基于陆路交通网的长江三角洲区域可达性评价

In a given district, the accessibility of any point should be the synthetically evaluation of the internal and external accessibilities. Using MapX component and Delphi, the author presents an information system to calculate and analyze regional accessibility according to the shortest travel time, generating thus a mark diffusing figure. Based on land traffic network, this paper assesses the present and the future regional accessibilities of sixteen major cities in the Yangtze River Delta. The result shows that the regional accessibility of the Yangtze River Delta presents a fan with Shanghai as its core. The top two most accessible cities are Shanghai and Jiaxing, and the bottom two ones are Taizhou （Zhejiang province） and Nantong With the construction of Sutong Bridge, Hangzhouwan Bridge and Zhoushan Bridge, the regional internal accessibility of all cities will be improved. Especially for Shaoxing, Ningbo and Taizhou （Jiangsu province）, the regional internal accessibility will be decreased by one hour, and other cities will be shortened by about 25 minutes averagely. As the construction of Yangkou Harbor in Nantong, the regional external accessibility of the harbor cities in Jiangsu province will be speeded up by about one hour.     

Analysis of city centrality based on entropy weight TOPSIS and population mobility:A case study of cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

Based on statistical data and population flow data for 2016,and using entropy weight TOPSIS and the obstacle degree model,the centrality of cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt(YREB)together with the factors influencing centrality were measured.In addition,data for the population flow were used to analyze the relationships between cities and to verify centrality.The results showed that:(1)The pattern of centrality conforms closely to the pole-axis theory and the central geography theory.Two axes,corresponding to the Yangtze River and the Shanghai-Kunming railway line,interconnect cities of different classes.On the whole,the downstream cities have higher centrality,well-defined gradients and better development of city infrastructure compared with cities in the middle and upper reaches.(2)The economic scale and size of the population play a fundamental role in the centrality of cities,and other factors reflect differences due to different city classes.For most of the coastal cities or the capital cities in the central and western regions,factors that require long-term development such as industrial facilities,consumption,research and education provide the main competitive advantages.For cities that are lagging behind in development,transportation facilities,construction of infrastructure and fixed asset investment have become the main methods to achieve development and enhance competitiveness.(3)The mobility of city populations has a significant correlation with the centrality score,the correlation coefficients for the relationships between population mobility and centrality are all greater than 0.86(P<0.01).The population flow is mainly between high-class cities,or high-class and low-class cities,reflecting the high centrality and huge radiating effects of high-class cities.Furthermore,the cities in the YREB are closely linked to Guangdong and Beijing,reflecting the dominant economic status of Guangdong with its geographical proximity to the YREB and Beijing's enormous influence as the national political and cultural center,respectively.     

中国创新型城市的可持续发展——定量评估与创新未来(英文)

Innovative cities not only constitute an important basis for innovation activities, but also play a strategically critical role in constructing an innovative country, producing new forms of urban development, and fostering urban sustainable development. Currently, China is marching toward the goal of establishing an innovative country by 2020, but in the start-up phase of this process of innovative city construction, the fundamental transition from factor-driven development to innovation-driven development is not being realized. As a result,a wide gap currently exists between China's innovative cities and the advanced innovative cities in developed countries. This paper argues that this necessary transition is being constrained by a series of bottlenecks in investment, income, techniques, contributions, and talents. The article takes 287 prefecture-level cities as its object of comprehensive assessment, developing a comprehensive assessment system for innovative cities and devising innovative monitoring system software in order to evaluate the current situation in China's innovative city construction. The analysis addresses four key aspects – namely,independent innovation, industrial innovation, living environmental innovation, and institutional innovation – as well as the spatial heterogeneity of the innovative city construction process. The results demonstrate that the level of innovation in Chinese cities is low, and the paper warns that building an innovation-oriented country will, as a consequence,be difficult. Some 87.8% of the cities studied maintained comprehensive levels of innovation that were lower than the national average. The level of comprehensive innovation in a city was found to have close and positive correlation with economic development. The level of the eastern region of China was, in particular, found to be significantly higher than that of the central and western regions. The levels of urban independent innovation, industrial innovation,environmental innovation, and institutional innovation showed consistent spatial heterogeneity, as did the comprehensive level of innovation in cities. In the future, the authors suggest, China should speed up the construction process in accordance with the basic principles of "independent innovation, breakthroughs in key fields, market-oriented, regional interaction, talent-supported," with the purpose of building up Beijing, Shenzhen, Shanghai,and Guangzhou as global innovation centers; and Nanjing, Suzhou, Xiamen, Hangzhou, Wuxi,Xi'an, Wuhan, Shenyang, Dalian, Tianjin, Changsha, Qingdao, Chengdu, Changchun, Hefei,and Chongqing as national innovation centers, by 2020. Through this process, China will finally build a national urban innovation network that includes 4 global innovative cities, 16 national innovative cities, 30 regional innovative cities, 55 local innovative cities, and 182innovation-driven development cities, thereby contributing to the establishment of an innovative country by 2020.     

