中的C主要来源于碳酸盐围岩,S来源于地层中的膏盐层,Pb、Zn主要来源于下寒武统牛蹄塘组地层,成矿流体是一种高盐度的低温热卤水,它与碳酸盐围岩的水-岩反应和降温的耦合作用是该地区成矿期方解石和矿石矿物沉淀的主要机制。     

白秧坪铅锌多金属矿集区东矿带成矿地球化学作用与成矿年龄

通过成矿期方解石的C、O、Sr和含硫矿物的S、Pb同位素,成矿期方解石Sm-Nd测年研究,探讨白秧坪矿集区东矿带矿床成因。测试结果表明,白秧坪矿集区东矿带方解石δ13C_PDB值变化范围-4.0‰~2.3‰,平均值-0.2‰,δ18O_PDB值范围-27.2‰~20.4‰,平均值-14.1‰,δ18O_SMOW值范围2.9‰~24.4‰,平均值16.4‰;方解石Sr同位素值变化范围0.707669~0.710115,平均值0.709320;硫化物δ34S_V-CDT值分布范围-20.2‰~1.3‰,平均值约-8.8‰,天青石δ34S_V-CDT值分布范围为17.1‰~19.4‰,平均值约18.0‰;Pb同位素测试结果中,206Pb/204Pb的变化范围为18.553~18.857,207Pb/204Pb变化范围为15.501~15.826,208Pb/204Pb变化范围为38.54~39.456;成矿阶段方解石Sm-Nd等时线年龄为29.5±1.7 Ma。对测试结果的研究表明,白秧坪矿集区东矿带碳质的来源较为均一,矿石中热液方解石碳质源自地层中碳酸盐岩溶解,成矿流体来自地层水和大气降水,属于盆地卤水流体系统;成矿物质硫来自海水硫酸盐的还原作用,成矿早期以有机质还原硫为主,成矿后期以生物还原硫为主;金属成矿物质来自沉积地层和盆地基底;测定白秧坪矿集区东矿带铅锌成矿年龄为29.5±1.7 Ma,与地质年龄限定的较为吻合。      

湘西地区铅锌矿成矿物质来源——来自S、Pb同位素的证据

湘西地区铅锌矿床位于湘西-鄂西成矿带西南段,具有良好的成矿地质背景和控矿条件,有望成为中国最大的铅锌矿基地。S和Pb同位素组成分析结果表明,湘西地区矿床的δ~(34)S值变化范围为6.30‰~34.66‰,平均值为19.64‰,明显富重硫,具有双塔式分布特征,矿石硫主要来源于容矿地层中的海相硫酸盐类和海水。8个矿床矿石矿物的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb值范围为17.689~18.295,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb值变化于15.535~18.848之间,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb值介于37.294~38.630之间。区内铅锌矿床Pb同位素成分具有造山带和上地壳Pb同位素特征,成矿物质来源于造山带和上地壳的混合作用,铅成因类型为上地壳和地幔因岩浆作用而混合的俯冲铅。提出了湘西地区铅锌矿成矿作用的两阶段演化模式,认为区内铅锌成矿作用经历了成矿流体形成和成矿流体迁移富集2个演化阶段。     

