城市洪涝水文水动力耦合模型构建与评估

为降低暴雨洪涝灾害损失,利用数值模拟方法研究城市洪涝过程,提前获取可靠的洪涝水情信息,具有重要的现实意义。根据城市洪涝过程的水文水动力学原理和方法,以SWMM模型与自主研发的二维模型为基础,提出一、二维模型耦合的具体方法,通过水平和垂直方向的连接构建水文水动力耦合模型。研究提出基于DLL的一、二维模型耦合策略,以垂向连接问题为理论案例,将模拟结果与InfoWorks ICM软件结果进行对比分析,阐明该垂向连接方式的合理性。以广州市东濠涌流域为实际案例,构建了东濠涌流域城市洪涝水文水动力耦合模型,选用2场实测降雨对模型进行模拟分析,发现模型在一维排水系统排水能力和二维地表积水的模拟均具有较好的精度和可靠性。结果表明所提出的连接算法合理可行,所构建的水文水动力耦合模型具有一定的可靠性,对城市洪涝模拟分析具有较好的应用价值。     

基于汇水区分级划分的城市洪涝模拟

为了有效提高城市暴雨洪涝模拟的精度, 针对城区复杂下垫面和雨水井数据缺失情况, 分别提出雨水井节点数据的确定方法和基于空间信息的汇水区分级划分方法。以武汉市青山区为研究区域, 选取2场典型降水过程, 开展SWMM模型的参数率定和验证工作, 并将基于不同方法划分的汇水区模拟结果与实际渍水数据进行对比。结果表明: ①提出的雨水井节点数据确定方法, 在雨水井实测数据缺失的城市洪涝模拟中具有一定的可靠性和适用性。②基于空间信息分级划分法、水文分析结合泰森多边形法和泰森多边形法所划分的汇水区, 模拟的最大积水深度中分别有100%、63%和75%的典型验证点与实际渍水程度相符, 模拟的溢流点中分别有80.0%、76.4%和77.4%的溢流点位置与5年一遇降雨渍水风险图相符。基于空间信息分级划分法所得的汇水区比较符合真实汇水情况, 且模拟结果比其他2种方法更加准确。③ 5年一遇降雨重现期下, 3种方法划分的汇水区所模拟的积水对研究区域影响程度相对较小, 但遇到高于此重现期的暴雨会出现不同程度的内涝。本研究可为城市暴雨洪涝模拟中雨水井节点数据确定与地表空间离散化提供新方法, 模拟结果可为城市防洪减灾提供参考。     

SWMM模型模拟岩溶隧道涌水量的动态变化过程分析--以中坝隧道为例

在复杂岩溶地区,地下水的赋存和运移的复杂多样性使得岩溶隧道涌水量难以预测。城市暴雨排洪和岩溶隧洞管道式集中性涌水具有相似性,试用SWMM模型模拟以管道为主的岩溶隧洞涌水过程,分析SWMM模型对岩溶隧道涌水量动态变化模拟的适用性。以中坝隧道为例,运行SWMM模型计算出隧洞涌水量曲线,研究表明：在小降雨量时段,SWMM模型可以较好的模拟岩溶隧道涌水量水动态变化情况;在强降雨时段,模拟结果和实测数据有较大的偏差。     

基于通用计算的涪江中段径流模拟研究

为了提高传统径流汇流模拟的时效性,提出了一种基于通用计算的径流汇流模型。模型采用纳维-斯托克斯作为基础方程。首先,文章探讨了利用通用计算进行径流汇流模拟的实现方法并设计了模拟计算流程。然后,以涪江流域中段为研究区域,将流域内25个常规站和区域站的实况降水数据为数据源,分别利用本文径流汇流模型和FloodArea模型对流域进行径流模拟,并将两种模型模拟结果与水文站实测数据进行对比分析。结果发现,基于通用计算的径流汇流模型不仅在模拟效率上相对于FloodArea模型有很大程度的提高,而且模拟结果具有更小的水位变化误差,与水文站实测水文数据具有更好拟合效果。模拟时效性和结果准确性的同时提升表明本文的径流汇流模型对暴雨洪涝预警预报具有重要的意义。     