辽宁省生态足迹地理分布及其可持续发展分析

This paper presents the detailed results and analyses on the ecological footprints and bio-capacities of the individual cities and the province as a whole for the year 2001, providing a clear picture of sustainability for the province. Results show that the ecological footprints of most cities in Liaoning exceeded their respective bio-capacities, incurring high ecological deficits. The ecological deficit of the province as a whole was 1.31 ha/cap. Those cities with resources extraction and/or primary material-making as their major industries constitute the “ecologically black band“, whose ecological deficits ranged from 2.45 to 5.23 ha/cap, the highest of all cities in the province. Fossil energy consumption was the major source of footprint amounting to 1.63 ha/cap at the provincial level,taking up 67.3% of the total. For cropland, modest ecological surpluses occurred in Jinzhou, Tiding,Huludao, and Panjin while modest ecological deficits in Dalian, Benxi, Fushun, and Dandong, resulting in an overall surplus for the province. Liaoning had a certain level of surplus in fishing ground (water area), mainly distributed in the coastal cities of Dalian, Panjin, Huludao, Yingkou, Jinzhou, and Dandong. Most cities had a small ecological deficit in pasture and all had a small ecological surplus in forest. The eco-efficiency, expressed as GDP value per hectare of footprint, exhibits high variations among the cities, with the highest (Shenyang) more than 10 times the lowest (Fuxin). Cities with manufacture, high-tech, and better developed service industries had high eco-efficiency, while those with resources extraction, primary material-making, and less developed service industries had low eco-efficiency. Based on the components and geographical distribution of ecological footprint, strategic policy implications are outlined for Liaoning‘s development toward a sustainable future.     

Sequential city growth: Theory and evidence from the US

City growth patterns are attracting more attention in urban geography studies. This paper examines how cities develop and grow in the upper tail of size distribution in a large-scale economy based on a theoretical model under new economic geography framework and the empirical evidence from the US. The results show that cities grow in a sequential pattern. Cities with the best economic conditions are the first to grow fastest until they reach a critical size, then their growth rates slow down and the smaller cities farther down in the urban hierarchy become the fastest-growing ones in sequence. This paper also reveals three related features of urban system. First, the city size distribution evolves from low-level balanced to primate and finally high-level balanced pattern in an inverted U-shaped path. Second, there exist persistent discontinuities, or gaps, between city size classes. Third, city size in the upper tail exhibits conditional convergence characteristics. This paper could not only contribute to enhancing the understanding of urbanization process and city size distribution dynamics, but also be widely used in making effective policies and scientific urban planning.     

基于DEA和Malmquist指数模型的中国资源型城市效率及其变化(英文)

Employing DEA model and Malmquist productivity index, this paper probes into the urban efficiencies of 24 typical resources-based cities in China and their changes from 2000 to 2008. The research finds that the overall efficiencies of the resources-based cities are just at a general level, and only a few of them reach the optimal level. The scale efficiency is the major determining factor of the achievement of overall efficiency, the effect of which, never-theless, is reducing. From the perspective of classification characteristics, the re-sources-based cities in northeastern region have been in the front rank in terms of overall efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. There is a certain positive correlation between urban population scale and urban efficiency. The analysis of urban efficiency changes shows that the changes in overall efficiency of resources-based cities from 2000 to 2008 had a weak improving tendency. Both the technical change index and productivity change index decreased, indicating that the urban efficiency did not improve during this pe-riod, and the tendency of technical recession and productivity decline was obvious. In terms of the classification of urban efficiency changes, the urban overall efficiency improved in each of the four regions from 2000 to 2008, among which western region witnessed the greatest increase. Cities with different resource types have improved their urban overall efficiencies except steel-based cities. The urban overall efficiency increased in resources-based cities of different scales, with greater improvement in small and medium-sized cities than in big cities.     