湘西花垣李梅铅锌矿床C、O、S、Pb同位素特征及成矿物质来源

李梅铅锌矿床位于扬子地块的东南缘,是湘西-鄂西成矿带花垣矿田中较早发现的超大型铅锌矿床之一,矿体呈层状、似层状产于寒武系清虚洞组藻灰岩中。文章通过对其进行C、O、S、Pb同位素地球化学及流体包裹体激光拉曼的研究,探讨了成矿流体和成矿物质的来源及演化。研究结果表明:成矿期热液方解石的δ~(13)CPDB为-2.79‰~1.11‰,δ~(18)OSMOW为14.59‰~23.05‰,表明成矿流体中的CO_2主要来自于寒武系碳酸盐岩的溶解,部分成矿期及成矿后的热液方解石与有机质的热化学还原作用有关。激光拉曼研究显示包裹体气相成分中含大量的CH_4、H_2S、N_2及其他烃类,推测已经演化到高成熟阶段的有机质可能以古油气藏的形式参与了成矿作用,闪锌矿中气态含碳质沥青包裹体的出现暗示有机质的热化学还原反应参与了铅锌成矿过程。矿石中硫化物的δ~(34)SCDT值为+26.30‰~+34.66‰,平均值为+30.52‰,表明还原S主要来自成矿流体中海水硫酸盐充分的热化学还原作用。矿石硫化物的Pb同位素组成变化范围较小,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb分别为17.999~18.235、15.584~15.789、38.147~38.576,推测成矿物质主要来源于元古界浅变质基底板溪群和寒武系下统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩,部分来自于清虚洞组赋矿围岩。     

云南石屏热水塘铅锌矿床地球化学特征与成矿作用

云南石屏热水塘铅锌矿床赋存于前震旦纪与震旦纪、寒武纪碳酸盐岩的不同层位中,矿体多呈层状、似层状、脉状和透镜状产出,矿石矿物组合以闪锌矿和方铅矿为主,脉石矿物以石英、方解石和白云石为主。脉石矿物方解石C、O同位素组成的研究表明,成矿流体中CO_2的碳主要由海相碳酸盐岩溶解作用产生;δ~(34)S的变化范围较大(-7.20‰~27.97‰),表明成矿流体中的S可能为各时代碳酸盐地层的海相硫酸盐热化学还原的产物,少量硫可能有生物成因的硫参与;~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb变化范围分别为17.43~18.768、15.441~15.946、37.061~38.628,赋矿围岩和下伏地层均有可能提供了成矿物质,铅来源于上地壳和造山带,铅为多来源。铷-锶同位素计算年龄为205.9±3.3 Ma,为印支晚期成矿年龄。综合各类地球化学信息,认为热水塘铅锌矿床形成工业矿床时间为印支晚期至燕山早期,即热水塘铅锌矿床是在印支运动强大的驱动力作用下促使成矿元素活化—混合—迁移—聚集成矿的。     

湖南祁东清水塘铅锌矿床成矿物质来源同位素示踪

清水塘铅锌矿床位于湖南省祁东县北东部,是一个中型矿床。在详细的野外地质调查基础上,本文通过矿石硫、铅同位素,含矿石英氢、氧同位素和含矿方解石碳、氧同位素等综合研究,探讨清水塘铅锌矿床成矿物质来源和成因。硫同位素研究结果表明,清水塘铅锌矿床中黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿的硫同位素δ~(34)S介于-7.41‰~2.91‰之间,重晶石的硫同位素δ~(34)S介于11.49‰~12.34‰之间,表明矿石中的硫主要来源于深源岩浆,并受到上部地壳物质的混染。黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿的Pb同位素~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb介于17.810~18.710之间,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb介于15.497~15.726之间,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb介于37.858~38.834之间;其中闪锌矿变化范围略偏大,表明矿石中的铅主要来源于地壳,可能混有少量地幔物质。含矿石英的氢、氧同位素δD_(SMOW)介于-87.4‰~-79.3‰之间,δ~(18)O_(H_2O)介于-8.10‰~0.63‰之间,表明成矿流体以岩浆水为主,晚期有大气降水的混入。含矿方解石的碳、氧同位素δ~(13)C_(VPDB)介于-5.3‰~-4.6‰之间,δ~(18)O_(SMOW)介于12.30‰~13.48‰之间;与地层灰岩的δ~(13)C_(VPDB)(0.9‰~2.6‰),δ~(18)O_(SMOW)(21.86‰~23.39‰)不一致;说明成矿流体中的碳主要来自深源岩浆。以上研究表明,清水塘铅锌矿床的成矿物质主要来自地壳熔融形成的岩浆,混合作用是成矿的主要机制。     