基于地块概化和路网精细模拟理念的城市雨洪过程分区自适应模型

为解决城市尺度雨洪模拟过程中常见的地块区域地形及管网资料不足、道路区域行洪与积水严重以及现有雨洪模型计算精度差或计算效率低等问题,提出基于地块概化模拟和路网精细模拟理念的城市雨洪过程分区自适应模型。对于资料不足的地块划分子汇水区单元,采用水文学概化方法计算产汇流过程;对道路区域划分精细网格,采用二维水动力学方法模拟水流运动过程;两者均与管网模型耦合连接,共同驱动管网模型进行汇流计算。以西咸新区沣西新城核心示范区为研究对象,搭建研究区域分区模型,对比分析整体区域均采用精细网格的全分布模型和整体划分子汇水区的半分布模型的模拟结果。结果表明：(1)分区模型综合考虑了地块管网排水与道路径流过程,可模拟出道路低洼区域在地表产汇流和管网溢流综合作用下的致涝过程,整体径流路径符合实际降雨水流运动规律;(2)相较半分布模型,分区模型在道路区域采用精细网格进行计算,可较好模拟道路区域的积水过程;(3)相较全分布模型,分区模型显著减少了计算量,在不同设计降雨下减少了28.2%～73.5%的计算耗时。该耦合模型有效地克服了数据条件和计算能力的限制,可为城市洪涝模拟提供一种新的耦合模拟思路。     

考虑不同水流交换模式的城市洪涝一维二维双向耦合模型

为准确模拟城市洪涝过程,以地表二维流动模型和SWMM一维管流模型为基础,同时考虑地表径流与地下管流交换的3种模式,构建了城市地表与地下管流双向耦合的水动力学模型。采用水槽试验算例和理论算例对耦合模型进行验证,并将耦合模型应用到英国Glasgow城市街区,分析排水管网和不同地表地下水流交换模式对城市洪涝过程的影响。结果表明：模型在试验算例和理论算例的模拟中均具有较好的精度和可靠性,模型能够准确地模拟具有排水管网的城市洪涝演进过程;与无排水系统相比,检查井简化法、雨水口法和雨水口-检查井法3种水流交换模式下Glasgow城市街区模拟的最大淹没面积分别减少9.3%、23.2%和24.5%,其中对重度积水的消减作用更显著,淹没面积分别减少43.6%、79.9%和80.9%;检查井简化法的消减作用要远小于雨水口法和雨水口-检查井法,后两者差异较小。雨水口法和雨水口-检查井法比较符合实际情况,且雨水口-检查井法的计算效率更高更简单,因此,在城市洪涝模拟中采用雨水口-检查井法考虑地表径流与地下管流交换过程更符合实际。     

考虑风场影响的城市建筑区产流计算方法

风场作用下城市建筑物的遮挡作用直接影响区域产流过程,为提高城市雨洪模拟精度,需揭示风场作用下建筑区的独特产流机理并构建相应的计算方法。将建筑区的产流面划分为水平面和竖直面,基于计算流体力学理论求解降雨倾角,结合几何关系确定降雨在水平面和竖直面上的分布,通过产流理论分别计算2类产流面的产流,提出建筑区的产流计算方法,并将其耦合入SWMM模型在试验流域进行了验证。结果表明：(1)改动模型所模拟的径流的纳什效率系数整体高于原始SWMM模型,且洪峰模拟效果更好;(2)改动模型的土壤饱和导水率等关键参数取值更为合理;(3)改动模型对不同气象条件下建筑区产流模拟的稳定性更好。该方法可提高建筑区产流模拟精度。     

基于SWMM-CCHE2D耦合模型的海绵城市内涝管控效果评价

为了解决暴雨导致的城市内涝,为应急管理提供技术支撑,考虑城市暴雨过程及海绵地表特性,结合城市水文学及水力学原理和芝加哥雨型,建立了SWMM-CCHE2D耦合模型。结合高精度地形数据和降雨、径流实时监测数据,采用SWMM雨洪模型模拟暴雨条件下海绵城市的产流,耦合高精度的二维水动力模型CCHE2D模拟相应的内涝情况。结果表明：暴雨条件下通州海绵区的产汇流具有缓慢下渗和汇流的特性,主要海绵措施的加入对径流削减率会有9.0%~40.6%不同程度的提高,从而减缓内涝,其中,对5年一遇暴雨的效果最显著;在100年一遇暴雨下设计的各种海绵措施中,生物滞留带对径流削减率的提高程度最明显,高达28.4%,透水铺装和绿地也具有较好的效果。     

