厦门大嶝海域现代沉积过程及其对高强度人类活动的响应

沉积物粒度是反应区域自然环境和人类活动变化的敏感参数之一.粒度分析结果表明,厦门大嶝海域表层沉积物以粘土质粉砂为主,其次为粉砂质砂;中值粒径范围为-0.16~7.17φ.~(210)Pb年代学分析结果显示,大嶝岛西南侧靠近五沙水道附近浅海区平均沉积速率最小(仅为0.36 cm/a),大嶝岛西南侧近岸潮间带平均沉积速率最高(可达3.94 cm/a),大嶝岛南侧近岸和北侧大嶝水道顶端海域平均沉积速率分别为1.26、1.14 cm/a.大嶝海域现代沉积过程主要受沉积动力过程和高强度人类活动控制.在潮流输沙的作用下,大量悬沙在大嶝岛西南侧海域沉积从而导致该海域沉积速率最高,而大嶝岛东侧近岸由于海底经常发生侵蚀,故沉积速率较低(仅为0.58 cm/a).近年来的高强度围填海活动及海堤建造等都明显加速了大嶝海域的沉积过程,其中因人类活动导致大嶝岛西南侧浅滩地区的沉积速率提高了4倍;围填海活动导致大量泥沙入海,对大嶝岛与小嶝岛之间海域的现代沉积过程产生重要影响.     

连云港近岸海域沉积物特征与沉积环境分析

用Flemming三角图示法和210Pb测年法对连云港近岸海域的表层沉积物和柱状样进行了分析,研究了表层沉积物的粒度参数特征以及近岸沉积速率的变化。结果表明:连云港近岸海域表层沉积物主要为粘土质粉砂,粒度参数点落在Flemming三角图的Ⅲ区,表明沉积动力环境相对较弱。1986年西大堤建设后,近岸海域的沉积速率明显增加。西墅附近的沉积速率由0.56 cm/a增加到1.15 cm/a;港湾内侧快速沉积,过剩210Pb放射性活度未能测出,表明沉积时间短暂。沉积速率的这种变化反映了沉积动力环境的减弱。     

海州湾南部近岸现代沉积速率及其沉积通量

对海州湾南部近岸3个柱状岩芯进行了210Pb的测定,绘制了岩芯中210Pb的垂直分布图。结果表明,柱-1岩芯表现为2个明显的沉积阶段,1-12 cm平均沉积速率为0.51 cm/a,12-57 cm的为0.18 cm/a,沉积通量分别为0.69和0.24 g/（cm^2·a）;柱-2岩芯平均沉积速率为0.64 cm/a,沉积通量为0.68 g/（cm^2·a）;柱-3岩芯平均沉积速率为0.67 cm/a,沉积通量为0.76 g/（cm^2·a）。沉积速率从北往南逐渐增大。造成这种空间分布规律的主要因素是沉积环境和物质来源,其次可能同海域位置、沉积物组分特征和海底地形有关。     

闽北近海柱状沉积物粒度特征及沉积速率研究

通过对闽北近海柱状沉积物的粒度频率曲线、粒度参数、粒度组成和沉积速率变化等特征分析,探讨闽北近海现代沉积环境条件变化.结果显示,闽北近海沉积物类型单一,以粘土质粉砂为主,粒级变化不大,粒度组成相对集中,粉砂级占绝对优势.频率曲线主要以主次双峰型为主,Zk1、Zk2柱样局部层位为主次三峰形态.Zk1、Zk2、Zk3柱样分别在78、69、87 cm处有不太明显的分段特征,上段平均粒径均略大于下段.研究表明潮流作用是该海域主沉积动力,沉积物主要以陆源物质为主,研究海域的水深整体略有变浅.研究区现代平均沉积速率为1.18～1.23 cm/a,里山湾和台山列岛附近海域沉积物平均沉积速率较快,分别为1.23、1.20 cm/a,大于七星列岛附近海域的沉积速率1.18 cm/a.海水动力条件是主要的控制因素,百年以来里山湾和台山列岛附近海域的水动力大小逐渐减弱,沉积物的沉积速率减小,台山列岛附近海域沉积速率减小幅度比较大;七星列岛附近海域水动力条件逐渐增强,沉积速率缓慢增加.     