湘西—黔东下寒武统铅锌矿床流体包裹体和硫、铅、碳同位素地球化学特征

湘西—黔东下寒武统铅锌矿床位于湘西—鄂西成矿带西南部湘黔边境地区,是一类产于寒武系清虚洞组藻灰岩中的铅锌矿床。对李梅、狮子山、嗅脑、卜口场4个矿床开展了流体包裹体及硫、铅、碳同位素地球化学分析,分析结果表明:铅锌矿石流体包裹体具有低温、中-高盐度特点;硫化物δ34S值较高;围岩及方解石的δ13C、δ18O组成均为正常海相碳酸盐的碳、氧同位素组成;矿石与围岩的铅同位素组成变化范围不大,所有铅同位素数据在207Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb图中呈线性分布。综合分析认为,湘西—黔东下寒武统铅锌矿床成矿流体可能为区域迁移流体与地层封存水构成的混合流体,成矿物质大部分来源于碳酸盐岩围岩地层,可能有部分Pb、Zn等金属元素随区域迁移流体带入,矿床的形成可能为两种来源流体混合后Pb、Zn等金属元素因物理化学条件的改变而沉淀成矿,矿床成因类型应为密西西比型铅锌矿床。     

新疆西南天山霍什布拉克铅锌矿床地质、地球化学及成因

霍什布拉克铅锌矿是西南天山地区的典型矿床。矿床以晚古生代碳酸盐岩-碎屑岩为容矿岩石,矿体呈板状、层状、似层状产于上泥盆统坦盖塔尔组上岩性段灰岩层位中,宏观及微观现象均显示后生成矿特点,围岩蚀变较弱。矿石矿物主要为方铅矿、闪锌矿,少量黄铜矿,脉石矿物以黄铁矿、方解石、白云石、石英为主。黄铁矿Co/Ni比值<1,指示其成因与盆地流体相关,闪锌矿浅色、贫铁〔w(Fe) 0.652%～1.797%〕,反映中低温成矿。矿石中热液方解石、白云石δ13CV-PDB＝-1.9‰～2.6‰,δ18OV-SMOW＝22.41‰～24.67‰,流体包裹体δDV-SMOW＝-102‰ ～ -77‰,平衡流体δ18OH2O V-SMOW＝9.97‰～13.35‰,反映成矿流体主要为盆地中的封存水,而其中的碳主要来源于围岩碳酸盐岩。矿石中硫化物δ34S值多数集中于16‰～24‰,指示硫来源于海相硫酸盐的热化学还原。矿石铅同位素206Pb／204Pb、207Pb／204Pb、208Pb／204Pb变化范围分别为17.847～18.173、15.586～15.873、37.997～38.905,与围岩碳酸盐岩地层具有可比性,而明显不同于矿床附近二叠纪侵入岩体,指示围岩提供了成矿物质。铅同位素组成和相关参数指示成矿物质主要来源于上地壳。综合地质、地球化学特征,作者认为霍什布拉克铅锌矿床是造山期逆冲推覆作用使盆地流体大规模活化、运移形成的MVT型矿床。     

湘西北花垣矿集区铅锌矿床成矿流体来源及矿床成因

湘西北花垣矿集区位于扬子地台东南缘,是湘西-鄂西成矿带上最典型的超大型铅锌矿床所在地.通过对花垣矿集区典型铅锌矿床流体包裹体显微测温、成分分析及C、H、O同位素研究,结果表明,该区铅锌矿床闪锌矿与方解石中流体包裹体的均一温度范围集中在120~200℃,盐度范围集中在8%~20% NaCl_eqv.流体中液相离子成分主要为Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、SO₄2-、Cl-,气相成分主要为H₂O、N₂和CO₂及少量的CO、CH₄和H₂.流体的δD_SMOW值范围为-60.4‰~-33.0‰,δ18O_流体值范围为3.8‰~9.2‰.以上流体包裹体和稳定同位素分析结果表明,花垣矿集区铅锌矿床的成矿流体具有热卤水的性质,主要来源于建造水和大气降水.成矿期方解石的δ13C_PDB值范围为-4.89‰~0.57‰,δ18O_SMOW值范围为13.37‰~21.73‰,略低于碳酸盐围岩,说明成矿流体中的碳主要来源于碳酸盐围岩的溶解作用.矿石沉淀机制可能为两种流体的混合,即来自深部的富含金属物质的热卤水与富含有机质和硫酸盐的建造水及下渗大气降水的混合导致了铅锌矿石的沉淀.对地质和地球化学资料的综合结果表明,花垣矿集区铅锌矿床属于密西西比河谷型（MVT）铅锌矿床.      