1978–2010年中国与美国都市区城市内部土地覆盖时空特征(英文)

Urban land cover has major impacts on a city’s ecosystem services and the inherent quality of its urban residential environment. The spatio-temporal distribution of impervious surface area and green areas in Chinese cities has exhibited a significantly marked difference in comparison with USA cities. This study focused on monitoring and comparing the spatio-temporal dynamics, land cover patterns and characteristics of functional regions in six Chinese(n=3) and USA(n=3) cities. The study data were collated from Landsat TM/MSS imagery during the period 1978–2010. Results indicate that Chinese cities have developed compactly over the past three decades, while development has been notably dispersed among USA cities. Mean vegetation coverage in USA cities is approximately 2.2 times that found amongst Chinese urban agglomerations. Land use types within Chinese cities are significantly more complex, with a higher density of impervious surface area. Conversely, the central business district(CBD) and residential areas within USA cities were comprised of a lower proportion of impervious surface area and a higher proportion of green land. Results may be used to contribute to future urban planning and administration efforts in both China and the USA.     

The sustainable development of innovative cities in China: Comprehensive assessment and future configuration

Innovative cities not only constitute an important basis for innovation activities, but also play a strategically critical role in constructing an innovative country, producing new forms of urban development, and fostering urban sustainable development. Currently, China is marching toward the goal of establishing an innovative country by 2020, but in the start-up phase of this process of innovative city construction, the fundamental transition from factor-driven development to innovation-driven development is not being realized. As a result,a wide gap currently exists between China＇s innovative cities and the advanced innovative cities in developed countries. This paper argues that this necessary transition is being constrained by a series of bottlenecks in investment, income, techniques, contributions, and talents. The article takes 287 prefecture-level cities as its object of comprehensive assessment, developing a comprehensive assessment system for innovative cities and devising innovative monitoring system software in order to evaluate the current situation in China＇s innovative city construction. The analysis addresses four key aspects – namely,independent innovation, industrial innovation, living environmental innovation, and institutional innovation – as well as the spatial heterogeneity of the innovative city construction process. The results demonstrate that the level of innovation in Chinese cities is low, and the paper warns that building an innovation-oriented country will, as a consequence,be difficult. Some 87.8% of the cities studied maintained comprehensive levels of innovation that were lower than the national average. The level of comprehensive innovation in a city was found to have close and positive correlation with economic development. The level of the eastern region of China was, in particular, found to be significantly higher than that of the central and western regions. The levels of urban independent innovation, industrial innovation,environmental innovation, and institutional in     

珠江三角洲地区城镇化与生态韧性的耦合协调研究

Urban resilience is an emerging research topic of urban studies, and its essence is described by the ability of cities to resist, recover, and adapt to uncertain disturbances. This paper constructs a "Size-Density-Morphology" urban ecological resilience evaluation system, uses a coupling coordination degree model to measure the degree of coupling coordination between urbanization and ecological resilience in the Pearl River Delta from 2000 to 2015, and conducts an in-depth discussion on its spatiotemporal characteristics. The results show the following.(1) From 2000 to 2015, the urbanization level of cities in the study area generally increased while the level of ecological resilience declined. The coupling coordination degree between the two systems decreased from basic coordination to basic imbalance.(2) In terms of spatial distribution, the coupling coordination degree between urbanization and ecological resilience of cities presented a circular pattern that centered on the cities at the estuary of the Pearl River and increased toward the periphery.(3) Ecological resilience sub-systems played variable roles in the coupling coordination between urbanization and ecological resilience. Specifically, size resilience mainly played a reverse blocking role;the influence of morphology resilience was generally positive and continued to increase over time;the effect of density resilience was positive and continued to decline and further became negative after falling below zero. The main pathways for achieving coordinated and sustainable development of future urbanization and ecological resilience in the Pearl River Delta include: leading the coordinated development of regions with new urbanization, improving ecological resilience by strictly observing the three areas and three lines, adapting to ecological carrying capacity, and rationally arranging urban green spaces.     