海河流域不同下垫面土壤水分动态模拟研究

针对海河流域不同的下垫面类型,选取密云(果园林地)、大兴(城郊农田)、馆陶(平原农田)3个观测站,建立垂直方向上以含水率θ为因变量、含根系吸水项的非饱和土壤水分运动数值计算模型。该模型以一维Richards方程为基础(以下简称RE模型),采用实测的降水和蒸散数据作为模型的上边界条件,运用全隐式有限差分法,分别对不同生长期内的土壤水分进行数值模拟,得到时间序列的土壤水分廓线,并分别采用成熟软件HYDRUS-1D的模拟结果和各观测站实测土壤水分对RE模型进行交叉验证和直接验证。结果表明RE模型能够很好地模拟海河流域不同下垫面土壤水分动态变化过程,3个站模拟结果与实测土壤水分数据的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.03127,0.0359和0.0409 cm3/cm3。与HYDRUS-1D软件模拟结果(其与观测值的RMSE分别为0.03759,0.0647和0.0467 cm3/cm3)相比,RE模型模拟的土壤水分具有更高的精度,也显示出RE模型的可靠性。探讨3个站土壤水分的时空变异规律及其影响因子并以大兴站为例,通过优化RE模型参数,探讨犁底层对土壤水分模拟结果的影响,进一步改善RE模型的模拟精度。     

城市水文单元雨洪监测与模拟研究——以清华大学校园为例

城市内涝问题进一步突显了城市水文循环研究的重要性。基于地表建筑、地下管道、雨水工程等资料,基于SWMM建立了清华大学校园雨洪模拟模型,根据2015年5月10日和2012年7月21日两场降雨事件的实测资料,进行了清华大学校园水文过程精细模拟,用道路积水深度率定验证模型。模拟结果表明:(1)集水区下垫面透水性强弱不同时,产流过程仍十分相似,最大洪峰发生时间相同;(2)绿化带削减洪量的作用显著,不透水面积越大的地方越容易发生街道积水;(3)道路水深对降雨强度响应敏感,低强度降雨事件中,道路积水表现出0.5~1h的滞后。     

基于太湖流域模型的城市内涝过程高效模拟

城市内涝的高效模拟对于降低内涝灾害影响、制定防灾减灾措施具有极其重要的意义。本文提出了基于雨篦子耦合地表与管网的城市降雨-产汇流-内涝全过程高效模拟方法, 结合常州市双桥浜城市产汇流与内涝试验基地监测数据, 分别构建了基于高效模拟算法和二维水动力算法的城市内涝模型。根据监测数据对所构建的模型进行了率定与验证, 并分析对比了2种算法在不同降雨事件中的精度与可靠性。结果表明: 太湖流域模型中基于雨篦子的城市水文特征单元高效模拟方法能够较为真实地反映城市内涝的具体特征, 且在模型参数一致的前提下, 其计算效率约为二维水动力算法的780~1 275倍, 能够对城市内涝情况进行快速模拟。     

利用SWMM模型模拟岩溶峰丛洼地系统降雨径流过程——以桂林丫吉试验场为例

文章以桂林丫吉试验场为例,验证是否可以利用SWMM模型模拟以管道为主的岩溶峰丛洼地系统降雨径流过程。以洼地为单元,把研究区概化为由管道相连的6个次级汇水流域,选择Green-Amp入渗计算方法,同时考虑包气带裂隙水对管道的补给,运行SWMM模型计算出研究区管道总出口S31泉的流量曲线。结果显示：模拟流量变化过程与实测流量变化过程基本一致。说明该模型可以用来模拟岩溶峰丛洼地地区降雨径流过程。经验证,模拟时段内S31泉总量相对误差为19.1%。     