Geology and C-O isotope geochemistry of carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits, NW Guizhou Province, SW China

The Pb-Zn metallogenic district in NW Guizhou Province is an important part of the Yun-nan-Sichuan-Guizhou Pb-Zn metallogenic province, and also is one of the most important Pb-Zn producers in China. The hosting rocks of the Pb-Zn deposits are Devonian to Permian carbonate rocks, and the basement rocks are meta-sedimentary and igneous rocks of the Proterozoic Kunyang and Huili groups. The ore minerals are composed of sphalerite, galena and pyrite, and the gangue minerals are include calcite and dolomite. Geology and C-O isotope of these deposits were studied in this paper. The results show that δ13C and δ18O values of hydrothermal calcite, altered wall rocks-dolostone, sedimentary calcite and hosting carbonate rocks range from -5.3‰ to -0.6 ‰ (mean -3.4‰) and +11.3‰ to +20.9 ‰ (mean +17.2‰), -3.0‰ to +0.9 ‰ (mean -1.3‰) and +17.0‰ to +20.8‰ (mean +19.7‰), +0.6‰ to +2.5 ‰ (mean +1.4‰) and +23.4‰ to +26.5 ‰ (mean +24.6‰), and -1.8‰ to +3.9‰ (mean +0.7‰) and +21.0‰ to +26.8‰ (mean +22.9‰), respectively, implying that CO2 in the ore-forming fluids was mainly a result of dissolution of Devonian and Carboniferous carbonate rocks. However, it is difficult to evaluate the contribution of sediment de-hydroxylation. Based on the integrated analysis of geology, C and O isotopes, it is believed that the ore-forming fluids of these carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits in this area were derived from multiple sources, including hosting carbonate rocks, Devonian to Permian sedimentary rocks and basement rocks (the Kun-yang and Huili groups). Therefore, the fluids mixing is the main precipitation mechanism of the Pb-Zn deposit in this province.     

Geological and C–O–S–Pb–Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of the Qingshan carbonate-hosted Pb–Zn deposit,Southwest China

Located in the western Yangtze Block, the Qingshan Pb–Zn deposit, part of the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou Pb–Zn metallogenic province, contains 0.3 million tonnes of 9.86 wt.% Pb and 22.27 wt.% Zn. Ore bodies are hosted in Carboniferous and Permian carbonate rocks, structurally controlled by the Weining–Shuicheng anticline and its intraformational faults. Ores composed of sphalerite, galena, pyrite, dolomite, and calcite occur as massive, brecciated, veinlets, and disseminations in dolomitic limestones.

The C–O isotope compositions of hydrothermal calcite and S–Pb–Sr isotope compositions of Qingshan sulphide minerals were analysed in order to trace the sources of reduced sulphur and metals for the Pb–Zn deposit. δ¹³C_PDB and δ¹⁸O_SMOW values of calcite range from –5.0‰ to –3.4‰ and +18.9‰ to +19.6‰, respectively, and fall in the field between mantle and marine carbonate rocks. They display a negative correlation, suggesting that CO₂ in the hydrothermal fluid had a mixed origin of mantle, marine carbonate rocks, and sedimentary organic matter. δ³⁴S values of sulphide minerals range from +10.7‰ to +19.6‰, similar to Devonian-to-Permian seawater sulphate (+20‰ to +35‰) and evaporite rocks (+23‰ to +28‰) in Carboniferous-to-Permian strata, suggesting that the reduced sulphur in hydrothermal fluids was derived from host-strata evaporites. Ores and sulphide minerals have homogeneous and low radiogenic Pb isotope compositions (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.561 to 18.768, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.701 to 15.920, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.831 to 39.641) that plot in the upper crust Pb evolution curve, and are similar to those of Devonian-to-Permian carbonate rocks. Pb isotope compositions suggest derivation of Pb metal from the host rocks. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of sphalerite range from 0.7107 to 0.7136 and (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_200Ma ratios range from 0.7099 to 0.7126, higher than Sinian-to-Permian sedimentary rocks and Permian Emeishan flood basalts, but lower than Proterozoic basement rocks. This indicates that the ore strontium has a mixture source of the older basement rocks and the younger cover sequence. C–O–S–Pb–Sr isotope compositions of the Qingshan Pb–Zn deposit indicate a mixed origin of the ore-forming fluids and metals.     