海南岛近海海域7个沉积岩芯的现代沉积速率及其分布特征

利用多道α能谱仪,对2005年8～9月在海南岛近海采集的7个沉积岩芯进行了210Pb的沉积速率测定,探讨了海南岛近海陆架上现代沉积速率的区域性分布特征,结果表明:位于港湾内的B1168站位由于沉积物供应充足,有最高的沉积速率,达2.9 cm/a;位于河口海湾附近且受沿岸流影响的B289站位,有很高的沉积速率,可达1.6 cm/a,沉积环境较稳定;位于西南海底沙脊区北缘且靠近昌化江河口的B97、B135、B10站位也有较高沉积速率,分别达到1.0、0.89和0.47 cm/a,在表层都出现了210Pb放射性活度倒置的现象,表明所处区域有较强混合作用;处于西南外陆架的C4站位受北部湾环流影响,沉积速率为0.6 cm/a;位于东部外陆架的B377站位处于上升流区,沉积速率较低,为0.21 cm/a.可见,海南岛近海陆架上的现代沉积速率存在着明显的区域分布:在物质来源丰富的沿岸流作用区和河口区附近,现代沉积速率很高;在陆架环流沉积作用区,现代沉积速率也较高;在水深较大的外陆架上,由于沉积物供应相对匮乏,沉积速率一般较低;在近岸潮流沙脊区,由于水动力很强,无法形成现代细粒沉积.同时,在陆架上,沉积速率有随着水深的增加而降低的趋势.由此可见,海南岛近海海域的沉积速率与该区的物质供应、水动力条件和海底地形等因素有密切关系.     

渤海和南黄海沉积物中氨氧化微生物对硝化潜势的相对贡献

硝化作用是海洋氮循环的核心过程。作为硝化过程关键步骤的氨氧化过程的主要参与者,氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌对硝化作用的相对贡献是海洋氮循环关注的热点问题之一。本文选取渤海和南黄海20个站位的表层沉积物,通过微宇宙培养实验研究了沉积物中氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌对硝化潜势的相对贡献。结果表明,渤海和南黄海海域表层沉积物中潜在硝化速率(以氮计,下同)为0.004 6～0.283 1μmol/(g·d),其中氨氧化古菌潜在硝化速率为0.004 3～0.274 3μmol/(g·d),氨氧化细菌潜在硝化速率为0.000 4～0.056 0μmol/(g·d)。氨氧化古菌是硝化潜势的主要贡献者,在渤海海域的贡献率为59.79%～97.95%,在南黄海海域的贡献率为18.47%～94.26%。渤海海域潜在硝化速率显著高于南黄海海域。此外,本研究海域中盐度是影响潜在硝化速率的关键环境因子,对渤海海域的分析则表明越高的NO₃^-浓度可能指示着越高的硝化潜势。在河口及近海沉积物中,氨氧化古菌在硝化过程中起着更加重要的作用;河口和近岸沉积物硝化潜势总体高于远海。本研究为进一...     