基于改进填洼模型的城市洪涝灾害计算方法

城市水文模型广泛应用于城市雨洪管理研究中,但由于它无法直接给出流域的淹没情况,制约了其在城市洪涝灾害评价中的应用,因此,有必要对其进行改进。本研究开发了考虑下游影响的填洼模型,并将其与较为成熟的城市水文模型相耦合,使改进后的模型可以模拟流域的淹没状况,并在北京市天堂河流域进行了试验研究。结果表明:改进后的模型可以快速模拟流域的淹没水深及淹没范围,其淹没水深结果与相关水动力学方法模拟结果较为一致。天堂河流域河道行洪能力低于20年一遇设计标准,流域洪水风险较大的区域集中在天堂河下游区域和田营沟与永北干渠的交汇处。若在下游区域进行开发,洪水风险还可能会继续增加。     

Flood inundation mapping and hazard assessment of Baitarani River basin using hydrologic and hydraulic model

Frequent flood is a concern for most of the coastal regions of India. The importance of flood maps in governing strategies for flood risk management is of prime importance. Flood inundation maps are considered dependable output generated from simulation results from hydraulic models in evaluating flood risks. In the present work, a continuous hydrologic-hydraulic model has been implemented for mapping the flood, caused by the Baitarani River of Odisha, India. A rainfall time-series data were fed into the hydrologic model and the runoff generated from the model was given as an input into the hydraulic model. The study was performed using the HEC-HMS model and the FLO-2D model to map the extent of flooding in the area. Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) 90 m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, Land use/Land cover map (LULC), soil texture data of the basin area were used to compute the topographic and hydraulic parameters. Flood inundation was simulated using the FLO-2D model and based on the flow depth, hazard zones were specified using the MAPPER tool of the hydraulic model. Bhadrak District was found to be the most hazard-prone district affected by the flood of the Baitarani River. The result of the study exhibited the hydraulic model as a utile tool for generating inundation maps. An approach for assessing the risk of flooding and proper management could help in mitigating the flood. The automated procedure for mapping and the details of the study can be used for planning flood disaster preparedness in the worst affected area.

     

动态实时洪水风险分析及管理系统

当前洪水风险分析按照典型设计标准洪水进行计算的模式难以满足实际防洪管理需要,为了提高洪水风险分析的实时性以及适应洪水演进的动态性,设计了动态实时洪水风险分析框架。在本框架中,先采用一维和二维动态耦合水动力学数值方法耦合溃堤模型,然后在樵桑联围防洪保护区建立洪水演进模拟模型,通过灵活处理模型计算边界条件以及动态设置溃堤功能,计算不同设计标准洪水发生时,堤防出现单一溃口或者组合溃口后保护区内洪水演进过程。按照上述框架开发了樵桑联围动态实时洪水风险图编制与管理应用系统,并利用历史洪水资料开展模型验证,验证结果表明,2008-06洪水马口站、三水站、大熬站、甘竹（一）站的实测最高水位和模型计算最高水位的绝对误差分别为-0.10、0.10、0.09、0.04 m,均满足洪水模拟精度要求。利用模型计算了西江发生200年一遇的洪水情况下,江根堤防出现溃口后的洪水流量及溃口内外洪水水位变化过程,模拟溃口宽度168 m,最大溃口洪水流量达到5 190 m³,分析了堤防溃决后3、6和24 h洪水漫延导致村落淹没情况,结果表明其满足合理性分析。     

An integrated flood inundation model for coastal urban watershed of Navi Mumbai,India

Most urban agglomerations located in the Mumbai coastal region in India are vulnerable to flooding due to increasing frequency of the short-duration heavy rainfall, by virtue of their location at foothills on one side and tidal variations on the other side. Steep slopes in the catchment ensure fast runoff and tidal variation adds to backwater effect in the drainage system, which together are favorable for flooding. The present study simulates the flood inundation due to heavy rainfall and high-tide conditions in a coastal urban catchment within Mumbai region with detention pond. Overland flow is modeled using a mass balance approach, which can adapt to hilly slopes and smoothly accommodate detention pond hydraulics. Dynamic wave channel routing based on finite element method captures the backwater effects due to tidal variation, and raster-based flood inundation model enables direct use of digital elevation model. The integrated model is capable of simulating detention pond hydraulics within the raster flood model for heavy rainfall events. The database required for the model is obtained from the geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. Application of the integrated model to literature problems and the catchment of the study area for two non-flooding events gave satisfactory results. Further, the model is applied to an extreme rainfall event of July 26, 2005, coinciding with high-tide conditions, which revealed vulnerability of the area to flooding despite of an existing detention pond. A sensitivity analysis on the location of detention pond indicated that catchment response can be better governed by relocating the detention pond to upstream of existing detention pond especially when heavy rainfall events are becoming frequent.     