黔西北筲箕湾铅锌矿床成矿物质来源:Pb同位素证据

筲箕湾铅锌矿床位于扬子地块西南缘川滇黔相邻铅锌矿集区黔西北铅锌成矿区垭都―蟒硐断裂带,是贵州省有色金属及核工业地质勘探局近年发现的中型矿床。对该矿床原生矿体中主要矿石矿物黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿进行了Pb同位素组成分析,结果表明矿床Pb同位素组成变化不大,其中206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208 Pb/204 Pb的分布范围分别在18.616～18.686、15.682～15.728和39.067～39.181之间,在206 Pb/204 Pb-207 Pb/204 Pb和206 Pb/204 Pb-208 Pb/204 Pb图中,样品投影在上地壳铅平均演化线附近的狭小区域和区域基底岩石的Pb同位素组成范围之内,靠近不同时代碳酸盐地层以及川滇黔相邻矿集区滇东北成矿区会泽超大型铅锌矿床和黔西北成矿区天桥铅锌矿床,与震旦纪灯影组白云岩和峨眉山玄武岩分布范围存在明显差异。推测矿床成矿物质来源以基底岩石为主,区域上不同时代碳酸盐地层可能提供了部分成矿物质。     

四川天宝山矿床闪锌矿Rb-Sr年代学、稳定同位素及地质意义

四川天宝山铅锌矿床是赋存于震旦系灯影组白云岩中的大型铅锌矿床,一直以来缺乏精确的成矿年龄数据,致使其成矿构造环境存在争议.获取了闪锌矿Rb-Sr年龄,联合H-O、C-O同位素数据,以确定其成矿年代、成矿物质来源及成矿构造环境.闪锌矿Rb-Sr年龄为348.5±7.2 Ma(MSWD=1.10),表明矿床形成于早石炭世.热液矿物δD_H2O、δ18O值分别为-19.3‰~-58.1‰、-1.4‰~0.6‰,沿海水与地层有机质反应线分布,并有向雨水线漂移的趋势,说明成矿流体中水是海水与地层有机质反应并加入雨水的混合体.热液方解石δ13C、δ18O值明显分为两群,分别为-1.7‰~-1.6‰、12.9‰~15.2‰和-6.5‰~-4.9‰、19.3‰~20.2‰,暗示成矿流体中C、O可能来源于赋矿围岩溶解作用和有机质脱羧基作用.闪锌矿(87Sr/86Sr)_i值为0.710 42 ±0.000 13,高于赋矿围岩Sr同位素值而明显低于基底Sr同位素值,指示成矿物质主要来源于赋矿围岩与基底.结果表明川滇黔地区存在两期铅锌成矿作用,分别形成于晚泥盆世-早石炭世与古特提斯洋张开有关的伸展构造环境和晚三叠世-早侏罗世与古特提斯洋闭合有关的收缩构造环境.      