三峡大坝建坝前后长江水下三角洲及邻近陆架沉积速率变化

沉积速率是沉积物供给和沉积作用的综合结果,也是表征沉积环境状态的重要指标。本文基于长江水下三角洲及邻近海域收集及补充的254个放射性²¹⁰Pb数据,对数据进行同化处理并使用统一的方法重新估算了沉积速率,分析三峡大坝建成前后研究区沉积速率的变化,探讨了长江入海泥沙减少及性质的变异对河口三角洲冲淤的影响。结果显示,2006年之后长江水下三角洲及邻近陆架沉积速率明显降低,其中水下三角洲沉积速率由最高5.4 cm/a降低到整体不足2 cm/a,而内陆架降幅较小由1～2 cm/a降低到不足1 cm/a,水下三角洲还出现了局部无沉积的站位。2006年之后沉积体表层混合作用增强,混合层厚度从4～10 cm增加到5～30 cm。沉积速率改变主要受制于长江入海沉积物的通量的巨减以及沉积物颗粒的粗化,而沉积速率的改变促进了底栖生物发育从而导致混合作用增强。     

台湾海峡表层叶绿素含量的季节、年际变化特征研究

本文通过分析SeaWiFS海洋水色卫星提供的叶绿素资料,给出了台湾海峡表层叶绿素含量空间分布季节变化的完整图像.台湾海峡表层叶绿素含量的季节变化明显.海峡北部呈显著的春、秋“双峰”分布,而海峡南部则以夏、秋“双峰”结构为主.叶绿素含量高值主要位于福建省近岸海域,海峡西侧高于海峡东侧.此外,叶绿素含量的分布存在两个局地高值区,一个位于台湾浅滩附近,另一个位于台湾岛西北淡水河口以外海域.福建省近岸海域及台湾岛西北淡水河口附近的叶绿素含量高值区与地表径流携带较多的营养物质入海密切相关;而台湾浅滩附近的叶绿素含量高值受季节变异的海洋锋调制.进一步的分析表明,台湾海峡区域平均的叶绿素含量不仅具有周期约81 d和101 d的季节内振荡信号,还具有与ENSO指数呈显著负相关(-0.28)的周期约3 a的年际振荡信号.此外,台湾海峡区域平均的叶绿素含量具有逐年递增的长期演化趋势,速率达0.036 mg/(m3.a).     

东海近岸泥质区柱状沉积物的百年内沉积粒度变化及其影响因素

通过对东海近岸泥质区ZC13 和ZA3 柱状沉积物的²¹⁰Pb 同位素测年和粒度分析, 分别得到了两柱状沉积物的沉积速率以及粒度特征。结果显示: ZC13 和ZA3 柱状沉积物低端对应的沉积年代分别为55 a(1955～2009 年)和140 a(1871～2010 年), 平均沉积速率为0.89 cm/a 和0.82 cm/a。ZC13 柱状沉积物以砂质粉砂为主; ZA3 柱状沉积物由顶部至100 cm 粒度组分及相关参数变化稳定, 岩性上表现为较细的黏土质粉砂, 显示较为稳定的沉积环境; 100 cm 以下岩性总体上表现为较粗的粉砂质砂, 粒度参数变化较大, 表明沉积环境受到一定的扰动。研究认为, 粒度随年代的变化受沉积物来源及沉积动力的影响。这些研究结果为研究东海近岸海域环境演变提供了研究依据。     

珠江口河流输沙、河口沉积与粒度信息之间的联系

河口三角洲地区泥沙供应充分，是现代沉积速率较高的区域。快速沉积的泥沙包含高分辨率的环境信息。采用放射性同位素测年方法研究了珠江口伶仃洋大铲湾海域6个柱样的现代沉积速率，以2mm的间隔分析了其中2个柱样上部的粒度，并对其平均粒径和珠江流域的年输沙量进行了快速傅里叶变换，以期获取河流泥沙供应、河口沉积速率和沉积物垂向粒度变化的对应关系。结果表明，大铲湾海域的沉积速率为1～3cm／a，受动力条件和泥沙供应条件的影响显著。2个柱样的平均粒径的最显著重现周期与珠江年输沙量的周期性有较好的对应关系，并可能反映了季节的、年的和多年的沉积速率信息。对于每年沉积厚度在厘米级的环境，以毫米级的高分辨率进行粒度分析，有可能揭示出沉积物供应的季节变化和年际变化。本研究亦可为其他河口的相关工作提供借鉴。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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