Identifying the scope of the Lhasa Metropolitan Area based on a spatial field energy model

The cultivation and development of modern metropolitan areas with the aim of establishing new regional centers with competitive edge is a key objective for the new-type urbanization directions in China. The construction of the Lhasa Metropolitan Area is of great significance for the promotion of the South Asia Channel, the ‘Belt and Road' initiative, the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor, the Himalaya Economic Cooperation Zone, and for rapid development and long-term stability of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This paper examines the scope of the Lhasa Metropolitan Area including Chengguanqu(Chengguan District), Doilungdeqen, Dagze, Lhunzhub, Damxung, Nyemo, Quxu, Maizhokunggar, Samzhubze Qu(Samzhubze District), Gyangze, Rinbung, Bainang, Nedong, Gonggar, and Zhanang using a spatial field energy model that combines nodality and accessibility indices and considers multiple indicators including traffic flow between cities. By combining factors such as the natural background, population agglomeration, the social economy, infrastructure construction, and the urban spatial structure of the Lhasa Metropolitan Area, it is proposed to build a bow-and-arrow-shaped urban system with ‘one core, two centers, one axis, and two wings' along the valleys and the transportation trunk lines of the area. The study advocates the construction of a pure land industrial system comprising a green cultural and tourism-oriented plateau.     

The urbanization process of Bohai Rim in the 1990s by using DMSP/OLS data

This paper firstly derived urban information from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) data in 1992, 1996 and 1998 with the support of statistical data, and then developed three basic urban models of polygon-urbanization, line-urbanization and point-urbanization in urban agglomerations from viewpoint of spatial analysis. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Urban patch numbers in the Bohai Rim increased from 1659 to 2053 with an annual average increase number of about 66. Meanwhile, the small urban patches accounted for a larger proportion in the region and the patch density increased fast. In addition, the urban barycenter of the region showed a moving trend toward northwest from 1992 to 1998. Urbanization in the Bohai Rim in the 1990s is fast and obvious. (2) Urbanization in the Bohai Rim can be reflected by three basic processes, i.e., the polygon-urbanization around the big cities, the line-urbanization around the transportation lines and the point-urbanization emerging in large areas. Of them, the polygon-urbanization has been in dominance. It is obviously within an effective range of 3-4 km surrounding the urban patches. The line-urbanization and point-urbanization in the region was relatively small, both of which showed an obvious increasing trend.     

基于夜间灯光数据的环渤海地区城市化过程

利用1992年、1996年和1998年的三期DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据,提取了区域尺度的环渤海地区20世纪90年代的城市群空间信息,建立了城市群地区面状、线状和点状城市化空间模式,分析了环渤海城市群地区20世纪90年代的城市化过程。基本结论如下:①20世纪90年代环渤海城市群地区城市斑块数量增长较快,城市化过程明显,但小斑块所占比重较大,城市斑块破碎度增加。同时,区域内城市重心基本维持在经度117.93o和纬度38.49o附近,整体上表现出向西北方向移动的趋势。②20世纪90年代环渤海城市群地区城市化过程基本上可以从空间上概括为在中心城市和大城市周围的面状城市化过程、沿交通干线周围的线状城市化过程和广大区域内以新兴小城市或小城镇出现为特征的点状城市化过程三种基本过程。其中,面状城市化过程一直居于优势地位,但面状城市化过程的基本有效范围主要局限在面状城市斑块周围3￣4km范围。线状城市化过程和点状城市过程所占的比例相对较小,但表现出明显的增强趋势,在区域内的影响范围正逐渐扩大。     