The Paleozoic Ozbak-Kuh carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposit of East Central Iran: Isotope (C,O, S,Pb) geochemistry and ore genesis

Lead and zinc mineralization occurs in dolostones of the Middle Devonian Sibzar Formation at Ozbak-Kuh, which is located 150 km north of Tabas city in East Central Iran. The ore is composed of galena, sphalerite and calcite, with subordinate dolomite and bitumen. Wall-rock alterations include carbonate recrystallization and dolomitization. Microscopic studies reveal that the host rock is replaced by galena and sphalerite. The Pb–Zn mineralization is epigenetic and stratabound. The δ¹³C values of hydrothermal calcite samples fall in the narrow range between ?0.3‰ and 0.8‰. The δ¹⁸O values in calcite display a wider range, between ?14.5‰ and ?11.9‰. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values overlap with the oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of Paleozoic seawater, indicating the possible important participation of Paleozoic seawater in the ore-forming fluid. The δ¹⁸O signature corresponds to a spread in temperature of about 70 °C in the ore-bearing fluid. The δ¹³C values indicate that the organic materials within the host rocks did not contribute significantly in the hydrothermal fluid. The δ³⁴S values of galena and sphalerite samples occupy the ranges of 12.2‰–16.0‰ and 12.1–16.8‰, respectively. These values reveal that the seawater sulfate is the most probable source of sulfur. The reduced sulfur was most likely supplied through thermochemical sulfate reduction. The sulfur isotope ratios of co-precipitated sphalerite–galena pairs suggest that deposition of the sulfide minerals took place under chemical disequilibrium conditions. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of the galena samples represent average values of 18.08, 15.66, and 38.50, respectively. These ratios indicate that galena Pb likely originated from an orogenic source in which supracrustal rocks with high ²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb and ²³²Th/²⁰⁴Pb ratios are dominant. The average lead isotope model age portrays Cambrian age. This model age is not coeval with the host rocks, which are of middle Devonian age. It is probable that the pre-Middle Devonian model age shows the derivation of Pb from older sources either from host rocks of Cambrian age or from deposits previously formed in these rock units. The Pb isotopic composition of galena accords with the occurrence of an orogenic activity from Late Neoproterozoic to Lower Cambrian in Central Iran. The proposed genetic model considers the fact that mineralization formed in fractured and brecciated host rocks along shear zones and faults from metal-bearing connate waters that were discharged due to deformational dewatering of sediments.     

New insights into the origin of early Cambrian carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits in South China: A case study of the Maliping Pb-Zn deposit

The western margin of the Yangtze Block hosts the giant Upper Yangtze Pb-Zn metallogenic province, with the occurrence of >400 carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits. More than 50% of these deposits are hosted in carbonate rocks of late Ediacaran to early Cambrian age. Although they have attracted great attention over the past two decades, it is still unclear why such carbonate sequences host so many Pb-Zn deposits and the role that the country rocks played during mineralization. The newly-discovered Maliping Pb-Zn deposit (~6 Mt @ 4.18 wt% Pb and 9.18 wt% Zn) is hosted in early Cambrian strata composed of carbonate and phosphate rocks, black shales, as well as evaporite sulfates, of which the carbonate rocks are the direct ore-hosting rocks. Evidence from mineralogy and the concentrations of ore-forming metals indicate that the phosphate rocks played an important role in providing geochemical barriers during Pb-Zn ore formation. Homogenization temperatures of the primary fluid inclusions in sphalerite and quartz range from 185 to 282 °C, and their salinities vary from 3.39 to 17.17 wt% NaCl equiv. The REE and C-O isotopes imply that the hydrothermal carbonates were formed under relatively oxidizing conditions and that the wall rocks were involved in the Pb-Zn mineralization through dissolution. Sulfur isotopic compositions (δ³⁴S = +7.60–+31.79‰) of sulfides reveal that S²⁻ originated from evaporite sulfates within the ore-hosting strata, and that the black shales acted as an important reducing agent during thermo-chemical reduction (TSR). Pb isotopic ratios of galena (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 17.856–17.973, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.668–15.689 and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 37.953–38.101) are similar to those of Proterozoic basement rocks in the region. This implies that the basement could be the key source of mineralizing metals. Hence, we propose that: (i) The favorable lithological combination of early Cambrian phosphate rocks, black shales, carbonates and evaporites, as well as Proterozoic basement in the area, were responsible for controlling the majority of Pb-Zn deposits in the late Ediacaran-early Cambrian carbonate sequences in the western Yangtze Block; and (ii) the Maliping Pb-Zn deposit resulted from a combination of mineralized fluids, various trap structures and favorable lithologies, of which the fluids were epigenetic with low to moderate temperatures and salinities.     