Flood risk analyses—how detailed do we need to be?

Applied flood risk analyses, especially in urban areas, very often pose the question how detailed the analysis needs to be in order to give a realistic figure of the expected risk. The methods used in research and practical applications range from very basic approaches with numerous simplifying assumptions up to very sophisticated, data and calculation time demanding applications both on the hazard and on the vulnerability part of the risk. In order to shed some light on the question of required model complexity in flood risk analyses and outputs sufficiently fulfilling the task at hand, a number of combinations of models of different complexity both on the hazard and on the vulnerability side were tested in a case study. The different models can be organized in a model matrix of different complexity levels: On the hazard side, the approaches/models selected were (A) linear interpolation of gauge water levels and intersection with a digital elevation model (DEM), (B) a mixed 1D/2D hydraulic model with simplifying assumptions (LISFLOOD-FP) and (C) a Saint-Venant 2D zero-inertia hyperbolic hydraulic model considering the built environment and infrastructure. On the vulnerability side, the models used for the estimation of direct damage to residential buildings are in order of increasing complexity: (I) meso-scale stage-damage functions applied to CORINE land cover data, (II) the rule-based meso-scale model FLEMOps+ using census data on the municipal building stock and CORINE land cover data and (III) a rule-based micro-scale model applied to a detailed building inventory. Besides the inundation depths, the latter two models consider different building types and qualities as well as the level of private precaution and contamination of the floodwater. The models were applied in a municipality in east Germany, Eilenburg. It suffered extraordinary damage during the flood of August 2002, which was well documented as were the inundation extent and depths. These data provide an almost unique data set for the validation of flood risk analyses. The analysis shows that the combination of the 1D/2D model and the meso-scale damage model FLEMOps+ performed best and provide the best compromise between data requirements, simulation effort, and an acceptable accuracy of the results. The more detailed approaches suffered from complex model set-up, high data requirements, and long computation times.     

Large-scale rainfall–runoff–inundation modeling for upper Citarum River watershed,Indonesia

The Citarum River is one of the strategic rivers in West Java, Indonesia. Its total watershed area is approximately 1800 km². Almost every year, the overflow from the Citarum River causes the inundation of most of the upper Citarum River watershed. To prevent and mitigate flood damage, it is necessary to understand the flooding characteristics. The region, however, suffers from a lack of observational data. Therefore, to analyze the inundation caused by flooding in the upper Citarum River watershed, a rainfall–runoff–inundation (RRI) model was employed. It used the following multiple satellite-derived datasets as input data as well as for model verification: Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation, Hydrological data and maps based on Shuttle elevation Derivatives at multiple scales, Global Mosaics of the standard MODIS land cover type data product, and Landsat 7 satellite images. Parameter calibration was performed using a Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation was performed for February 2010. The results of this study show that the RRI model identifies inundation areas in large-scale river watersheds more effectively when using multiple satellite-derived datasets compared with the observed inundation map obtained from JICA in 2010 and Landsat 7 images. The model results can be improved if high-quality observed rainfall data, topographic data, and river cross-sectional data are available.     

Flood hazard assessment with multiparameter approach derived from coupled 1D and 2D hydrodynamic flow model

Hydrodynamic flow modeling is carried out using a coupled 1D and 2D hydrodynamic flow model in northern India where an industrial plant is proposed. Two flooding scenarios, one considering the flooding source at regional/catchment level and another considering all flooding sources at local level have been simulated. For simulating flooding scenario due to flooding of the upstream catchment, the probable maximum flood (PMF) in the main river is routed and its flooding impact at the plant site is studied, while at the local level flooding, in addition to PMF in the main river, the probable maximum precipitation at the plant site and breaches in the canals near the plant site have been considered. The flood extent, depth, level, duration and maximum flow velocity have been computed. Three parameters namely the flood depth, cross product of flood depth and velocity and flood duration have been used for assessing the flood hazard, and a flood hazard classification scheme has been proposed. Flood hazard assessment for flooding due to upstream catchment and study on local scale facilitates determination of plinth level for the plant site and helps in identifying the flood protection measures.