基于多尺度单元的城市化水平时空测度——以中国环渤海地区为例（英文）

Urbanization is a complex process reflecting the growth, formation and development of cities and their systems. Measuring regional urbanization levels within a long time series may ensure healthy and harmonious urban development. Based on DMSP/OLS nighttime light data, a human–computer interactive boundary correction method was used to obtain information about built-up urban areas in the Bohai Rim region from 1992 to 2012. Consequently, a method was proposed and applied to measure urbanization levels using four measurement scale units: administrative division, land-sea location, terrain feature, and geomorphological types. Our conclusions are: 1) The extraction results based on DMSP/OLS nighttime light data showed substantial agreement with those obtained using Landsat TM/ETM+ data on spatial patterns. The overall accuracy was 97.70% on average, with an average Kappa of 0.79, indicating that the results extracted from DMSP/OLS nighttime light data were reliable and could well reflect the actual status of built-up urban areas. 2) Bohai Rim's urbanization level has increased significantly, demonstrating a high annual growth rate from 1998 to 2006. Areas with high urbanization levels have relocated evidently from capital to coastal cities. 3) The distribution of built-up urban areas showed a certain degree of zonal variation. The urbanization level was negatively correlated with relief amplitude and altitude. A high level of urbanization was found in low altitude platforms and low altitude plains, with a gradual narrowing of the gap between these two geomorphological types. 4) The measurement method presented in this study is fast, convenient, and incorporates multiple perspectives. It would offer various directions for urban construction and provide reference values for measuring national-level urbanization.     

中国城市全要素生产率的演化格局及其影响因素

基于数据包络分析,以资本、土地和劳动力为生产要素,非农GDP为经济产出,以中国县级市及其以上城市为研究对象,定量评估中国城市全要素生产率的空间布局及其波动影响因素。结果表明,近年来中国城市技术效率总体呈东高西低、有一定空间外溢的地域性特征。不过,近年来中国城市规模效率较高城市主要为大城市周边临近小城镇,环渤海地区、长三角地区与珠三角地区尤为显著。同时,近年来中国城市技术效率变化与城市经济效率变化都有明显的地域性特征,经济落后地区优于经济发达地区,中小城市区域好于大中城市区域。不过,近年来中国城市规模效率变化的高值区域主要集聚于环渤海地区、珠三角地区与长三角地区等主要城镇化区域,而大中城市规模效率增长状况整体上也好于中小城市。另外,近年来中国城市经济效率波动受制于城镇产业模式、政府经济策略与社会发展水平及其城镇化进程,而城市规模也有非线性的影响作用,而地方政府大力依赖的房地产开发投资并不能有效推动城市经济效率趋于提高态势。     

环渤海地区城市规模扩张与质量增长的时空演变及耦合特征

城市规模扩张与质量增长是当前中国城镇化发展所面临的重要矛盾,如何推动两者的协同演进成为区域城市系统可持续发展的重要命题。本文以中国经济第三个增长极——环渤海地区为研究区,在城市系统理论认识的基础上,构建多维度融合的城市规模与质量测度体系,利用泰尔指数和脱钩模型对城市规模扩张与质量增长的时空演变过程及其耦合关系进行深入分析,并从系统内部性和外部性角度探讨了城市系统高质量运行的影响机制。研究表明：①2000—2019年环渤海地区城市规模扩张与城市质量增长均持续攀升,并呈现出一定的空间格局特征,其中京津冀呈“同心圆”的高-中值分异格局,山东半岛呈“中轴-两翼”的中-高值集聚格局,辽东半岛呈“突变式”的低-中-高三区共存格局。②环渤海地区城市规模扩张与质量增长的区域差异性总体降低,并以区域内差异占据主导,城市规模扩张的差异性降幅为山东半岛>京津冀>辽东半岛,城市质量增长的差异性降幅为京津冀>辽东半岛>山东半岛,不同区域内城市系统演化趋势复杂多样。③环渤海地区城市规模扩张与质量增长的脱钩类型经历了“SND-WD”为主向“WD-SD”为主的变化过程,脱钩状态整体趋于耦合的良性发展,脱钩程度表现为京津冀>山东半岛>辽东半岛。④环渤海地区城市规模扩张与质量增长及其耦合趋优是城市系统内部性和外部性要素综合作用的表现,不同要素通过长效调控、有条件作用和缓慢调节等过程性影响和有效性干预的方式,驱动不同城市系统由规模扩张转向质量增长。     