阿尔泰南缘乌拉斯沟铜矿床S-Pb-Sr-Nd-C-H-O同位素特征及其对成矿物质和流体来源限定

新疆乌拉斯沟铜矿床位于阿尔泰造山带南缘克兰盆地内,为近年来新发现的矿床,受NW向断裂控制的脉状矿体产于泥盆系康布铁堡组变质火山岩系中,目前其成矿流体和成矿物质来源尚不明确.在细致的矿床地质研究基础上,通过开展S-Pb-Sr-Nd-C-H-O同位素分析,根据野外和显微镜下观察,可将乌拉斯沟铜矿床的形成划分为黄铁矿-磁铁矿-石英、黄铜矿-绿泥石-绿帘石-石英及石英-碳酸盐阶段.同位素分析结果显示:乌拉斯沟铜矿硫化物样品δ34S值为0.1‰~3.2‰,平均为1.6‰,落入未矿化围岩δ34S值范围（-4.7‰~18.68‰）,矿石硫可能源自康布铁堡组.成矿晚阶段的方解石样品δ13C_V-PDB‰=-1.1‰,δ18O_V-PDB‰=-20.3‰,海相碳酸盐地层和有机碳是可能的碳质来源.8件黄铁矿的Pb同位素为206Pb/204Pb=17.939~18.508（平均18.255）,207Pb/204Pb=15.519~15.674（平均15.578）,208Pb/204Pb=37.881~38.653（平均38.209）,与康布铁堡组围岩类似.初始I_{Sr（220 Ma）}为0.710 4~0.711 7,平均值为0.711 1,初始143Nd/144Nd值为0.512 002~0.512 240（平均0.512 103）.矿石Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成均指示乌拉斯沟铜矿成矿物质可能主要源自围岩康布铁堡组,并可能有外来成矿物质的加入.流体的δD_V-SMOW变化于-103.8‰~-92‰（平均值为-99.2‰）,石英和方解石矿物的δ18O_V-SMOW值集中在9.4‰~11.5‰（平均值为10.4‰）,δ18O_H2O值为2.1‰~4.2‰（平均值为3.1‰）,结合流体包裹体物理化学特征,成矿热液可能来源于变质水,但可能受到大气降水的影响而偏移.因此,乌拉斯沟铜矿成矿物质主要来源于赋矿围岩的变质脱挥发分作用,这与造山型矿床的成矿机制吻合.      

青海虎头崖铜铅锌多金属矿床硫、铅同位素组成及成因意义

[摘 要] 青海虎头崖铜铅锌多金属矿是东昆仑祁漫塔格成矿带内多金属矿床的典型代表之一。本文对该矿床硫、铅同位素组成进行详细研究,探讨了成矿物质来源和矿床成因。结果表明,该矿床黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿等硫化物的δ³⁴S 值变化于+0.6‰～+8.3‰,平均+4.4‰,反映成矿流体中的硫为海水硫酸盐的地层硫和深源岩浆硫的混合硫,而不同矿带硫同位素均值的差别,可能与围岩地层硫的差异及参与程度有关。矿石矿物铅同位素组成总体变化较小(²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb、²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb 和²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb比值分别为18.476～18.688、15.560～15.688 和38.261～38.599),主要分布于造山带和上地壳铅演化线范围内,为岩浆作用导致的上地壳和地幔混合成因。由于赋矿层位及主控矿因素不同,各矿带的矿石铅同位素出现一定的差异。比如滩间山群内6号铜多金属矿点²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb 值和产于岩体与缔敖苏组接触带上的域矿带²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb 值相比,后者的上地壳铅参与程度较高,进一步证明壳幔混合作用对本矿区的影响。该矿床为与岩浆侵入活动密切相关的矽卡岩型铜铅锌多金属矿床。