中国城市用地与人口规模分布时空动态比较——以环渤海地区为例

复合1992-2012年DMSP/OLS稳定夜间灯光等多源遥感数据和统计数据,运用多种城市规模分布理论方法,对城市用地与人口规模分布时空演变特征进行系统比较。结果表明：环渤海地区城市用地规模增长速度明显快于城市人口规模增长速度,城市人口规模分布比城市用地规模分布更为均衡;城市用地规模呈首位型分布但首位优势在减弱,城市人口规模呈位次型分布但首位优势在增强;位序迅速上升的城市主要位于山东省和河北省,位序显著下降的城市主要位于辽宁省。环渤海地区城市规模空间分布呈显著的区域差异和空间极化特征,且城市用地规模分布空间特征比城市人口规模分布更为突出。研究结论可为优化区域城市空间开发格局、促进人地系统可持续发展提供参考。     

Land use change in Bohai Rim: a spatialtemporal analysis

Based on RS and GIS methods, land use information for 1985 and 1995 was acquired from TM images and analyzed. Then on both spatial and temporal aspects, this paper analyzes land use change in three provinces of Hebei, Shandong and Liaoning and two municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin in the Bohai Rim covering the period of 1985 to 1995. The extent, rate, areal difference and trend of various types of land use changes in the region, as well as spatial changes of major types of land use, their distribution characteristics and regional orientation are revealed. The regional characteristics of land use are elaborated, so as to provide effective policy support for sustainable land use in the area around the Bohai Bay.     

1971-2013年环渤海地区风速的时空特征

基于环渤海地区60个站点1971-2013年日序列最大风速数据,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-kendall检验、反距离加权插值、小波分析等方法,分析了近年来环渤海地区风速的年、季节的变化趋势及其空间分异等特征。结果表明:(1)环渤海地区年均最大风速为6.35 m·s^-1,并以0.423 m·s^-1的年代变化速率呈显著的下降趋势。区内除承德、丰宁和阜新站点呈略微上升趋势,其余站点均呈下降趋势,整体上表现为南部下降幅度高而北部下降幅度低。四季最大风速也均呈显著的下降趋势,冬、春季的最大风速对全年趋势演变贡献率较大。(2)偏北风(尤其是北西北风)和偏南风(尤其是南西南风)是本区的主要风向。春、夏两季以偏南风为主要风向,秋、冬两季则以偏北风为主要风向。(3)环渤海地区最大风速减少的主要原因是各站点日最大风速为5级及以上的发生频率分别以0.912、0.671、0.271、0.076 d·a^-1的速率呈下降趋势;大风频率也以1.019 d.a^-1的速率呈下降趋势。冬半年是本区大风日数相对较多的时段,春季尤甚。(4)本区多数地区属大风较少区和较多区,其中大风较多区的站点最多(31个),而大风频发区的站点最少(仅4个)。位于大风较少区的站点数增长迅速,而大风较多区、多发区和频发区的站点数则均呈现下降趋势。最大风速与大风日数均具有25～30 a的显著振荡周期。     

Land use change in Bohai Rim: a spatial-temporal analysis

Land use change is one of the important aspects of global change[1-3]. The Bohai Rim is a hot spot of economic development in China, where land use changes remarkably. Analyzing land use change in this area is significant to the research of global change and regional sustainable land use. Although there has been much work undertaken on regional land use change in China, it was mainly on urban land use change[4-11], and few researches integrated remote sensing and GIS method. Based on data f…     

环渤海“C型”经济区经济格局的空间演变研究

利用空间自相关指数、经济平均增长指数和空间变差函数,分析1990年以来环渤海“C型”经济区经济格局的空间演变特征。结果表明：经济发展呈现显著空间自相关,高-高、低-低集聚度不断提高,京津唐都市圈、沈大经济带和山东半岛城市群成为经济发展的热点集中区,其他内陆县市和省际邻接地区是冷点集中区;经济增长空间集聚,高增长率转化快,热点区跃迁特征明显,1990~2000年呈不规则的团块状零散分布,2000~2010年呈带状集中分布于辽西北,省内经济差异不断缩小,而省际经济差异逐渐增大;经济发展的结构化分异显著,空间自组织性增强,大城市的辐射作用减弱,以东部沿海为中心,向周边多峰值递减,西南与西北内陆始终处于低谷。最后,从区域战略政策、经济产业基础、区位与交通条件探讨经济格局演化的驱动机制。